Effect of feeding different ratios of dried brewery grain and surplus cafeteria food on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass characteristics of Wogera sheep

Abstract

The demand for animal protein is increased due to the high global human population increase. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of feeding different ratios of dried brewers grain and surplus cafeteria food on feed intake, body weight gain, and carcass characteristics of Wogera sheep. Twenty-yearling Wogera ram lambs with an average body weight of 19.48 ± 1.64 kg were assigned to one of the five treatments using a randomized complete block design. The treatments were T1-100 % dried brewers grain (DBG), T2-70 % DBG + 30 % Student surplus Cafeteria Food (SCF), T3-50 % DBG + 50 % SCF, T4-30 % DBG + 70 % SCF, and T5- 100 % SCF. Grass hay was used as a basal diet. Grass hay and total dry matter intake were different (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments, with the highest record for T1. There were high records (P ≤ 0.05) of body weight change at T3 and low in T1. Blood, heart, kidney fat, liver with bile, intestinal free gut as well as nonedible components had differences (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of 50% DBG + 50% student SCF can improve the final body weight of fattening Wogera sheep.

Keywords:

• Carcass
• dried brewery grain
• feed intake
• surplus cafeteria food
• Wogera sheep

REVIEWING EDITOR:

• Pedro González-Redondo, University of Seville, Spain

SUBJECTS:

• Agriculture & Environmental Sciences; Plant & Animal Ecology; Laboratory Animal Science; Nutrition

1. Introduction

It was predicted that the world consumption of meat per capita in 2032 will be 28.8 kg (Shahbandeh, 2023), and expected to rise 76 percent by 2050 (Alexandratos & Bruinsma, 2012; FAO, 2021). This increased demand during this period comes mainly from developing countries (113 percent) and less from developed countries (27 percent). From 2010 to 2050, several regions around the world will show a growth of over 150 percent: 187 percent in the Middle East and North Africa, 202 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, and 272 percent in South Asia (Rosegrant et al., 2013). However, to fulfil the meat demand animals should be confined and fed high-energy diets based on cereals, cereal by-products, and oilseed meals to attain high growth rates and feed efficiency, and systems to produce meat from ruminants often include a finishing period (Oliveira et al., 2017).

Meat is an essential component of human diets in several populations (Wyness, 2016), providing high-quality nutrients (i.e. proteins and fats) and essential micronutrients, including iron, zinc, and B vitamins (Boada et al., 2016). Higher proportions of omega(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and intermediate biohydrogenation PUFA (PUFA-BHI) may be found in sheep meat, including conjugated linoleic acid (Sanni et al., 2013) and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids. It is often considered that sheep meat has a higher content of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) (Chikwanha et al., 2018).

Sheep are an important sub-sector of livestock farming, which is an integral part of the livelihood of the household level and contributes significantly to the national economy of Ethiopia (Mekuriaw & Asmare, 2018). Currently, sheep provide mutton in all parts of the country, contributing to human nutrition and the economic requirements of communities. Economic value is particularly high for highland sheep because of their greater average flock size compared to lowland flocks (Alemayehu & Ian, 1993; Gebre et al., 2012; Gezahegn et al., 2021). However, the annual meat production from small ruminants is relatively small compared to the number of heads (Dessie & Gebreyesus, 2014).

In Middle Eastern livestock and meat, Ethiopia has some major comparative advantages (Eshetie et al., 2018). Feed shortages, however, are also highlighted as a restriction on the livestock and meat industry in Ethiopia (USAID, 2010). Natural pasture is the main source of feed for most of Ethiopia’s livestock, complemented by fodder and crop residues during the dry season. Of the various crop residues used as livestock feedstuffs, teff straw is the most commonly used for fattening, while other crop residues (e.g. barley, wheat, and millet straw or sorghum stover) are more often used for dairy cattle (Bezabih et al., 2022; Desta, 2023). Agro-industrial by-products and commercial feed mixes are less commonly used by small-scale sheep producers, although they are also critical inputs for sheep fattening before slaughter or export (Abebayehu, 2016; Animut & Wamatu, 2014).

Concentrated feed sources, especially grains, are expensive and highly valued as human food, and by-products such as noug seed cake are expensive and frequently not readily available to fatteners (AhmedSeid et al., 2017; Beyene et al., 2020). Additionally, due to the high expenses of conventional fattening diets, interest has been directed towards the utilization of alternative feed resources, such as nonconventional feedstuffs (Beigh et al., 2017; El-Shaer et al., 2001). Therefore, it is necessary to look for other cheap and alternative nonconventional feedstuffs proven cost-effective to sustain (fattening) and improve ruminant husbandry (Beigh et al., 2017; Ravindran & Cyril, 1995). The global world production of food waste is expected to increase by 33% within the next decade. The current annual food waste stands at around 1.6 billion tonnes, which is worth around $ 1.2 trillion loss. Out of this, nearly 50%–60% comes from post-consumption waste (leftover) (Pour & Makkawi, 2021). Between such foodstuffs, surplus cafeteria food ‘Injera’ (Injera is made by Ethiopian, which is a traditional sour fermented flatbread made from grains mainly teff flour with a slightly spongy texture) and brewers’ grain is the most important and locally available by-product resulting from the manufacture of local brewery factories. These can be sources of protein, energy, and fiber (Yegrem et al., 2021) and used for livestock feed.

The use of agroindustrial by-products in ruminant nutrition to be an interesting alternative in order to reduce production costs and environmental impacts arising from the inadequate destination of residues (Feksa F et al., 2018). Currently, several brewery industries are emerging and producing a huge quantity of by-products. The beer brewing industry has long been considered somewhat bio-circular since the major part of its organic side-stream, spent grain, returns to the biological system in the form of animal feed (Bolwig et al., 2019). Among them Dashen brewery industry is one of the brewery industry in Ethiopia and its by-product is utilized alone or with other feed sources for animal food. In addition, surplus cafeteria food is one of the non-conventional feed source and not commonly used for animal fattening. However, there is no documented information on nutritional value and if feeding different ratios of surplus cafeteria food with dried brewers’ grain (DBG), then the sheep will increase the fattening performance. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding different ratios of dried brewers grain and surplus cafeteria food on feed intake, body weight gain, and carcass characteristics of Wogera sheep.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Description of the study area

The study was conducted at the University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Animal farm, Ethiopia (Figure 1). The area was located 737 km north of Addis Abeba. The area is situated between 12°35’60’’N altitude and longitude 37°28’20’’E and has an elevation of 2300 masl. Gondar has a varied landscape, dominantly covered with ragged hills and plateau formations. The annual average temperature was 19.7 °C, and the annual rainfall was 1772 mm. It could be categorized under the woyina dega climatic zone. The area was also classified mainly through two seasons, the June to September wet season and the October to May dry season.

Figure 1. Map of the study area.

Source (Tsega et al., 2023).

2.2. Experimental feed preparation and feeding

Grass hay mainly composed of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), and Hyperrhenia rufa grown at the University of Gondar was used as a basal diet for the experiment throughout the experimental period. The supplement dried brewers’ grain (DBG) was purchased from the Dashin brewery factory at Gondar in a wet form and dried under shade. Surplus cafeteria foods (SCF), i.e. ‘Injera’, on the fasting days of Wednesday and Friday were collected from the university students’ cafeteria and dried with sunlight and ground before the commencement of the trial. The surplus foods were mixed injera with a small amount of grain soup (wote). The dried supplement was mixed and weighed at different ratios and offered 300 g twice a day at 0800 and 1600 h in a separate trough. In the morning hours, the basal diet was offered ad libitum. Grass hay offers and refusals were gathered and weighed before the next meal. For chemical analysis, samples of offered and refusals were obtained and bulked over 90 days. During the experimental period, freshwater and salt licks were given ad libitum.

2.3. Experimental animal design and treatments

All aspects of animal care and experimentation in this study followed the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and followed the EEC directive of 2010/63/EU. A total of twenty-yearling Wogera ram lambs with an average body weight of 19.48 ± 1.64 kg were assigned to one of the five treatments using a randomized complete block design RCBD (shown in Table 1). The selected animals were blocked into five blocks, one per treatment, each containing four sheep that were penned and fed individually based on their initial live body weight. The feeding trial was conducted from March to June 2018 for a total of 90 days following a 15-day acclimatization period to the experimental pen and diet. The five treatments were assigned randomly to each block. All the selected sheep were dewormed before the experiment began by albendazole bolus and ivermectin injection and sprayed with diazinol against external parasites. Individual wooden feeding troughs were used for feeding hay to the experimental animals, while concentrate feed and water were offered for an individual using plastic buckets.

Table 1. Experimental design and treatments.

Treatments	Experimental supplement diets	Supplement (Concentrate mix)	Basal diets Hay, Freshwater, and salt lick
T1 (Control)	100% DBG	300 g	Ad libitum
T2	70 % DBG + 30 % SCF	300 g	Ad libitum
T 3	50 % DBG + 50 % SCF	300 g	Ad libitum
T4	30 % DBG + 70 % SCF	300 g	Ad libitum
T5	100% SCF	300 g	Ad libitum

DBG = Dried Brewery Grain, SCF = Surplus Cafeteria Food; T = Treatments.

2.4. Data collection and sampling procedure

2.4.1. Feed intake

Feed offered and refusals were weighed and recorded daily to determine the daily intake from day one to the end of the experiment. Daily feed intake was calculated as the difference between feed offered and refusal. Weekly feed samples were collected, and bulked and subsamples were taken for chemical analysis. Samples of feed offered were collected from each batch and bulked, and samples were taken for chemical analysis.

2.4.2. Body weight measurement

The initial body weight of the sheep was recorded on the first day of the experiment. Then, body weight was measured at the end of the experiment in the morning after 12 h of fasting using a suspending weighing balance. Weight gain was calculated as the difference between the initial live weight and the final live weight divided by the number of days of the experiment.

2.4.3. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE)

Feed conversion efficiency was determined by dividing the daily weight gain by the amount of feed taken by the animal (Eneyew, 2020; Tekliye et al., 2018).

2.4.4. Carcass analysis

At the end of the experiment, all sheep from each treatment were taken and deprived of feed and water for 12 hrs before slaughter and weighed. All sheep were slaughtered by cutting the jugular vein to assess the carcass characteristics. The esophagus was tied off close to the head. The animals were then suspended and head down over a container placed to collect the blood, and the blood was weighed. When the main flow of blood ceased, the head was served from the body and weighed. The body of skin was flayed, the forelegs and the hind legs were trimmed off at the carpal and tarsal joints and weighed, and the alimentary canal with its contents was removed. The entire gastrointestinal tract with contents (full stomach and intestine) of the gut was removed and weighed, and then the internal contents were emptied. The weight of the empty gut was recorded. The remaining internal organs (lung, heart, liver, kidney, and spleen) were removed and weighed after kidney fat was removed by dissection. The kidney fat was also weighed and kept separated. The weights of the penis and testis were also recorded.

2.5. Chemical analysis

Feeds were analysed using standard (AOAC, 2005) procedures for dry matter (Doron & Snydman, 2015), which was determined by using a circulating hot-air oven (#925.09). Organic matter (OM) and ash was determined through incineration (550 °C) of a muffle furnace (method # 923.03). Crude protein (CP) was determined by micro-Kjeldahl (method #979.09) and calculated by multiplying the corresponding total nitrogen content by a factor of 6.25, and the method of Van Soest and Robertson (1985) was used to determine neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF).

2.6. Statistical analysis

The data gathered were analysed using the SAS (2004) general linear model (GLM) procedure of the randomized complete block design (RCBD) model. The level of significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 was considered. Differences between treatment methods were separated by using the least significant difference (LSD). The model used to analyse the treatment effects will be: $$\mathrm{\text{Yij}}=\mathrm{\mu }+\text{bi}+\text{tj}+\mathrm{\text{eij}}$$ where Yij = means for response variablesb = effects of i^th block (b = 1, ….4)t = effects of j^th treatment (t = 1, 2, …5)e = error term

μ = overall mean.

3. Results

3.1. Nutrient composition of experimental diets

The nutritional composition of the experimental feedstuff is shown in Table 2. The results of the CP content of dried brewers’ grain, student surplus cafeteria food, and grass hay were 14.82 (T1), 9.56 (T5), and 5.90%, respectively. Among the total experimental treatment diets, T2 (70% DBG with 30% SCF) had the highest (15.17%) CP content compared with T1, T3, T4, and T5. The CP content of grass hay was also 5.90%. Additionally, the NDF, ADF, and ADL contents were 52.43, 38.3, and 10% in T2, 17.72, 12.77, and 2.24% in T5, and 77.68, 59.57, and 16.67% in grass hay, respectively. The proximate composition of grass hay refusal was low in CP and high in fiber content.

Table 2. Nutritional composition of experimental feedstuff (%/100 g).

Treatments	DM	OM	ASH	CP	NDF	ADF	ADL
T1	93	94.62	5.38	14.82	42.35	31.91	8.87
T2	93	94.62	5.38	15.17	52.43	38.3	10
T3	93	95.70	4.30	13.22	21.43	14.89	3.35
T4	92	95.65	4.35	13.77	18.86	12.77	2.24
T5	92	96.74	3.26	9.56	17.72	12.77	2.24
GHO	94	93.62	6.38	5.90	77.68	59.57	16.67
GHR	95	94.74	5.26	3.73	82.35	65.96	18.86

T1-100% dried brewery grain, T2- 70% dried brewery grain + 30% student surplus cafeteria food, T3-50% dried brewery grain + 50% student surplus cafeteria food, T4-30% dried brewery grain + 70% student surplus cafeteria food, T5- 100% student surplus cafeteria food, GHO-Grass Hay offered, GHR-Grass Hay Refusal.

3.2. Feed intake and growth performance

Gras hay intake, concentrate, and bodyweight changes in experimental Wogera sheep are indicated in Table 3. There was a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in grass hay intake between treatments. Animals in the T1 group had higher grass hay intake than those in the additional treatment groups. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments in the concentration intake. The total daily dry matter intake of T1 was higher than that of T2, T3, T4, and T5. Initial body weight revealed that there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) between experimental animals. However, there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the final body weight between experimental animals. However, there was a change (P ≤ 0.05) in final body weight between treatments. Animal intake of T3 showed a higher (P ≤ 0.05) body weight between treatments, but T1 recorded a lower body weight change. This may be due to the quality of feed intake. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the efficiency of feed conversion between treatments.

Table 3. Gras hay intake, concentrate, and body weight changes in experimental Wogera sheep.

	Treatment
Parameters	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	SEM	P-Value
Grass hay intake (kg/d)	2.01^a	1.40^b	1.41^b	1.41^b	1.40^b	0.79	0.044
Concentrate (g/d)	300	300	300	300	300	0.00	ns
Total DMI (kg/d)	2.31^a	1.69^b	1.71^b	1.71^b	1.70^b	0.04	0.038
IBW (kg)	19.13	19.85	19.10	19.61	19.70	0.37	ns
FBW (kg)	21.45^b	24.58^ab	25.13^a	24.45^ab	24.25^ab	0.52	0.028
WC kg	2.33^b	4.73^a	6.03^a	4.84^a	4.55^a	0.34	0.047
ADG (g/d)	25.83^b	52.50^a	66.95^a	53.75^a	50.56^a	3.78	0.049
FCE	0.039	0.038	0.048	0.038	0.037	0.005	ns

^a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05), T1-100% dried brewery grain, T2- 70% dried brewery grain + 30% student surplus cafeteria food, T3-50% dried brewery grain + 50% student surplus cafeteria food, T4-30% dried brewery grain + 70% student surplus cafeteria food, T5- 100% student surplus cafeteria food, DMI = Dry Matter Intake, IBW = Initial Body Weight, FBW = Final Body Weight, WC = Weight Change, ADG = Average Daily Gain, FCE = Feed Conversion Efficiency, ns = not significant, SEM = Standard Error of Mean.

3.3. Edible carcass components

Table 4 shows the edible components of Wogera sheep supplemented with different proportions of DBG and SCF with grass hay. Among treatments of edible offal components, only blood, heart, kidney fat, liver with bile, and intestine free gut were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. The remaining edible offal components, i.e. head with tongue, kidney, front and hindquarter, stomach free gut, and tail, were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) between treatments. Generally, animals supplemented only with dried brewery grain with grass hay (T1) had a lower significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in edible offal components than other treatments.

Table 4. Edible carcass components of Wogera sheep supplemented with different proportions of Dashen Brewery Grain and Student Cafteria Food with grass hay.

Edible offal components	Treatments
	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	SEM	P-Value
Blood (kg)	0.11^b	0.12^ab	0.12^ab	0.14^a	0.14^a	0.05	0.031
Head with tongue (kg)	2.00	2.20	2.30	2.20	2.20	0.05	ns
Heart (g)	97.50^b	126.50^ab	194.50^a	119.25^ab	116.65^ab	14.20	0.048
Kidney (g)	49.80	53.20	60.55	58.50	57.35	1.70	ns
Kidney Fat (g)	15.70^b	33.55^ab	30.00^ab	49.00^ab	63.95^a	6.95	0.405
Liver with Bile (g)	192.60^b	286.20^ab	285.50^ab	291.50^ab	343.65^a	19.75	0.029
Front Quarter (kg)	4.11	5.00	5.49	5.35	5.60	0.26	ns
Hind Quarter (kg)	2.70	3.13	3.45	3.68	3.72	0.18	ns
Stomach free gut (kg)	0.92	0.76	0.84	0.81	1.05	0.07	ns
Tail (kg)	0.08	0.33	0.44.	0.54	0.53	0.08	ns
Intestine free gut (kg)	0.41^b	0.77^a	0.85^a	0.84^a	0.77^a	0.06	0.031

^a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05), T1-100% dried brewery grain, T2- 70% dried brewery grain + 30% student surplus cafeteria food, T3-50% dried brewery grain + 50% student surplus cafeteria food, T4-30% dried brewery grain + 70% student surplus cafeteria food, T5- 100% student surplus cafeteria food, ns = not significant, SEM = Standard Error of Mean.

3.4. Non-edible offal components

Nonedible offal components of Wogera sheep supplemented with different proportions of DBG and SCF with grass hay are shown in Table 5. All nonedible offal components were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. Animals supplemented with dried brewery grain had lower lung with the trachea and esophagus, testicle with the penis, and spleen than the other treatments.

Table 5. Nonedible offal components of the lung with the trachea and esophagus and the testicle with the penis and spleen of Wogera sheep.

Nonedible offal components	Treatments
	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	SEM	P-Value
Lung with Trachea and esophagus (kg)	0.30^ab	0.33^ab	0.28^b	0.48^a	0.38^ab	0.03	0.029
Testicle with Penis (g)	103.25^b	171.45^ab	233.00^ab	229.50^ab	240.80^a	21.52	0.034
Spleen (g)	21.15^b	39.25^ab	67.50^a	44.50^ab	66.70^a	6.88	0.047

^a,b Means in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05), T1-100% dried brewery grain, T2- 70% dried brewery grain + 30% student surplus cafeteria food, T3-50% dried brewery grain + 50% student surplus cafeteria food, T4-30% dried brewery grain + 70% student surplus cafeteria food, T5- 100% student surplus cafeteria food, ns = not significant, SEM = Standard Error of Mean.

4. Discussion

Non-conventional feed resources generally refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in the production of livestock feeds (Devendra, 1988; Onte et al., 2019). These resources could be a most viable option for bridging the gap between supply and demand for animal feeds, for reducing the competition between human and animals for food and for providing nutritional sufficiency to available feed sources (Katoch et al., 2018). Therefore, surplus cafeteria food and brewery grains are among the feed sources which could fill the current high cost and shortage of animal feed.

Concentrated feed supplemented with hay at different levels were significantly different (P < 0.05). Animals intake hay with student surplus cafeteria food showed a higher performance evaluation than that of T1 and T5 treatments, i.e. only dried brewer intake or student surplus cafeteria food, respectively. This may be due to the synergistic effect of dried brewery grain (higher protein content) with student cafeteria food improved nutritional characteristics of the feed (Eliopoulos et al., 2022; Feksa F et al., 2018). Currently, because of their wider availability and distribution, non-conventional feeds are serving to bridge the gap in feed supply in times of feed scarcity, especially for small ruminants (Abreha et al., 2019). Therefore, the present study was in line with the study of (Abraham et al., 2016; Fitwi & Tadesse, 2013; Moges et al., 2008), which used dried brewery grain, sesame cake, African wild olive (Olea africana) and red thorn (Acacia lahai) as a source of concentrate feed.

According to the report of Moges et al. (2008), intake of 300 g DM BDG with grass hay enhances feed intake and nutrient use, body weight gain, and feed conversion ability of yearling Wogera ram lambs. However, the final body weight of rams in the present trial was in agreement with the study of Sultana et al. (2017) on growth efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing lambs using a traditional concentrate mixture with Moringa oleifera. Also, Tekliye et al. (2018) reported body weight loss of sheep because urea treated rice straw used in this study was unable to provide sufficient energy for maintenance requirement even it had enough CP for maintenance requirement. Sheep intake of either surplus cafeteria food or brewery grain alone had a better performance record than the other reported study of urea treated rice straw (Tekliye et al., 2018). Sheep intake of equal proportion of brewery grain with surplus cafeteria food had the best final weight change as compared to the other treatments. This study was in line with Bovolenta et al. (1998) (Feksa et al., 2018) an improvement on the body weight gain was reported until a fifty percent substitution rate of lucerne hay by dried brewers grains.

Comparison of carcass performance in the present study was agreed with other studies of rams fed conventional feed sources. The results of edible carcass components of Wogera sheep supplemented with different proportions of DBG and SCF with grass hay were in line with the study of Sultana et al. (2017), who reported that feeding conventional concentrate can change carcass composition and primal cut of Bengal lamb. However, the present study did not agree with the study of Abraham et al. (2016), who found that supplementation with air-dried foliage of African wild olive and red thorn did not significantly affect the growth performance and carcass production of Tigray highland sheep on nonedible offal. The result also did not agree with the study of Sultana et al. (2017) replacement of moringa foliage with a conventional concentrate on a nonedible part of the noncarcass part of Bengal sheep fed straw-based diet were not significantly different.

5. Conclusion

Supplementing Wogera sheep a concentrate containing dried brewery grain with surplus cafeteria food at different proportions improves the overall performance of fattening sheep compared to supplementing dried brewery grain or surplus cafeteria food alone. From the nutritional point of view, a concentrate containing dried brewery grain has a higher nutritional value than only given surplus student cafeteria food. The accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and processing of feeds supplementing dried brewery grain with surplus cafeteria food at 50:50 proportions is one of the strategies to improve the body weight and carcass characterstics of the sheep.

Authors’ contributions

The corresponding author SA contributed to the conceptualization and methodology; format analysis contributed to the investigation and writing of the original draft; and SA and AA, AG, and MB contributed to data collection, Carcass evaluation, validation, writing, review, and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval

The study was undertaken after the approval of the University of Gondar research ethical review committee (VP/RCS/05/172/2015).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the University of Gondar for supporting this research project and the University of Gondar Animal Farm for facilitating the research working environment.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the University of Gondar, Research and Community V/President office.

Notes on contributors

Shewangzaw Addisu Mekuria

Shewangzaw Addisu Mekuria (PhD) is an assistant professor and researcher at University of Gondar. He obtained his PhD in Food Science and Nutrition, MSc in Animal Production and BSc in Animal Production and Health. Currently, he is working in the college of veterinary medicine and animal sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia. He has published more than 16 articles in reputable journals. His research interest includes Food and Feed nutrition and processing, Food Processing and product development, livestock product processing, Human Nutrition etc.