Forms of unfreedom in the Medieval Mediterranean

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Notes

1 In this review numbers in parentheses refer to paragraph numbers in the relevant chapter.

2 See Nathalie Rothman, ‘Contested Subjecthood: Runaway Slaves in Early Modern Venice’ (2012) 139(2) Quaderni storici 425–42.

3 See Moses Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (Chatto and Windus, 1980); Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Harvard University Press, 1982).

4 See Orlando Patterson, Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (Basic Books, 1991); Orlando Patterson, ‘Three Notes on Freedom: The Nature and Consequences of Manumission’ in Rosemary Brana Shute and Randy Sparks (eds), Paths to Freedom: Manumission in the Atlantic World (University of South Carolina Press, 2009) 16–29.

5 Benedetta Rossi, ‘Problems and Pitfalls of Global Comparisons in Slavery in West African Political Cultures’ (2021) 49(1) African Economic History 15–46: 16–17.

6 For a recent study of the Mosque-hospital in Cartagena and the royal slaves’ corporate judicial activism within the hospital, see Thomas Glesner and Daniel Hershenzon, ‘The Maghrib in Europe: Royal Slaves and Islamic Institutions in Eighteenth-Century Spain’ (2023) 259(1) Past and Present 77–116.

7 There is a burgeoning scholarship on black Christians in the early modern world using visual arts and belle lettres, legal sources and religious iconography, which is too extensive to reproduce here. For recent work, see, for example, Chloe Ireton, ‘They are the Blacks of the Caste of Black Christians: Old Christian Black Blood in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century Iberian Atlantic’ (2017) 94(4) Hispanic American Historical Review 579–612; Carmen Fracchia, Black but Human: Slavery and Visual Arts in Hapsburg Spain, 1480-1700 (Oxford University Press, 2019); Erin Rowe, Black Saints in Early Modern Catholicism (Cambridge University Press, 2019); Nicholas Jones, Staging Habla de Negros: Radical Performances of the African Diaspora in Early Modern Spain (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019).

8 For morisco emancipations in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Seville, see Manuel Fernández and Rafael Pérez Gárcia, En los márgenes de la ciudad de Dios: moriscos en Sevilla (Universidad de Valencia, 2009). On the presence of free people of colour as creditors and sponsors of enslaved self-purchase in Cuba, see Alejandro de la Fuente and Ariela Gross, Becoming Free, Becoming Black: Race, Freedom and Law in Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana (Cambridge University Press, 2020); Adriana Chira, Patchwork Freedoms: Law, Slavery and Race Beyond Cuba’s Plantations (Cambridge University Press, 2022).