Language contextualization in public space in Maluku Province: A landscape linguistics study

Abstract

This research aims to examine the contextual use of language in public spaces in Maluku Province, Indonesia using a linguistic landscape approach. This study is descriptive- qualitative research, which aims to describe and analyze the context of language in public spaces in Maluku Province in great detail and depth, so that it can provide an accurate overview of the language conditions in the region. To collect data, this research uses participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of signboards and information scattered in the research locations in Ambon City and Buru Island. The collected data is then analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. This analysis includes stages of theme identification, searching for additional information, theme grouping, and data interpretation. The results show that there are many language variations used in Maluku Province, including local languages, Indonesian, English, Roman, and Arabic. The use of these languages is influenced by the place and environment in which the language is used. Additionally, research also indicates the influence of religion, culture, and media, showing that the identity of the Maluku community is greatly influenced by the language they use.

Keywords:

• language contextualization
• Maluku Province
• linguistic landscape

1. Introduction

Maluku Province, Indonesia has many unique cultures and languages, which come from various tribes and ethnicities living in the region. According to (Collins, 2018) there are 70 local languages including, Alune, Ambonese, Ambalau, Asilulu, Balkewan, Banda, Barakai, Batuley, Bobat, Boing, Buru, Damar Timur, Ternate, Tidore, Dawelor, Dobel, Elnama, Emplawas, Fordata, Hoti, Seram Illiun, Kei, Kaham, Kayeli and many more. The provided number is not comprehensive, as there are still remote regions in Maluku that have not been researched (https://kantorbahasamaluku.kemdikbud.go.id/). Each district in Maluku has its own local language, contributing to the linguistic diversity of the region. However, this diversity also poses challenges, as it can be difficult for residents from different areas to understand each other’s local languages. Fokaaya et al., 2014 stated that the linguistic diversity in Maluku is influenced by various factors, including geographical location, natural conditions, and local customs and traditions. These factors have shaped the development of distinct local languages within the province (Aritonang, 2020). Furthermore, the use of the Indonesian language has had a significant impact on the linguistic landscape of Maluku. Indonesian is not only the official language of the country but also the language of instruction in the education system (Astuti, 2018; Bowden, 2012; Lewis, 2009). The strong influence of the Indonesian language in Maluku has both enriched and posed a threat to the local languages. On one hand, the adoption of Indonesian has allowed for effective communication and integration within the province and with the wider Indonesian society. On the other hand, the dominance of Indonesian as the primary language of instruction and communication can lead to the marginalization and gradual decline of local languages. Despite these challenges, the linguistic landscape of Maluku has become more diverse and linguistically enriched due to the incorporation of Indonesian. The interaction and contact between Indonesian and local languages have led to language borrowing, code-switching, and language innovations. This linguistic interplay makes the linguistic landscape of Maluku intriguing for research and documentation purposes.

Several studies have explored the linguistic landscape of specific regions, including the research conducted by (Fekeede & Gemechu, 2016) that investigates the strength of the ethnolinguistic vitality of different languages in Adama, Jimma and Sabata towns, mainly based on the objective of ethnolinguistic vitality score. A corpus of 900 signs were collected from the three towns, 300 signs each. Data were also collected using in depth interview with five linguistic landscape actors living in each town. Then the signs were given a value based on the presence and amount of information, and analyzed quantitatively. Ethnolinguistic vitality score system was used as analytical frame. Moreover, the collected signs were also analyzed qualitatively from the power and ideology perspective. The study reveals that Amharic scores the highest ethnolinguistic vitality score in the three of Oromia towns, followed by English. Afan Oromo’s (Oromo Language) ethnolinguistic score is the least, despite the fact that it is the regional government’s official working language. Another study conducted by (McDermott, 2019) that analyzes the linguistic landscape of post-Soviet Bishkek in order to understand the relationship among Kyrgyz, Russian, and English, and society in the city. In Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic, the linguistic landscape not only includes the two languages given elevated status through the state’s official language policy, Russian and Kyrgyz, but also comprises the English language. The study is based on 104 photographed signs, 15 interviews with young residents of Bishkek, and 40 hours of participant observation. It is found out that that the status and function of Kyrgyz, Russian, and English in Bishkek society are closely tied to language ideologies resulting from globalization, social and linguistic hierarchies, and nationalistic and educational legacies of Soviet state-building. Those languages are also having implications for the creation and adoption of multilingual nationalism in post-Soviet space. The study by (Warinussy & Allo, 2021) focuses on examining the linguistic landscape of Ambon City in Maluku. The researchers conducted fieldwork and collected data from various public spaces, including streets, markets, and government buildings. The data collection involved taking photographs of the linguistic landscape and conducting interviews with local residents. The findings show that Indonesian as the national language plays important role in public spaces as well as the local language of each district. The interaction among these languages has fostered linguistic diversity in Ambon City.

Another relevant article titled “Local language vitality in Kupang city, Indonesia: A linguistic landscape” by (Benu et al., 2023) examines the vitality of local languages in Kupang city. The data for this study was collected through observational methods using photography techniques along the main road areas of Kupang city. A total of 39 photos were obtained, featuring four languages: Dawan, Rote, Sabu, and Kupang Malay. The dominant local language observed was Dawan, which was predominantly used in church names and graffiti on public transportation such as bemo, buses, trucks, and pickup trucks. The analysis revealed a language shift, particularly in the use of languages in public spaces and socioeconomic factors have contributed to the preference for the majority language and the subsequent decline of minority languages. The discussion of linguistic landscape in a particular region is crucial as it provides a profound understanding of how language is used, interacts, and changes within specific social, cultural, and geographical contexts. Therefore, the exploration of language contextualization in public spaces in Maluku through the lens of the linguistic landscape approach presents an engaging subject for discussion. Even though there have been numerous studies examining the diversity of languages and their distribution in Maluku, the exploration of language contextualization in public spaces for the languages of Maluku remains limited. The objective of this paper is to bridge this gap by offering a comprehensive understanding of how vocabulary and sentences are embedded in the distribution of languages in Maluku, considering the cultural and geographical factors of the surrounding environment. Therefore, this study formulated the research questions into: what are the linguistic characteristics of public spaces in the Maluku Islands, and how do they reflect the linguistic diversity of the region?

2. Theoretical review

2.1. Sociolinguistics situation

The sociolinguistic situation in Maluku is very diverse and complex because this area has many different ethnic and cultural groups. The official language used in Maluku is Indonesian, but there are many local languages spoken in this area, such as Ambonese, Ternate, Tidore, Seram and Kei. In general, Indonesian is used in formal situations, such as in the workplace, government, and the mass media. Indonesian government also promotes the use of the Indonesian language as a means of strengthening national identity and building social integration (Indrayani et al., 2022). The use of Indonesian as the official state language in Indonesia is regulated in the 1945 Constitution and confirmed by Government Regulation No. 24 of 2009 and Presidential Regulation No. 63 of 2019. However, despite this, the people of Maluku still use their local languages extensively in their daily interactions. In fact, the Maluku government actively promotes the conservation of local languages, drawing support from Regional Regulation Number 23 of 2014. This regulation places the responsibility of language, literature, and script development and protection upon local governments. Therefore, the prevalence of local languages in Maluku Province is significant, with a high frequency of usage among the local population in their daily interactions (Hasyim, 2008). This can be found in everyday conversation among family, friends and the local community. However, the use of regional languages in Maluku is also influenced by economic, educational and demographic factors. For instance, the native language spoken by older individuals may not be commonly spoken by younger generations who have greater exposure to Indonesian or foreign languages (Iye, 2022). The sociolinguistic situation in Maluku is also influenced by the role of religion in people’s lives. Islam and Christianity are the major religions in Maluku and the use of Arabic and English is also important in a religious context (Bachtiar et al., 2021). In general, the sociolinguistic landscape in Maluku is characterized by a complex interplay of social, cultural, and language policy factors that shape language usage in different contexts. Therefore, research on the context of language use in public spaces in Maluku Province can provide useful insights into the dynamics of language and culture in this area.

2.2. Landscape linguistics

Landscape linguistics is a field of study that examines the relationship between language and the physical environment, and how language is manifested in written forms, signs, or symbols in public spaces. In this context, “landscape” encompasses all the visual, auditory, and emotional elements present in a geographic area, which collectively contribute to the linguistic identity of that area. According to (Paasi, 2002), landscape linguistics involves analyzing the interaction between language and the surrounding physical environment, which includes language mapping, topographical research, and historical research to understand their influence on the spoken language. Landry and Bourhis (1997)add that landscape linguistics encompasses the visible and deemed important languages that are written by governments, private entities, or individuals within a territorial or urban area. Specifically, these linguistic objects include road signs, site names, street names, building names, places, institutions, as well as advertising billboards and commercial shops (Shohamy et al., 2010). further emphasize that the study of linguistic landscapes focuses primarily on urban settings. The main focus is on understanding linguistic landscapes as scenes where public space is symbolically constructed. This construction is achieved through the marking of material or immaterial objects with linguistic symbols. These symbols can be analyzed based on the languages used, their relative prominence in the linguistic landscape, as well as their syntactic and semantic aspects (Ben-Rafael et al., 2006; Shohamy & Gorter, 2009). According to (Crago & Duffield, 1996), the study of the phonology, grammar, and semantics of language is an integral part of landscape linguistics. Thus, Landscape Linguistics explores the relationship between language and the physical environment, and how language is realized through writing, signs, or symbols in public spaces. This concept is further reinforced by Schwieger in (Artawa & Sartini, 2020), who states that the relationship between language and its physical environment is a central focus of landscape linguistics. It encompasses the geographical, historical, cultural, and social aspects of a region and how they influence language use in that area. On the other hand (Nash, 2016), and (Backhaus, 2007) believe that landscape linguistics is the study of how environmental conditions affect human communication. This includes the impact of topography, vegetation, and other natural resources on language and culture. This concept focuses on understanding how language is contextualized within the landscape and how its use reflects social and cultural identities, as well as its influence on public perception. Based on this explanation, it is evident that landscape linguistics shares close connections with various academic disciplines, including:

1. Cognitive linguistics: This theory proposes that language and thought are related to one another and that language can reflect the way we perceive the world. In the context of landscape linguistics, this theory means that the way language is reflected in the physical environment around us can reflect the way we perceive and perceive the world.

2. Sociolinguistics: This theory studies the relationship between language and society. In the context of landscape linguistics, sociolinguistics can help us understand how language is reflected in space and place, and how language can shape identity and social relations in society.

3. Linguistic anthropology: This theory studies the relationship between language and culture. In the context of landscape linguistics, linguistic anthropology can help us understand the ways in which language and culture are reflected in the physical environment around us, as well as how the use of language and symbols in the environment can reflect cultural values and identities.

4. Cultural geography: This theory studies the ways in which culture is reflected in spaces and places. In the context of landscape linguistics, cultural geography can help us understand the ways in which language is reflected in the physical environment around us, as well as how the use of language and symbols in the environment can shape identity and social relations in society.

5. Social linguistics: This theory studies the ways in which language is reflected in social contexts. In the context of landscape linguistics, this theory can help us understand how language and symbols are reflected in the physical environment around us, and how the use of language and symbols in the environment can shape identity and social relations in society (Mulyawan, 2021).

2.3. Language contextualization

Language contextualization refers to the process of understanding and interpreting language within its specific social, cultural, and situational contexts. According to (Gumperz, 1986) language contextualization refers to the process through which language is shaped and interpreted in relation to the specific social, cultural, and situational context in which it is used. Language contextualization is a process in which language and context influence each other and shape the meaning given to a communication message (Rahmawati, 2022). In the context of language, language is seen as a social system that operates in a wider social environment, and social context becomes very important in understanding how language is used and understood by speakers. Social context can include aspects such as social status, ethnic identity, cultural background, communication situations, and social relations between speakers and listeners (Auer & Luzio, 1992; Hasan, 2014; Paramarta, 2022). In the context of language, the meaning of a sentence or communication message is not only determined by the words or grammatical structures used, but also by the social context in which the message is conveyed. For example, in a conversation between two people, the word “you” can have different meanings depending on the social context. If it is used in the context of a conversation between close friends, then the word “you” can refer to the friend you are talking to, but if it is used in a formal conversation or between people who don’t know each other, then the word “you” can be considered impolite or rude (Artawa & Sartini, 2020). In research on language and society, language context is an important concept for understanding how language is used in certain communication situations and how communication messages are understood by speakers. By paying attention to the social context in which language is used, researchers can generate a better understanding of how language operates in society and how language use can influence social relations between individuals and groups within society.

In the field of landscape linguistics, language contextualization can be applied to analyze and understand the use of language in the physical environment. Gorter, 2006 stated that context of language in public spaces refers to the ways in which language is used in the environment or public places where people interact with one another. Public space includes areas open to the public, such as streets, parks, markets, shops and other public places. The language used in this context is influenced by different social and cultural factors, such as ethnic background, religion, and cultural values held by the local community (Benu et al., 2023). There are some steps to apply language contextualization in landscape linguistics. First identify the linguistic features present in the landscape, such as signs, placenames, advertisements, graffiti, and other written or spoken language elements (Iye, 2022; Mulyawan, 2017) Analyze the linguistic features by considering the geographical location, the demographics of the area, the historical and cultural background, and the intended audience of the language. Explore how the language in the landscape reflects and interacts with the social and cultural dynamics of the community. This includes analyzing the linguistic choices, dialects, codeswitching, and language mixing that may occur in the linguistic landscape. Interpret the meanings and messages conveyed by the language in the landscape. Take into account the intended function of the language, its effects on social and cultural affiliations, and its ability to shape public perspectives and actions. After that, study the changes and variations in language use over time and across different locations within the landscape and analyze the factors that contribute to language shift, maintenance, or revival in the linguistic landscape. Finally, investigate how language interacts with the physical space and built environment and consider how language choices and placement affect the accessibility, inclusivity, and visibility of different linguistic communities within the landscape. Akindele, 2011 also added that it is important to pay attention to different audiences or interlocutors, and choose language that is appropriate to the situation and context. For example, in formal situations such as on other official signboards, people tend to use the official language such as Indonesian in the language listing. However, in informal situations such as in markets or parks and places of worship, they tend to use local language or slang which is more relaxed and familiar.

Language contextualization in landscape linguistics provided insights into the social, cultural, and spatial dimensions of language use. It revealed how language choices and the arrangement of linguistic features shape identities, promote inclusivity, and reflect the dynamic nature of the community (Backhaus, 2007). Context of language in public spaces also includes an understanding of the vocabulary used in the local language or regional language, as well as the ability to adapt to variations in the language used by other people. This is important to facilitate effective communication and mutual understanding between readers of the information in the public space. By applying language contextualization in landscape linguistics, researchers can gain insights into the social, cultural, and spatial dimensions of language use in a given environment. This approach helps to uncover the intricate connections between language, identity, and the physical surroundings, providing a deeper understanding of the linguistic landscape and its implications for the community.

3. Research method

3.1. Research location

The research location consists of two places located in the Province of Maluku, Indonesia, namely the city of Ambon and Buru Island. Ambon City is the capital of Maluku Province and is located on the same island as the province, namely Ambon. This city has a variety of tribes and cultures that are unique and interesting to study. Meanwhile, Buru Island is located about 200 km south of Ambon City and is the second largest island in the Maluku Islands. The island also has rich and diverse natural and cultural wealth. In the context of this study, the two locations were chosen because they were considered representative of the state of the language used in the Maluku Province in general. There are various languages and dialects used in the city of Ambon and Buru Island, such as Ambonese, Burunese, and other languages spoken by the local community. Therefore, research in these two locations is expected to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of language in the Maluku Province region.

3.2. Type of the research

This study belongs to the qualitative research category (Creswell, 2016) and aims to offer a thorough and all-encompassing portrayal and examination of the language environment in public areas located in the Maluku Province. The primary objective is to present a precise representation of the linguistic landscape in the region. In this study, data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed qualitatively to explore the language contextualization in the use of language in public spaces. The results of this study are expected to provide a better understanding of the use of language in public spaces in Maluku province and contribute to the development of local languages and Indonesian in the region.

3.3. Data collection

To collect data, this study used participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of signboards scattered in research locations. The researchers physically capturing the language displays and textual elements present in public spaces. The techniques used are photography and note-taking. There are 40 signboards discovered throughout public spaces in Ambon City and Buru Island. These materials serve as primary data sources for analyzing the language context in public areas in Ambon City and Buru Island. At the research site, direct observations were conducted on public places that are frequently visited such as tourist attractions, schools, building names, places of worship, and entrance gates. In-depth interviews were carried out with a variety of respondents, including government officials, traders, students, and members of the general public. There were 25 people involved in this interview. The selection of these respondents was based on purposive sampling, which involved choosing individuals who possessed knowledge and experience relevant to the signboards found in public places. Purposive sampling is commonly employed in qualitative research or studies seeking to obtain comprehensive and detailed information on the subject under investigation (Mahsun, 2005). Through this approach, the researcher can gather extensive data concerning the language contextualization of the signboards scattered throughout public spaces.

3.4. Data analysis

The data collected was then analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis (Sugiyono, 2013). This analysis includes the stages of identifying themes, searching for additional information, grouping themes, and interpreting data. The researcher comprehensively analyzes how the language is chosen, and understanding its significance in the given context. The location and placement of the sign in the physical environment are also important criteria to consider. Signs can be situated in urban areas, public spaces, or cultural sites. Examining the placement of signs helps understand their intended audience, visibility, and the socio-spatial dynamics of the linguistic landscape, as well as contextual factors such as the local community, language policies, ethnic diversity, or political ideologies can shape the meanings and significance of the sign. Finally, the results of data analysis are then presented in a narrative manner and are supported by tables and figures to make it easier for readers to understand the research results.

4. Result and discussion

4.1. Result

Based on the field data findings, the use of local languages remains quite prevalent. Local languages are used on numerous signboards found at beaches, schools, places of worship, and parks. Indonesian language also has a widespread presence, particularly in urban areas and inter-provincial borders. On the other hand, the use of foreign languages such as English is primarily observed in urban regions. These data indicate that the development of local languages and Indonesian language in Maluku is still quite strong, resulting in a diverse language usage in public spaces. Table 1: (Distribution in the spread of language on the beaches in Maluku); Table 2 (Distribution of language in public spaces in the Maluku region): Table 3 (Distribution of language in places of worship in Places of worship Maluku); and Table 4: (Language distribution in schools in the Maluku region). The distribution of this data is presented in the form of a table based on the location or place of signboards in public areas.

Table 1. The spread of language on the beaches in Maluku

No	Name of the Beach	Language
1	Amahusu Beach	Local language and English
2	Pante Ako	Local language
3	Pantai Paser Putih	Indonesian and local language
4	Pantai Baikolet	Indonesian and local language
5	Telaga Beech	English and local language

Table 2. The spread of languages in public spaces in Maluku

No	Public spaces in Maluku	Language
1	Ambon Manise	Local language
2	Selamat Datang di Kota Namlea Kabupaten Buru	Indonesian
3	Pelabuhan Namlea	Indonesian
4	Port of Ambon	English
5	Benteng Amsterdam	Indonesian
6	Gelora	Local language
7	Beta Tunggu Kakanda Bale	Indonesian language Maluku dialect
8	Taman Maulana Malik Ibrahim	Indonesian
9	Manise Hotel	Local language and English
10	RSU Namlea	Indonesian
11	Penutupan Lokalisasi Prostitusi Tanjung Batu Merah	Indonesian
12	Taman Tugu Revolusi	Indonesian
13	Tugu Palungku	Indonesian and local language
14	Gedung Revolusi	Indonesian
15	Tapol Buru “Savanadjaja”	Indonesian

Table 3. The spread of language in places of worship in Maluku

No	Name of the Place	Language
1	Mesjid Al-fatah	Indonesian and Arabic
2	Mesjid Agung Al-Buruuj	Indonesian and Arabic
3	Sekolah Kristen Kalam Kudus,	Indonesian
4	Yayasan Bintang Timur Persekolahan Maria Mediatrix, Gereja Bethania,	Indonesian
5	Gereja Kehidupan	Indonesian
6	gereja Maranatha	Indonesian
7	Sekolah Kristen Kalam Kudus,	Indonesian

Table 4. The spread of language in schools

No	Schools	Language
1	SMA NEG 5 Ambon	Indonesian
2	SD Negeri 3 Namlea	Indonesian
3	SMA Negeri 5 Ambon	Indonesian
4	SD Negeri Marloso	Indonesian
5	SD Negeri Siahoni	Indonesian
6	SMP Negeri 5 Namlea	Indonesian
7	SD Negeri Marloso	Indonesian
8	SD Negeri 13 Namlea	Indonesian
9	SMA Neg 13 Ambon	Indonesian
10	SMA Negeri 12 Ambon	Indonesian
11	SMA Negeri 13 Ambon	Indonesian
12	SD Negeri 9 Namlea	Indonesian

4.2. Data 1

In data 1 above, we can observe that the local language and Indonesian language are more commonly used compared to English. These signboards are strategically placed across various beaches in the Maluku region, which are highly popular among tourists. The collected data indicates the presence of multiple local languages, such as “ako” (white color), “amahusu” (adat land), paser (sand), and ‘baikolet (traditional place), each carrying specific contextual meanings associated with particular situations or locations. For instance, the words “ako” and “amahusu” refer to specific village names in Maluku. The usage of place names in the signboards such as “Ako Beach” and “Amahusu Beach” evokes memories and recollections of beautiful village locations in the Maluku islands. Therefore, the words “amahusu” and “ako” in “Amahusu Beach” and “Ako Beach” are used to depict the same beauty associated with a village in the Nusaniwe sub-district, which is also renowned for its scenic landscapes. On the other hand, the words “paser” and “baikolet” represent accents and pronunciations used by the Maluku people, which differ from the pronunciation in Indonesian or Ternate Malay. (Gumperz, 1982) mentioned that code choice, including selection among phonetic options, is an aspect that emerges in language contextualization. Therefore, the selection of “paser” and “baikolet” exemplifies the unique phonetics of the Maluku ethnic group, where the utilization of these phonemes in “Baikolet Beach” and “Paser Putih Beach” imparts a distinctive linguistic feature and creates a natural ambiance synonymous with the Maluku islands. Lastly, Telaga Beach displays a combination of Indonesian and English languages, providing general information and targeting foreign tourists and visitors from outside the Maluku islands. From the beach signboard data, two local languages were identified: Ambonese local language in the words “Amahasu” and “Baikolet,” and Buru language in the word “Ako.” Additionally, the usage of the phonetic sound “e” in the word “paser putih” distinguishes the code choice, indicating a different pronunciation compared to standard Indonesian. Furthermore, one word in Indonesian language, “telaga” (lake), and two words in English, “beach,” were found in the signboards.

4.3. Data 2

In the data of street signboards and building names, it is found that the use of language in public spaces is predominantly dominated by the local language and Indonesian, or a combination of both. For example, the phrase “Ambon Manise” exemplifies the utilization of the regional language of Maluku (Ambon) in the tourism sector. This phrase has become a well-known tourism slogan for the Maluku Province and is often used to promote the beauty and uniqueness of the area. Furthermore, “Pelabuhan Laut Namlea” consists of Indonesian and a local language name that indicates the region or area where the port is located. The presence of Indonesian in the port’s name showcases the role of Indonesian as the official and common language used in Indonesia, including in the Maluku Province. “Selamat Datang di kote Namlea” also utilizes a combination of Indonesian and the local name to indicate the location or area of a place. This welcoming greeting provides directions to road users that they have entered the Namlea city area in Buru, Maluku. The usage of English in the phrase “Port of Ambon” demonstrates the influence of Western culture and globalization on language use in public spaces in the Maluku Province. This vocabulary also signifies the context that the port serves as the gateway for foreign visitors to the Maluku islands, both in the present and centuries ago. During the 16th and 17th centuries, European powers such as the Dutch and the British competed to control the lucrative spice trade in the Maluku Islands, also known as the “Spice Islands.” These islands were rich in valuable spices like nutmeg, cloves, and mace, which were in high demand in Europe for their medicinal and culinary uses. As a result, the British attempted to establish trade through the port in the city of Ambon. Consequently, the port of Ambon is still referred to in English due to its historical trade relations with England in the past and the influence of globalization, where English has become the world’s international language today

4.4. Data 3

Data 3 is also related to street signage on the main roads of the Maluku islands. The linguistic landscape (LL) used here consists of Indonesian, local languages, a combination of Indonesian and local languages, and foreign languages. In the signage for Fort Amsterdam, the vocabulary used is in Indonesian. However, the word “Amsterdam,” which is the capital of the Netherlands, carries the context that this area was once a Dutch colony, and the fort served as the main defense fortification during the Dutch attack on the Maluku Kingdom. The usage of Indonesian language in this context reflects the influence of Dutch colonial history in the area. Furthermore, a combination of the local language and Indonesian can be seen in the phrase “Beta tunggu Kakanda Bale.” “Beta,” “Kakanda,” and “Bale” are in the local language, while “tunggu” is in Indonesian. This sentence in the Maluku regional language means “I am waiting for you at home.” The use of the regional language in this sentence demonstrates the significance of the local language in Maluku society. Maulan Malik Ibrahim Park and Gelora (Bupolo Magrib Koran Movement) are two park signboards that incorporate a combination of Indonesian, local languages, and Arabic. In the case of Maulan Malik Ibrahim Park, the term “taman” (park) is in Indonesian, while “Maulana Malik Ibrahim” refers to a renowned Islamic figure who propagated Islam in the 14th century century (Azra, 2002; Djadjadiningrat, 1963). The incorporation of Indonesian language with Arabic influence in the park’s name signifies the cultural and religious impact of Islam in the surrounding area of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Park. Moreover, the use of Indonesian language in naming the park reflects the local government’s initiatives to foster national identity and unity among the people of Maluku. Gelora (Bupolo Magrib Koran Movement) represents a combination of Indonesian and regional languages, symbolizing an Islamic religious movement in Maluku that takes place in the afternoon before Maghrib prayer. This naming highlights the distinctive amalgamation of culture and religion in Maluku.

4.5. Data 4

Data 4, mentioned above, refers to the names of schools in Maluku. It includes several schools like SMAN 5 Ambon, SDN 3 Namlea, SDN Marloso, SDN Siahoni, and SMPN 5 Namlea. These schools were chosen for the data based on their geographical location, students’ diversity, and language usage. Some of these schools are located in different regions of Maluku and represent the research data locations. Moreover, the students attending these schools come from various ethnic backgrounds, including both native Maluku children and migrants. The selection of these school names is significant because they still incorporate elements of the local language, representing specific regions in the Maluku islands, despite being part of the government bureaucracy. This data provides an overview of the role of Indonesian as the language of instruction in education in Maluku, within the context of the linguistic landscape. The names of the schools predominantly use Indonesian as the primary language, with additional elements of the regional language, such as regional and district names. This demonstrates the important role of the Indonesian language in the education sector and contributes to the reinforcement of national identity among the people of Maluku. Furthermore, this naming pattern is also observed in Data 5 and Data 6 below, which reveal that name plates in schools throughout Maluku primarily utilize the Indonesian language.

4.6. Data 5

4.7. Data 6

4.8. Data 7

In Data 7, “Taman Tugu Revolusi” (Revolution Monument Park), “Tugu Palungku” (Palungku Monument), and “Gedung Revolusi” (Revolution Building) are three significant locations in Ambon City that hold historical and cultural value. Revolution Monument Park is a park constructed as a tribute to the heroes of the Indonesian revolution. Within the park, there is a monument that symbolizes the strength and bravery of Indonesian warriors. Tugu Palungku is a monument erected to commemorate the struggle of the Maluku people against Dutch colonialism. It was inaugurated in 1980 and is situated in the heart of Namlea, Buru District. The Revolution Building is a historic structure that served as a headquarters during the Indonesian resistance against Dutch colonial rule. It is located on Jalan Diponegoro in Ambon City. Currently, the building is utilized as a cultural and arts center by the local government. In this data, there are six Indonesian words and one local language word that represent nationalism and the spirit of the nation’s struggle. The use of the Indonesian language in the name “Gedung Perjuangan” reflects the spirit of nationalism and unity as one nation. On the other hand, the term “palungku” is derived from the local language of Maluku, specifically “palungku tinju,” which signifies a monument embodying the spirit of struggle in the region of Maluku.

4.9. Data 8

“Masjid Al Fatah” (Al-fatah Mosque) and “Masjid Raya Al Buruuj” (Al Buruuj Mosque) are two mosque buildings situated in the Maluku Province. Al fatah Mosque is located in Ambon City and is one of the oldest mosques in the area, while Al Buruuj Mosque is situated in Namlea City and is one of the largest mosques in the Maluku Province. In the context of the linguistic landscape, these two mosques exhibit the influence of Islam in Maluku society. In the signboards, the use of the Arabic language is evident in the names of the mosques. In the left picture, “Masjid Agung Al Buruuj” combines Indonesian and Arabic words. “Masjid” and “Agung” are Indonesian words, while “Al Buruuj” is Arabic word written in Indonesian script. The presence of these signboards also indicates the significant role of Islam in the daily lives of the Maluku community. Arabic is primarily employed for sermons and religious gatherings during worship inside the mosque, while Indonesian is used for informal conversations that are unrelated to religious matters. These conversations typically occur in the vicinity of the mosque, rather than in the main prayer hall.

4.10. Data 9

The ninth data mentioned above pertains to the use of language in various educational and religious institutions in Maluku. These include the Kalam Kudus Christian School, the “Bintang Timur School Foundation Maria Mediatrix,” the “Bethania Church,” and the “Church of Life.” From this data, it is evident that Indonesian is primarily used in the names of these institutions. However, there is also the utilization of local languages and foreign languages influenced by the context of Christianity. In the name of the Christian school, “Sekolah Kristen Kalam Kudus,” there is the use of the Indonesian word “sekolah” and the English phrase “Kalam Kudus,” which has been absorbed into Indonesian. Similarly, the name of “Yayasan Bintang Timur Persekolahan Maria Medriatik” is a combination of Indonesian and loanwords from English which originated from the Bible. The same applies to the church signboards, namely “Gereja Bethania” and Gereja Kehidupan” which are loanwords that adopted from the Christian terms. During church services, the interchangeability of scripts in English, Aramaic, and Indonesian indicates the strong influence of Christianity in Maluku society. Therefore, the use of these signboards is similar to the use of signboards in mosques, which predominantly use Indonesian language influenced by the original language of the respective religions. The linguistic landscape in these places of worship also demonstrates the dominance of Christianity and Islam in the Maluku islands.

4.11. Data 10

Tugu Tapol Buru “Savanadjaja” is a monument built to commemorate political prisoners who had been imprisoned on the island of Buru during the New Order era. The naming of this monument is in Indonesian, but the word “Tapol” stands for “Political Prisoners”, which may refer to the use of regional language or slang among political prisoners who come from various parts of Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Maranatha church is a Christian church located in Maluku. The name of this church is taken from the Aramaic language, namely “Maran Atha” which means “Lord, come”. The use of Aramaic in the naming of this church shows the influence of Christianity in the life of the people of Maluku. These two instances illustrate the use of both Indonesian and a foreign language (Aramaic) in naming buildings and monuments in Maluku. From this data, it is evident that the language selection in the linguistic landscape of public spaces is significantly shaped by the surrounding context, the intended function of the place, and the historical background specific to that location.

5. Discussion

The research findings reveal that the linguistic landscape in the Maluku Islands showcases a diverse range of languages, including local languages, Indonesian, and foreign languages. The public spaces in Maluku Province accurately represent this linguistic diversity by employing different languages in various contexts. For instance, data from coastal locations predominantly utilize local languages in their signage, emphasizing the promotion of the indigenous language native to the region. This not only demonstrates a sense of pride in the area’s natural beauty but also aims to communicate this uniqueness to visitors from outside the community. Moreover, the use of both Indonesian and English serves as a means to facilitate effective communication and ensure comprehensive information exchange with a broader audience. Similarly, the linguistic landscape data gathered from the main roads of Maluku Province showcases a diverse range of languages, including local languages, Indonesian, and a smaller presence of English. The utilization of these languages signifies the robust presence and solidarity of local languages within the Maluku region, while Indonesian functions as a common language for more formal interactions.

The limited use of English in tourist destinations and main roads suggests a relatively low number of foreigners or visitors from outside Maluku residing or visiting the islands. However, when examining the linguistic data obtained from historical buildings and places of worship, the prominence of foreign languages becomes more apparent. The prevalence of foreign languages, such as English, Dutch, Aramaic, and Indonesian, in signboards and building names reflects the historical influence of colonization and strong religious beliefs within Maluku society. In general, the data from the linguistic landscape in public spaces presents a comprehensive overview indicating that the choice of languages—local languages, Indonesian, foreign languages, or their combination—is not arbitrary but rather context-dependent. It depends on the specific situation and historical background of each location. Places frequently visited by tourists and public signage tend to exhibit a diverse range of languages, including local languages, Indonesian, and foreign languages. Conversely, school signboards primarily use local languages for location information and utilize Indonesian to emphasize the importance of the standard language in academic and formal settings. Moreover, places of worship incorporate foreign languages based on their religious affiliations, while historical buildings still reflect the influence of colonial languages that have been assimilated into the Indonesian language. Hence, the contextual situation and location play a pivotal role in the naming practices seen on signboards and building names in public spaces.

The research findings support previous studies (Benu et al., 2023; Fekeede & Gemechu, 2016; Warinussy & Allo, 2021), which suggest that local languages can endure despite the presence of foreign languages, official languages, and linguistic diversity, as long as the community values and employs their local languages. Nevertheless, this study emphasizes that the strength and persistence of a language are not only tied to its usage in social settings but also rely on its relevance to the community’s economy. The analysis also revealed that English tends to be used in public spaces due to the impact of current globalization trends, which is consistent with research by (McDermott, 2019) (Fekede & Gemechu, Fekeede & Gemechu, 2016); and (Benu et al., 2023). However, the use of foreign languages in the Maluku Islands is not solely attributed to globalization but is also influenced by historical colonization and trade. The research findings also discovered that the use of languages in public spaces within the Maluku region, Indonesia, is influenced by the specific context of each location and situation, leading to the selection and utilization of appropriate languages accordingly.

6. Conclusion

This study on language contextualization in public spaces in Maluku Province has shed light on the diverse ways in which language is used and understood in the region. The findings revealed the presence of 40 signboards contributing to the linguistic landscape of the province, including those found at tourist attractions, schools, places of worship, and street signage. The naming of these signboards serves specific functions and is contextually determined based on the setting or location where the signboards are placed. For instance, local languages are used to showcase the uniqueness and distinctiveness of a particular area, as well as the characteristic features of its community. The use of local languages provides information about an individual’s place of origin, which is inherently linked to their culture and way of life. Consequently, local languages are observed in the gate entrances of tourist destinations and school names. On the other hand, the dominance of foreign languages such as English and Arabic is more prominent in places of worship due to the influence of religion and beliefs embraced by the people of Maluku. Islam and Christianity are the two most prevalent faiths, hence Arabic and English are foreign languages frequently encountered in the Maluku Islands. Additionally, the Indonesian language is widely used as it is the official language of the country and is employed in communication with outsiders and in formal and academic situations. Therefore, signboards in Indonesian are commonly found on major roads, popular tourist destinations, and educational institutions. For future research, it would be valuable to explore the sociocultural aspects of language usage in public spaces within the Maluku Province. Specifically, examining the attitudes and perceptions of the local community towards language use and its significance in their daily lives. Such research would provide a more in-depth understanding of the sociocultural impact of language in public settings in the Maluku Province.

Disclosure statement

Thank you to Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi (BPPT) Kemendikbudristek dan Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) for funding the publication of my journal, enabling it to be published in the Cogent Art & Humanities journal. Special thanks to the University of Udayana, particularly to my Promoter and Co-promoter, as well as the editors of the Cogent Art & Humanities journal, for guiding us towards the refinement of our article.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) [0980/J5.2.3./BPI.06/10/2021]; Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi (BPPT) Kemendikbudristek [0980/J5.2.3./BPI.06/10/2021].

Notes on contributors

Risman Iye

Risman Iye is a lecturer at Indonesian Literature Study Program Faculty of Letters Iqra Buru University, Maluku, Indonesia. His research interest include: sociolinguistics, linguistic landscape, ecolinguistics, Indonesian and local languages of Sulawesi. [email protected]

I Wayan Simpen

I Wayan Simpen is a professor in the field of Cultural Linguistics at the Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University. He was born on December 31, 1960 in Tejakula Village, Buleleng Regency. He completed his elementary school in 1973, junior high school in 1976, and senior high school in 1980, all were taken in Tejakula Village. In 1980, he continued his undergraduate education (bachelor degree) in the Department of Indonesian Language and Literature (now the Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program), Faculty of Letter, Udayana University, and graduated in 1984 with his final thesis entitled, “Structure of Sumba Language in the Kambera dialect”. In 1995, he completed his postgraduated education (master degree (S-2)) at the Faculty of Letter, University of Indonesia, with his final thesis entitled, “Verbal Affixation of the Balinese Language” under the guidance of (late) Prof. Dr. Anton M. Moeliono.

I Nyoman Sedeng

I Nyoman Sedeng, a lecturer in English Department Faculty of Art Udayana University. I got my doctoral degree from Post Graduate Program in Linguistic in 2017. Research interest include: Micro Linguistic (syntax/morphosyntax), folklor, and ecolinguistics I have been teaching in this department since 1983

I Made Netra

I Made Netra, is a Doctor in Linguistics in Udayana University, a lecturer at English Department of Under Graduates Program and Linguistics of Post Graduates Study Programs in Udayana University. Subjects taught are Introduction of Micro and Macro Linguistics, English Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, Functional Text Analysis, Translation in Different Registers, Theory of Linguistics (Semantics).

Ikhwan M Said

Ikhwan M Said is a lecturer at Hasanuddin University, Makassar, majoring in Indonesian, Faculty of Cultural Sciences. He took his undergraduate education at Hasanuddin University with a concentration in Linguistics (Theoretical). Then a master’s degree on the same campus with a concentration in Linguistics and he graduated in 2002. Then he received a doctoral education with a concentration in linguistics. Currently he publishes articles in various national and international journals.

Firhriyah Inda Nur Abida

Fithriyah Inda Nur Abida is a lecturer at Faculty of Languages and Arts Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. Her research interest include: stylistics, pragmatics, humor in language, language and culture, language and society.

Appendix

Table

Daftar Pertanyaan Wawancara

Tanda ruang public apa yang anda perhatikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di Maluku? Apakah ada perbedaan dalam penggunaan bahasa pada signboards tertentu? Bagaimana menurut pendapat anda? Bagaimana Anda melihat pengaruh kebudayaan lokal dalam pemilihan bahasa untuk papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku? Apakah Anda melihat penggunaan bahasa lokal yang lebih umum dalam papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku? Jika ya, di mana Anda melihat penggunaan yang paling dominan? Apakah Anda menemukan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang lebih umum dalam ruang publik? Jika ya, di mana Anda menemukan penggunaan yang paling dominan? Bagaimana Anda melihat penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku? Di mana Anda melihat penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang lebih umum? Bagaimana Anda melihat pengaruh globalisasi dalam penggunaan bahasa pada papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku? Apakah Anda melihat perubahan dalam penggunaan bahasa pada papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku seiring dengan waktu? Apakah ada perbedaan penggunaan bahasa pada papan nama dan nama bangunan di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan di Maluku? Apakah Anda memiliki contoh khusus dari papan nama atau nama bangunan di Maluku yang menarik perhatian Anda? Mengapa Anda merasa contoh tersebut menarik? Apa pandangan Anda mengenai penggunaan bahasa dalam papan nama dan nama bangunan sebagai cermin identitas budaya suatu tempat? Bagaimana penggunaan bahasa asing terlihat dalam signboards di Maluku? Apakah ada alasan khusus di balik penggunaan bahasa asing ini? Apakah Anda melihat adanya pengaruh agama atau kepercayaan dalam pemilihan bahasa pada papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku? Bagaimana Anda melihat pentingnya pemahaman tentang penggunaan bahasa dalam papan nama dan nama bangunan di Maluku dalam memperkaya pengalaman wisatawan dan penduduk setempat? Bagaimana menurut Anda bahasa dan konteks yang digunakan dalam signboards berkontribusi dalam menarik pelanggan dan memperkenalkan wisata daerah? Apakah Anda berpikir penggunaan bahasa daerah dalam tanda-tanda dan nama bangunan meningkatkan pengalaman budaya bagi wisatawan yang mengunjungi Provinsi Maluku? Sebagai pejabat pemerintah, menurut Anda peran apa yang dimainkan oleh bahasa dalam membentuk identitas dan representasi ruang publik di Provinsi Maluku? Bagaimana pemerintah memastikan penggunaan bahasa daerah dalam tanda-tanda dan nama bangunan untuk mempromosikan dan melestarikan warisan budaya Provinsi Maluku? Menurut pendapat Anda, apa manfaat dan tantangan dalam menggabungkan bahasa daerah dalam tanda-tanda dan nama bangunan dalam hal mempromosikan pariwisata dan keragaman budaya di Provinsi Maluku?

Table

Interview Sheet

What kinds of signboards do you observe in your daily life in Maluku? Are there any differences in the use of language on specific signboards? What is your opinion on this? How do you see the influence of local culture in the selection of language for signboards and building names in Maluku? Do you notice more widespread use of local languages on signboards and building names in Maluku? If yes, where do you see the most dominant use? Do you find more common use of the Indonesian language in public spaces? If yes, where do you find the most dominant use? How do you perceive the use of the Indonesian language on signboards and building names in Maluku? Where do you see the most common use of the Indonesian language? How do you see the influence of globalization on the use of language on signboards and building names in Maluku? Have you observed any changes in the use of language on signboards and building names in Maluku over time? Are there differences in the use of language on signboards and building names between urban and rural areas in Maluku? Do you have any specific examples of signboards or building names in Maluku that have caught your attention? Why do you find those examples interesting? What is your perspective on the use of language on signboards and building names as a reflection of the cultural identity of a place? How does the use of foreign languages appear on signboards in Maluku? Are there any specific reasons behind the use of these foreign languages? Do you see any influence of religion or beliefs in the selection of language on signboards and building names in Maluku? How do you see the importance of understanding the use of language on signboards and building names in Maluku in enriching the experience of tourists and local residents? How do you think the language and context used on signboards contribute to attracting customers and introducing local tourism? Do you believe that the use of local languages on signboards and building names enhances the cultural experience for tourists visiting Maluku Province? As a government official, what role do you think language plays in shaping the identity and representation of public spaces in Maluku Province? How does the government ensure the use of local languages on signboards and building names to promote and preserve the cultural heritage of Maluku Province? In your opinion, what are the benefits and challenges of incorporating local languages on signboards and building names in terms of promoting tourism and cultural diversity in Maluku Province?