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Notes
1 Seth Mandel, “Benjamin Netanyahu: Peace with Saudi Arabia would ‘end the Arab–Israeli conflict,’” The Washington Examiner, December 22, 2022, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/foreign/benjamin-netanyahu-peace-saudi-arabia-would-end-arab-israeli-conflict.
2 Thomas L. Friedman, “Biden Is Weighing a Big Middle East Deal,” The New York Times, July 27, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/27/opinion/israel-saudi-arabia-biden.html.
3 Senior Israeli official to the author, September 4, 2023. See also Benjamin Netanyahu’s injunction to “bet on [normalization]”: “‘Bet on it’: Netanyahu says Israel about to make history with Saudis,” Jewish News Syndicate, August 7, 2023, https://www.jns.org/abraham-accords/israel-saudi-relations/23/8/7/308523/.
4 See, for instance, Zeeshan Aleem, “Biden said he’d make Saudi Arabia a pariah. Now he’s turning it into a special ally,” MSNBC News, September 20, 2023, https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/biden-saudi-arabia-israel-security-rcna105926.
5 See, for instance, Hesham al-Ghanaam, “Saudi–American Talks and the Matter of Normalization with Israel” [Arabic], Al-Majalla, September 8, 2023, https://www.majalla.com/node/299121/سياسة/المحادثات-السعودية-الأميركية-ومسألة-التطبيع-مع-إسرائيل.
6 Hadar Kanah, “The Abraham Accords are Two Years Old: Israelis Are Flooding Dubai, but Wither the Tourists from the Emirates?” [Arabic], The Marker, September 15, 2023, https://www.themarker.com/news/aviation/2022-09-15/ty-article/.premium/00000183-3c9f-d244-a9a7-fffff43d0000.
7 Rinat Bar, “Yalla, Bye, Ani Nosa’at le-Dubai,” YouTube, October 1, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohrfBrX0bk0; Omer Adam, “DXB to TLV,” YouTube, June 1, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycpiFEpQkQU.
8 “Saudi Arabia and Iran: Iraq Says It Will Host a Public Meeting Between the Two Countries’ Foreign Ministers at the Request of Muhammad bin Salman” [Arabic], BBC News Arabic, July 23, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-62280553.
9 Henry A. Kissinger, “The Next Steps with Iran,” The Washington Post, July 31, 2006, https://www.henryakissinger.com/articles/the-next-steps-with-iran/.
10 Jonathan Marcus, “What’s Shaping the Israel–Saudi ‘Alliance’?” BBC News, November 24, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42094105; Adam Entous, “Donald Trump’s New World Order,” The New Yorker, June 11, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/18/donald-trumps-new-world-order.
11 Richard B. Straus, “Israel's New Super-Lobby In Washington: Reagan and Co.,” The Washington Post, April 27, 1986, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1986/04/27/israels-new-super-lobby-in-washington-reagan-and-co/2cf5362f-5729-4a98-b8f1-83fc8d3b1ac9/. See also Daniel E. Price, “Presidential Power as a Domestic Constraint on Foreign Policy: Case Studies Examining Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, XXVI: 4 (Fall, 1996).
12 This did not come to pass due to an irony of history. Hardball negotiations were meant to take place in the White House on September 11, 2001, but the meeting was bumped to the thirteenth, focusing on a rather different subject. See Rachel Bronson, Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (New York, 2008), pp. 232–34.
13 See, for instance, Dore Gold, Hatred’s Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism (New York, 2004); or the human rights-themed satire of Benjamin Netanyahu’s former spokesperson David Keyes: Abe Greenwald, “Race to Freedom,” Commentary, January 12, 2011, https://www.commentary.org/abe-greenwald/race-to-freedom/.
14 Best detailed in Salim Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East (Chapel Hill, 2005).
15 Jeffrey Goldberg, “Saudi Crown Prince: Iran's Supreme Leader ‘Makes Hitler Look Good,’” The Atlantic, April 2, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/mohammed-bin-salman-iran-israel/557036/.
16 Shai Levi, “Late Detection, Rejected Offers: The Delusional Story with the Hezbollah Tents” [Hebrew], Makor Rishon, July 14, 2023, https://www.mako.co.il/pzm-soldiers/Article-c0248f3b87f4981026.htm.
17 Dan Sabbagh, “Hamas drew detailed attack plans for years with help of spies, documents suggest,” The Guardian, December 2, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/hamas-drew-detailed-attack-plans-for-years-with-help-of-spies-idf-says.
18 “Weaker than a Spider’s Web: How Could Nasrallah Terrify Israel?” [Arabic], Sputnik Arabic, February 12, 2017, https://sputnikarabic.ae/20170212/نصرالله-إسرائيل-حزب-الله-1022224536.html.
19 “Leader Al-Arouri: Our People Will Not Be Defeated, and Our Battle Will Continue So Long As Jerusalem is Occupied” [Arabic], Hurriya News, February 13, 2023, https://hurrya.news/?p=32024.
20 Hassan ‘Aboud, “Controversy Regarding the Nature of Hamas’s Role in Repelling the Israeli Enemy’s Aggression against ‘Islamic Jihad’ … What’s the Story?” [Arabic], Al-Estiklal, May 12, 2023, https://www.alestiklal.net/ar/view/18265/dep-news-1683818809.
21 Matt Spetalnick and Patricia Zengerle, “Twenty US Democrats express concerns about possible US–Israel–Saudi diplomatic deal,” Reuters, October 4, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/twenty-us-democrats-express-concerns-about-possible-israel-saudi-deal-2023-10-04/.
22 Salem al-Ketbi, “Saudi Arabia and Israel … Normalization or No Normalization?” [Arabic], Elaph, July 20, 2023, https://elaph.com/Web/ElaphWriter/2023/07/1512050.html.
23 “Iran's Khamenei says normalising Israel ties is a losing bet—state media,” Reuters, October 3, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-normalising-ties-with-israel-is-betting-losing-horse-state-2023-10-03/.
24 Mohamed Chtatou, “The Middle East NATO: From Fiction to Fact,” The Washington Institute, September 14, 2022, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/middle-east-nato-fiction-fact.
25 Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–1822 (Boston, 1957), pp. 320–30.
26 Ibid.
27 Francine Lacqua and Ethan Bronner, “Netanyahu Says Bet on Israel and Saudi Arabia Deepening Ties,” Bloomberg, August 7, 2023, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-07/netanyahu-says-bet-on-israel-deepening-ties-with-saudi-arabia.
28 Kissinger, op. cit., p. 138.
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Jay Mens
Jay Mens is a senior fellow at Policy Exchange and Ernest May Fellow for History and Policy at Harvard Kennedy School. He writes regularly on global affairs in both academic and popular publications. Mr. Mens is currently finishing his first book, An Intellectual and Diplomatic History of the Israel–Iran Conflict. He holds a BA in politics and an MPhil in history, both from the University of Cambridge.