Estimating sequence diversity of prion protein gene (PRNP) in Portuguese populations of two cervid species: red deer and fallow deer

ABSTRACT

Among the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is now a rising concern in wildlife within Europe, after the detection of the first case in Norway in 2016, in a wild reindeer and until June 2022 a total of 34 cases were described in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The definite diagnosis is post-mortem, performed in target areas of the brain and lymph nodes. Samples are first screened using a rapid test and, if positive, confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. The study of the genetics of the prion protein gene, PRNP, has been proved to be a valuable tool for determining the relative susceptibility to TSEs. In the present study, the exon 3 of PRNP gene of 143 samples from red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) of Portugal was analysed. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in red deer – codon A136A, codon T98A, codon Q226E – and no sequence variation was detected in fallow deer. The low genetic diversity found in our samples is compatible with previous studies in Europe. The comparison with results from North America suggests that the free-ranging deer from our study may present susceptibility to CWD, although lack of experimental data and the necessity of continuous survey are necessary to evaluate these populations.

KEYWORDS:

• Cervid
• CWD
• Portugal
• prion
• PRNP
• susceptibility

1. Introduction

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) or prion diseases are a family of neurodegenerative diseases caused by lethal infectious pathogens called Prions. Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles consisting of PrP^sc, an abnormally folded and infectious isoform of the endogenous prion protein (PrP^C). Prions can convert PrP^C into PrP^sc, leading to accumulation of aggregated PrP^sc in the central nervous system (CNS) and ultimately causing the animal’s death [1]. TSEs can affect several mammalian species including Humans [2] but show a predominance in ruminants: scrapie in sheep and goats [3] bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in bovids [4] and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids [5].

The term ‘wasting disease’ is due to most significative feature of CWD in cervids, the pronounced weight loss [6], but the most important and dangerous trait of CWD is the effortless capacity of transmission between animals, special in areas of high deer density (particularly in captive farms), resulting in endemic infections within susceptible populations [7]. Studies in large range of cervids pointed out that PrP^sc has been detected in the lymphatic system, salivary gland, intestinal tract, muscles, and blood, as well as urine, saliva, and faeces of infected cervids, which imply to remain infectious in environment for a long time (bound to the soil and plants). This led to a possible horizontal transmission between both farmed and free-ranging cervids [8–10].

The first case identified as CWD occurred in 1967, in a captive mule deer in Northern Colorado, USA [11], but rapidly spread to 31 USA states and Canada [12]. In 2016, the first case of CWD appeared in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer in Norway and further cases were later reported in red deer and moose, ultimately reaching other countries like Finland and Sweden [12,13].

Although the origin of CWD is not well known, the fatality, clinical progression and susceptibility/resistance of CWD have been linked to the genetic variation in functional prion protein gene PRNP [14–16]. In cervids, the PRNP is highly conserved, however, several sequence variations of PRNP have been identified and characterized as being implicated in prion disease susceptibility/resistance as well as in CWD disease progression [16,17].

The studies with more impact in cervid PRNP genetics have been made in USA and Canada, where both natural and experimental infection of deer species have allowed for the identification of PRNP sequence variations that are associated with reduced incidence of disease and/or slower disease progression. Since the identification of the first PRNP variation in codon 132 (M132L) in wapiti deer suggesting a reduced susceptibility to infection when the 132 L variant is present, several other PRNP mutations in other cervids have been associated with CWD susceptibility: Q95H, G96S and A116G (white-tailed deer), S225F (mule deer) [16].

The analysis of the PRNP diversity in European cervid species is still limited but some studies carried out in Britain, Norway and Sweden, showed that some PRNP genetic variations can be related with CWD susceptibility/resistance [18]. The variations S225Y and the number of OR found in caribou/reindeer were associated with a higher risk of infection and the N138 polymorphism has been associated with natural resistance in fallow deer and also with a prolonged incubation period through oral transmission, and showing a limited distribution of PrP^CWD in the CNS of reindeer [12,19].

In Portugal, there are three main species of cervids that belong to the Cervidae family: the red deer (Cervus elaphus), the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the fallow deer (Dama dama) [20]. The red deer is native specie from Portugal, re-introduced in several areas along Portugal, while the fallow deer as introduced in Portugal. No cases of CWD have been reported yet in Portuguese cervids. Nevertheless, the most recent assessment of this disease in Portuguese cervid populations was done between 2006 and 2010 as part of a limited survey carried out in the European Union (EU) [21].

The recent identification of several cases of CWD in Scandinavia rang the alarm of authorities regarding the dissemination of this TSE. CWD is endemic and difficult to eradicate putting in high risk the cervid populations. Genetics studies, to evaluate the variation of PRNP gene in European cervid populations are of extreme importance in order to estimate the potential susceptibility of populations to emerging CWD and informing risk assessment and control/surveillance strategies. The extent of PRNP sequence variation in Portuguese cervids species has not been previously studied, so the main aim of our research, integrated in a project, was the study of protein-coding sequence PRNP gene variability in two species of cervids (red deer and fallow deer) in different populations of Portugal in order to evaluate the genetic variability, resistance or susceptibility to CWD, of these cervid species when compared with PRNP genotypes found in Europe.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Animal samples and DNA extraction

This study includes 141 animals of two different species of wild ungulates: red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). All of them were free-ranging animals from different places in the east centre of Portugal, where both species cohabit in higher density, representing a putative risk area for CWD transmission and enabling a sizable collection of samples. The animals were hunted or found dead in reserves or hunting grounds. Red deer (n = 55) and Fallow deer (n = 86) samples come from three hunting/reserves areas: Vale Feitoso [VF] (RD = 19; FD = 61), Rosmaninhal [RM] (RD = 27; FD20) and Termas de Monfortinho [TM] (RD = 9; FD = 5) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of the east centre of Portugal (Beira Baixa district) showing the geographic locations where different samples were obtained.

Masseter muscle and retropharyngeal lymph node of each animal were collected for genetic analysis of prion protein gene, PRNP.

Genomic DNA was extracted from 50 mg of frozen muscle or lymph node using a NZY Tissue gDNA Isolation kit (NZYTech, Lda. - Genes and Enzymes) following the manufacturers protocol and stored at −20º C for further analysis.

2.2. PRNP gene amplification, sequencing and statistical analysis

The full exon 3 of PRNP gene (771 bp) of all animals was amplified by PCR using MyTaq™ Red Mix (Bioline Meridian Life Sciences- BIO-25043). Briefly, in 20 μl reaction: 10 μL MyTaq™ Red Mix, 1 μL of 20 μM primers (F223-ACACCCTCTTTATTTTGCAG and R224-AGAAGATAATGAAAACAGGAAG), 7 μL PCR water, 1 μL of 100 ng/μL DNA template. All reactions were carried out using the following protocol: 95°C for 15 minutes, 35× cycles (95°C for 30 seconds, 60°C for 90 seconds, and 72°C for 60 seconds), with a final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes.

PCR products were purified and afterwards were sequenced by Eurofins Genomics GmbH in Germany. Raw sequence reads were proofed, and chromatograms were visually inspected to verify all base changes using SnapGene Viewer v. 5.1.5 together with Unipro UGENE v. 40.0 [22]. Nucleotide sequences were aligned and trimmed to coding region of PRNP gene with 771 bp, using Unipro UGENE v. 40.0 [22], by referencing them with sequence of red deer (accession number KT_845862) and fallow deer (accession number MK_103017) obtained from GenBank. Furthermore, these DNA sequences were translated into protein using standard genetic code with the same bioinformatic software. The editing and visualization of protein multiple alignments for the Figure 1 was made in Jalview 2.11.1.4 [23].

Four sequences were submitted to GenBank with the following accession numbers: OP179612, OP179613, OP179614 and OP179615.

2.3. PrP^sc detection

Previously, all cervids were screened for PrP^sc in both medulla oblongata at the level of the obex (350 ± 40 mg) and retropharyngeal lymph node (200 ± 20 mg of tissue from outer cortex) using TeSeE™ SAP Combi Kit Bio-Rad (reference 3,551,191) for purification and ELISA detection of PrP^sc following manufacturer’s instructions.

3. Results

All cervids screened in the present study resulted negative for PrP^sc test.

The comparison of the coding region of PRNP gene (771 bp) and the corresponding protein sequence – PrP^C (256 aa) from 55 red deer samples collected in Portugal, showed high conservation. Nevertheless, three sequence variations from both consensus sequences were identified: one silent or synonymous variation at position 408 (codon 136) (gcT/gcC), and two non-synonymous variations at positions 292 (Acc/Gcc), and 676 (Cag/Gag), resulting in amino acid changes in codons 98 (substitution of threonine (T) with alanine (A)) and 226 (substitution of glutamine (Q) to glutamic acid (E)) (Table 1). The synonymous mutation at position 408 (codon 136) showed to be linked to the non-synonymous mutations at position 676 (codon 226), producing haplotypes: refer as Q226(t408-c676) or as E226(c408-g676).

Table 1. Amino acid variation within the exon 3 and haplotype frequencies of cervid PRNP in red deer populations.

	Total			Termas		Rosmaninho		Vale Feitoso
Genotypes	Number	Frequency		Frequency		Frequency		Frequency
T98-Q226	81	71.05	16	53.33	42	67.74	30	55.56
T98-E226	29	25.44	12	40.00	16	25.81	22	40.74
A98-Q226	4	3.51	2	6.67	4	6.45	2	3.70
Total	114	100.00	30	100.00	62	100.00	54	100.00

The genotypic and haplotype frequencies were calculated for all samples collected, and separately for the different populations (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 2. Genotype frequencies of PRNP polymorphisms in Portuguese red deer populations.

Acc/Gcc	Cag/Gag
T/A	Q/E		Termas			Rosmaninho		Vale Feitoso
98	226		Number	Frequency	Number	Frequency	Number	Frequency	Number	Frequency
TT	QQ	TQ/TQ	30	52.63	3	33.33	17	62.96	8	42.11
TT	QE	TQ/TE	19	33.33	5	55.56	7	25.93	7	36.84
TT	EE	TE/TE	4	7.02		0.00	1	3.70	3	15.79
TA	QQ	TQ/AQ	2	3.51		0.00	2	7.41		0.00
TA	QE	TE/AQ	2	3.51	1	11.11		0.00	1	5.26
		Total	57	100.00	9	100.00	27	100.00	19	100.00

Observing the Table 1, the non-synonymous variations produced three haplotypes in the Portuguese red deer populations: T₉₈-Q₂₂₆ (TQ), T₉₈-E₂₂₆ (TE) and A₉₈-Q₂₂₆ (AQ) with haplotype frequencies of 71%, 25.4% and 3.5%, respectively. These haplotypes are present in all different geographic populations evaluated with different frequencies, being the haplotype TQ the one with highest frequencies (67%-53%), and the AQ haplotype the one with lowest frequencies, ranging from 6.7% to 3.7%.

The PRNP coding region analysed in 86 fallow deer samples showed no sequence variability in the population. All the PrP^C amino acid sequence from samples corresponded to the red deer haplotype TE except for a single amino acid position (codon 138) that contains asparagine (N) in fallow deer and serine (S) in red deer (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Protein sequence alignment of new and old world cervid showing conserved homology between species and other molecular conserved features.

Another molecular feature found in the red deer and fallow deer samples and usually associated with consensus amino acid sequence, is the amino acid makeup of the terminal signals and the octarepeat domain (5 peptide repeats with 3 octapeptides of PHGGGWGQ flanked by 2 nonapeptides of P[Q/H]GGGGWGQ (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

This study represents the first survey of PRNP genetic variation in Portuguese wild (or free-ranging) cervid populations. A total of 143 individuals were included in the present study: 55 red deer and 86 fallow deer, distributed in three collection areas.

The PRNP coding region, corresponding to exon 3, is extremely conserved among cervid species, and in some cases, like the fallow deer, there is no intra-species variation. However, the main goal of sequencing this PRNP region is to identify possible DNA sequence variations that could lead to important amino acid substitutions in PrP^C sequence previously associated with lower rates and/or delayed CWD disease progression [12,18].

Many studies have presented several non-synonymous polymorphisms in PRNP protein sequence, but there is still no data that can relate any amino acid variation in European red deer with susceptibility to CWD [18]. The analysis of PRNP gene and protein sequence in Portuguese red deer revealed only two amino acid substitutions – T98A and Q226E – but none of the amino acid substitutions was related to CWD resistance. Other non-synonymous polymorphisms already identified in red deer like the V15A, G59S, M208I were not observed in red deer samples.

Regarding the first amino acid substitution identified in this study, T98A, although it is not directly related with CWD susceptibility, some studies question/highlighted the proximity of this variation in red deer with the variation in codons 95 and 96 found in the white tail deer, which was proved to be related with reduced CWD susceptibility [24,25]. Besides, studies of CWD on camels revealed the natural development of prion disease when Alanine is present on this location [26].

The mutation on codon Q226E is of great importance since it is located in α-helix 3, where part of the protein is involved in pathogenic processes during prion disease. In fact, amino acids variations can influence protein stability and cause different conformation of PrP^C protein [27]. The Portuguese red deer samples present homozygotic – Q and E – and heterozygous genotypes. Studies in transgenic mice expressing cervid PrP with Q226E variation referred that it may contribute to differences in disease progression and susceptibility to certain prion strains [28], but in other experimental assays of oral transmission of CWD using deer with different genotypes, E226E, Q226Q and Q226E, showed that all animals became infected [29]. Another interesting fact is that the presence of polymorphism S225F in mule deer [30] is associated with reduced CWD susceptibility but in Caribou/Reindeer S225Y variation is related with higher risk of infection [15]. There is still no main conclusion of homozygous or heterozygous or adjacent amino acid variations and their relationship with CWD susceptibility, due mainly to the lack of concrete and specific studies on this SNPs.

From the analysis of PRNP gene and protein sequence in Portuguese red deer three different haplotypes were identified T₉₈-Q₂₂₆ (TQ), T₉₈-E₂₂₆ (TE) and A₉₈-Q₂₂₆ (AQ). These haplotypes are not new and have been previously described in Italian, Scottish [27], Spanish [31], British, Norwegian and Czech red deer populations [25]. The haplotypes TQ and TE revealed a high haplotypic frequency in all the samples and geographic regions studied. When compared with other European red deer populations it is possible to observe similar frequency values with Spanish, Italian and Czech populations. Regarding the AQ haplotype, the total haplotypic frequency is lower than the ones found in Spanish, Italian and Czech populations, but similar to the Scottish samples. It is possible that the lower number of analysed animals could influence this frequency values in our population. The high frequency of TQ haplotype found in our study is identical to PRNP sequences found in North American cervids that are highly susceptible to CWD.

The red deer samples analysed were homozygous in codon M132 and G96. The mutation of codon M132L has been associated with some degree of protection against CWD, as well as with delaying in its progression [32]. Mutation in codon G96S has been associated with reduced susceptibility to CWD, which means homozygous genotypes 96 G could have high susceptibility to CWD [33,34]. The high frequency of TQ haplotype, together with the homozygous state of codons M132 and G96, both also observed in European red deer populations, suggests that the analysed Portuguese populations might be at high risk to be very susceptible to CWD [25].

The analysis of fallow deer samples showed no intra-species variation in exon 3 of PRNP gene and consequently in PrP^C protein sequence. This monomorphic state was previously found in other European fallow deer populations, as well as in other species such as the roe deer and the axis deer. The haplotype TE with N138 of fallow deer was observed in all samples, which is interesting since the codon 138 with asparagine (N) has been linked to resistance to natural infection and prolonged incubation periods in intra-cerebrally infected animals, following previous experimental studies [12,18].

The sequence variation in the coding region of PRNP as an important genetic agent that can influence the expression of TSEs, but there are other genetic variations in the PRNP gene that could be related with the expression of TSEs – indels in the promoter region, frequency of octarepeats -, thereafter possible CWD in cervids [35].

The variation in the number of octarepeat units (PHGGGWGQ) in the PRNP gene is another genetic marker that can be used to study the susceptibility/resistance of cervids to CWD, like as been done in scrapie, BSE and CJD studies [34–36], but so far no variation has been found in cervids studies [35]. In our study, in both species, the octarepeat domain as represented by 5 peptide repeats with 3 octapeptides of PHGGGWGQ flanked by 2 nonapeptides of P(Q/H)GGGGWGQ) without any polymorphism, same as found in Vázquez-Miranda and Zink [36] and Zink [35]. When compare with human octarepeat domain only a single polymorphism is found (position 92). We think it is important to the future study of CWD in cervids, the analysis of the relationship between PRNP genotype, indels in the promoter region and frequency of octarepeats.

In summary, this survey has provided an analysis of sequence variation of PRNP exon 3 and consequently of prion protein sequence – PrP^C - in two Portuguese free ranging cervid species, the red deer and the fallow deer. The results were compared with European populations and as well with North American cervids affected by CWD. All animals in the present study, were previously screened and were negative for the presence of CWD. The PRNP gene and PrP^C analysis showed a high degree of conservation among and between the two species as expected from other studies. Although the effect of the haplotypes found in our study (and that are also present in other European species) on CWD susceptibility is not determined, some of the identified SNPs indicate that our populations might be susceptible to CWD, suggesting that increased surveillance in high- density cervid areas would be good as mitigation strategies are more effective when initiated when CWD prevalence is low.

CWD is a high contagious TSEs that is difficult to eradicate, with a quick expansion among states, countries and continents, and affecting not only farm but also wild cervids populations. The first cervid found with CWD infection in Europe (Norway) in 2016 was probably an alert to other European countries, not only because there is no certainty of the origin of CWD but also because at that time complete strategies against CWD dissemination were inexistent. In our opinion, multi-disciplinary approaches including genotyping, PrP^sc detection, identification of risk factors and others, are of great importance to evaluate the risk of occurrence of CWD in Europe and more specific in Iberian Peninsula.

Author contributions

JCP, NGA, LO, MAP, EB designed the study.

LO, MAP, LF, AM, RS, AA, AE, MLP, IP, AG, RS, FS, MVP and FS collected the samples.

JCP, NGA and SR performed the DNA extraction, PCRs, and analysed the data.

LO, JS, PM, PC, PT, CL immunohistochemistry.

JCP and NGA wrote the manuscript with contributions and editing from all authors.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This article was funded by the Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029947 “Chronic wasting disease risk assessment in Portugal” supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)-FEDER-Balcão2020. This work was also supported by the research unit CECAV and AL 4AnimalS under the projects UIDB/CVT/00772/2020 and LA/P/0059/2020; the research unit CITAB under project UIDB/04033/2020 and PhD grant SFRH/BD/146961/2019, all of them funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).