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Articles

Social and moral accountability in action: the religious roots of corporate social responsibility in an Italian entrepreneurial family (1900–1950)

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Pages 103-133 | Received 05 Apr 2022, Accepted 09 Jun 2023, Published online: 06 Jul 2023
 

ABSTRACT

A company’s most valuable asset is its employees. Since the 1970s, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a topic of increasing interest in terms of performance and disclosure. However, little attention has been paid to the history of CSR practices, which should be studied within historical and cultural contexts. Based on archival material and secondary sources, and using arguments from moral economics and Catholic Social Theory, this study uniquely investigates the role of religious and ethical beliefs in influencing CSR actions and accountability. We focus on the case of Vaccari, an entrepreneurial Italian Catholic family in the early-twentieth century, which was clearly inspired by upward accountability (to God) and not just economic returns. The family took CSR actions to improve the welfare and living conditions of its workers (downward accountability). Vaccari’s religious value system was strongly based on the principles of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) contained in the 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, addressed to ‘all men of good will’. Our historical analysis informs modern CSR practices, revealing that management’s commitment to ethics and sound values is the correct starting point for developing good and sustainable business practices.

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge the valuable and constructive comments and suggestions offered by the anonymous referees and the precious support of editor Cheryl S. McWatters.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 The influence of spirituality and religion in the field of entrepreneurship and organisations also has attracted the attention of scholars (Dodd and Gotsis Citation2007; Dana Citation2010; Tracey Citation2012).

2 An encyclical is an apostolic letter written by the Pope, originally to bishops, latterly addressed ‘to all men of good will’ on issues concerning Catholic doctrine or particular religious or social matters. The name encyclical was first adopted in 1740 by Pope Benedict XIV, who titled the first letter of his pontificate Epistola encyclica (et commonitoria).

3 The law established reciprocal independence between State and Church and declared the person of the Pope sacred and inviolable, recognising his full freedom in the exercise of his spiritual magisterium and sovereignty over the Vatican palaces, the Lateran, and the villa in Castel Gandolfo; an annual income of £3,225,000 was also established in favour of the Holy See.

4 ‘Non basta il denaro a ricompensare l’uomo del suo lavoro. Così, come in ogni società di uomini, anche nella comunità aziendale occorre che fiorisca la pianta profumata della mutua comprensione e del reciproco amore. Nello Stabilimento di Ponzano vige il principio che il centro dell’impresa è l’uomo, la persona umana, perché quanto più è garantita la tranquillità del lavoro e potenziata la responsabilità lavorativa nei confronti dell’Azienda, tanto più sicura è la solidità economica di questa’. All translations from the original text are the responsibility of the authors.

5 ‘ … ricchezza che è un aumento del reddito, e quindi un migliore tenore di vita per tutti coloro che collaborano con l’azienda, ma soprattutto un rafforzamento del livello di vita spirituale di una società di uomini’.

6 ‘Vana infatti sarebbe la nostra fatica di dirigenti di industria se non tendessimo con tutte le nostre forze ad avvalorare la nostra attività tecnica e amministrativa conducendola ad un fine morale e spirituale. L’arte “a Dio quasi nepote” è da ricondurre sempre alla sua reale destinazione di essere servizio all’uomo e lode a Dio’.

7 ‘Rientra nella normale conduzione di una qualsiasi azienda la cura per l’assistenza del personale che ad essa dà, con il suo lavoro, la sua intera vita’.

8 ‘Il Consiglio di Amministrazione […] ritiene necessario richiamare l'attenzione sull’opera che la famiglia Vaccari ha svolto con intelligenza e zelo nella realizzazione ‘azienda fin dai suoi esordi. Tutto il personale e le maestranze hanno contribuito, in piena collaborazione con attività dedicate e appassionate, ai risultati economici raggiunti. Nel compiacerci di loro, rivolgiamo un pensiero particolare a coloro che la Patria ha chiamato a servire in armi ed esprimiamo l’augurio di vederli tornare tutti sani e fieri del loro dovere nel tripudio della più completa vittoria’.

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