https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1921-9822
Abstract
Background
IL-27 involves psoriasis pathogenesis potentially by promoting excessive keratinocyte proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the key genes and molecular mechanisms of IL-27-induced keratinocyte proliferation.
Methods
Primary keratinocytes and immortalized human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were treated with different concentrations of IL-27 for 24 h and 48 h respectively. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell viability and Western blot was used to detect the expression of CyclinE and CyclinB1. Primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells were treated with IL-27, and their differentially expressed (DE) genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Then Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis was performed to predict related pathways, and the long non-coding RNA-microRNA-messenger RNA network and protein-protein interaction network were constructed to screen key genes. Biochemical experiments were performed to assess the content of glucose (Glu), lactic acid (LA), and ATP. Flow cytometry and Mito-Tracker Green staining were used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential and the number of mitochondria respectively. Western blot was performed to assess the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (p-DRP1) (s637) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).
Results
IL-27 concentration-dependently increased keratinocyte viability and the expression of CyclinE and CyclinB1. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the enriched pathways of DE genes were closely associated with cellular metabolism. miR-7-5p, EGFR, PRKCB, PLCB1 and CALM3 were key genes. IL-27 increased the content of LA, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of GLUT1, HK2, LDHA, PGK1, p-DRP1 (s637), and MFN2, accompanied by decreased contents of Glu and ATP (P<0.001).
Conclusion
IL-27 potentially promotes keratinocyte proliferation by enhancing glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial fusion. The findings of this study may be conducive to revealing the role of IL-27 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Keywords:
Introduction
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a long-term course, which affects the quality of life in about 3% of the global population. In recent years, its incidence rate has been on the rise.Citation1–3 The pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis is sophisticated, associated with genetic, environmental, infectious, psychiatric, and endocrine factors, and remains uncertain.Citation4 But it is commonly accepted that the crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells plays a significant role in the progression of psoriasis. Stimulated by the cytokines released by immune cells in the lesion, keratinocytes excessively proliferate and produce various proinflammatory mediators which further exaggerate inflammation, thus leading to the occurrence of psoriasis.Citation5
Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a member of the IL-6 and IL-12 cytokines families, composed of Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene protein 3 and p28 subunits, is produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells.Citation6,Citation7 It is reported that in psoriatic patients, compared with the healthy control, the level of serum IL-27 is significantly increasing (318±239 vs 452±254 pg/mL), which is positively correlated with the illness severity. Besides, the infiltration of IL-27-positive cells can be detected in the papillary dermis of the psoriatic lesions, but not in the lesions with atopic dermatitis and normal skin.Citation8 What’ more, in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice model, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of IL-27 is significantly increased in the lesions and IL-27 injection exacerbates skin inflammation.Citation9 These suggest that IL-27 is closely associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Furthermore, we previously found that IL-27 upregulates the expressions of Ki67, keratin (K) 5, and K14 (markers of basal keratinocyte, relevant to proliferation) in keratinocytes,Citation10 indicating that IL-27 possibly involves in the psoriatic pathogenesis by promoting keratinocytes hyperproliferation. However, the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood.
In this study, we obtained the expression profiles of differentially expressed (DE) genes in IL-27-treated keratinocytes. Then we performed the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, constructed the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and carried out in vitro experiments to investigate the key genes and molecular mechanisms in IL-27 promoting keratinocytes proliferation. This work can provide new insight into the role of IL-27 in keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis.
Materials and Methods
Primary Keratinocytes Isolated
Human primary keratinocytes were isolated from eyebrow skin tissues acquired by cosmetic surgery at the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command. Informed consents were received from the participants and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command (Wuhan, China; No. [2018]002–1). The skin tissues of the eyebrow were excised under aseptic conditions, and incubated with 0.4% neutral protease (D195752, Aladdin, China) for 12 h at 4 °C. Epidermic was separated, digested with 0.25% trypsin at 37 °C for 5 min, filtered by the 200-mesh sieve and centrifuged (1500 rpm, 3 min). Then, the harvested keratinocytes were resuspended with EpiLife™ medium (MEPICF500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and inoculated at 1.25×104 cells /mL in the culture flasks.
Immunofluorescence
Primary cells were washed with Phosphate-Buffered Saline (P1010, Solarbio, China) and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min, followed by treatment with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min at room temperature. Next, the cells were blocked in 5% BSA (A8010, Solarbio, China) for 1 h at 37 °C and incubated with primary antibodies against Keratin (1:200, ab8068, Abcam, UK), K19 (1:200, PAB 30070, Bioswamp, China), and K15 (1:200, ab52816, Abcam, UK) at 4 °C overnight. The next day, the cells were incubated with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit antibody (1:200, SAB43732, Bioswamp, China) and Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (1:200, SAB45897, Bioswamp, China) for 1 h at 37 °C and the nuclei were stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, S2110, Solarbio, China). Immunofluorescence was observed under a fluorescence microscope (DMIL LED, Leica, Germany).
Cell Culture and Grouping
Primary cells and HaCaT cells (CL-0090, Procell Life Science&Technology Co.,Ltd., China) were cultured in DMEM medium (SH30022.01B, Hyclone, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (10,270–106, Gibco, USA) in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cells at the logarithmic growth stage were taken for experiments. Cells were intervened with varying concentrations (0,10,20,50,100 ng/mL) of IL-27 (200–38, PEPROTECH, USA) for 24 h and 48 h. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay and the protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 were detected by Western blot. The subsequent experiments selected “50 ng/mL, 24 h” as the condition of IL-27 intervention. Both two types of cells were divided into control group (0 ng/mL IL-27) and IL-27 group (50 ng/mL IL-27), respectively.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) Assay
Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. With a density of 3×103 cells/well, cells were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of IL-27 (0, 10, 20, 50, 100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h. Then, 10 μL CCK-8 (CA1210, Solarbio, China) solution was added to each well and the cells were cultured at 37 °C for 4 h. Optical density was measured using a microplate reader (AMR-100, ALLSHENG, China) at 450 nm.
RNA Sequencing and Analysis
Total RNAs were extracted from HaCaT cells, and ribosomal RNAs were removed to construct strand-specific libraries. Illumina Novaseq™ 6000 sequencing was performed for library quality control, with 2×150 bp at both ends. Sequences were filtered out ineligible ones by Cutadapter and then were compared with Homo sapiens genomes. Log2|Fold Change|≥1 and q-value <0.05 were used as the screening criteria for DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs. Log2|Fold Change|≥1 and p-value <0.05 were used as the screening criteria for DE miRNAs. Volcano plots about DE genes were visualized using the gglpot2 package in RStudio. KEGG enrichment analysis was performed to define the signaling pathway enriched in DE genes.
As for the construction of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, the miRNAs binding with DE lncRNAs were predicted using the miRcode website (http://www.mircode.org/). Target Scan (v5.0), miRanda (v3.3a), and miRDB (http://mirdb.org/) were used to predict the target genes of miRNAs, with the threshold values of TargetScan_score ≥80, miranda_Energy < −20 and miRDB score ≥ 80. The intersections of the predicted target genes from these three databases were considered the final target genes of the DE miRNAs. Cytoscape (3.7.0) was used to establish the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. PPI network about DE mRNAs in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed using the STRING database. The PPI network was visualized excluding isolated proteins. The Degree values of genes in two networks were calculated using the cytoHubba plugin.
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNAs were extracted from cells with TRIzol™ reagent (15,596,018, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and reverse transcribed into cDNA with a reverse transcription kit (TAKARA Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China). The cDNA was subjected to PCR amplification with the SYBR Green PCR Kit (KAPA Biosystems, USA) using the following primer sequences: microRNA-7-5p (miR-7-5p): forward 5’-GGGGTGGAAGACTAGTGATTT-3’and reverse 5’-CTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGG-3’, U6: forward 5’-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3’and reverse 5’-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3’, lncRNA MIR31HG: forward 5’-CTAGCCTCCAGTTTTACCCT-5’and reverse 5’-TAACCATCAACGTCTTCTGTG-3’, lncRNA NEAT1: forward 5’-GCAGATCAGCATCCTTCG-5’and reverse 5’-ACAAGACACCTGTGACAAATG-3’, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR): forward 5’-GCTATGAGATGGAGGAAGACG-5’and reverse 5’-CACTGATGGAGGTGCAGTTTT-3’, GAPDH: forward 5’-CCACTCCTCCACCTTTG-3’and reverse 5’-CACCACCCTGTTGCTGT-3’. The analysis of data was conducted with the 2-ΔΔCt method.
Western Blot
Total protein was extracted from cells using RIPA lysis buffer (R0010, Solarbio, China) and quantified using a Bicinchoninic Acid Kit (PC0020, Solarbio, China). The extracted proteins were separated and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (IPVH00010, Millipore, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h and incubated overnight with primary antibodies against CyclinE (1:1000, ab33911, Abcam, UK), phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (s637) (p-DRP1, 1:1000, ab193216, Abcam, UK), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR, 1:1000, ab40815, Abcam, UK); CyclinB1 (1:1000, PAB32796, Bioswamp, China), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1, 1:1000, PAB34949, Bioswamp, China), hexokinase 2 (HK2, 1:1000, PAB30271, Bioswamp, China), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA, 1:1000, PAB30703, Bioswamp, China), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1, 1:1000, PAB31853, Bioswamp, China), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1, 1:1000, PAB33409, Bioswamp, China), mitofusin 2 (MFN2, 1:1000, PAB37988, Bioswamp, China), calmodulin-3 (CALM3, 1:1000, PAB37540, Bioswamp, China), protein kinase C beta type (PRKCB, 1:1000, PAB31677, Bioswamp, China), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, 1:1000, PAB30733, Bioswamp, China), and GAPDH (1:1000, PAB36269, Bioswamp, China). Then, the membranes were incubated with Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (1:10,000, SAB43714, Bioswamp, China) secondary antibody for 1 h. GAPDH served as an endogenous control.
Biochemical Tests
The glucose (Glu), ATP, and lactic acid (LA) contents in the cells were determined according to the corresponding instruction of the biochemical kit: Glu biochemical kit (F006), ATP biochemical kit (A095-1-1), and LA biochemical kit (A019-2), all purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China.
JC-1 Assay
Cells at a density of 1×106 were collected, resuspended, and added with 0.5 mL of JC-1 staining buffer (C2006, Beyotime, China), then incubated for 20 min in the incubator. By centrifuging at 4 °C (3 min, 400 g), the precipitate was collected and resuspended with JC-1 staining buffer. The Fluorescence was analyzed by NovoCyte software (ACEA Biosciences Inc., USA).
Mito-Tracker Green Staining
Mito-Tracker Green staining was applied to detect the number of mitochondria. Mito-Tracker Green working reagent (C1048, Beyotime, China), at a final concentration of 100 nM, was prewarmed for 10 min at 37 °C and added to the cells incubated for 25 min at 37 °C in darkness. Cells were incubated with DAPI at room temperature for 10 min in darkness. The fluorescence was observed by fluorescence microscope.
Statistical Analysis
SPSS 26.0 software was applied for statistical analysis and GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 software was used for data visualization. The measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. T-test was used for comparison between the two groups. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparison between multiple groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
IL-27 Enhanced Viability and Protein Levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 in Keratinocytes
Primary keratinocytes were validated by immunofluorescence staining (). Primary cells and HaCaT cells were treated with varying concentrations of recombinant human IL-27 (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. IL-27 concentration-dependently upregulated the viability ( and ) and protein levels of CyclinE () and CyclinB1 ( and ) in keratinocytes. Compared with the 0ng/mL IL-27 group, cell viability and protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 in the 50 ng/mL IL-27 group were significantly increased (P<0.001) and approached maximum. In addition, little differences were found in the cell viability and protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 induced by IL-27 for 24 h or 48 h. Therefore, 50 ng/mL and 24 h were selected as the intervention conditions for IL-27 in subsequent experiments.
Figure 1 Validation of primary keratinocytes. Immunofluorescence assay detected K15, K19, and Keratin protein expression in primary cells. Scale bar, 100 μm.
Figure 2 IL-27 concentration-dependently upregulated the viability in the primary cell and HaCaT. (A) CCK-8 assay detected viability in primary cells at 24 h and 48 h after IL-27 intervention. (B) CCK-8 assay detected viability in HaCaT at 24 h and 48 h after IL-27 intervention. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. n=3 for each group. Compared with the 0 ng/mL IL-27 group, **P<0.001.
Figure 3 IL-27 concentration-dependently upregulated the protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 in the primary cell and HaCaT. (A, C, and D) Western blot detected the protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 in the primary cell at 24 h and 48 h after IL-27 intervention. (B, E, and F) Western blot detected the protein levels of CyclinE and CyclinB1 in HaCaT at 24 h and 48 h after IL-27 intervention. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. n=3 for each group. Compared with the 0 ng/mL IL-27 group, *P<0.05, ** P<0.001.
Differentially Expressed RNAs Analysis and KEGG Enrichment Analysis
In order to clarify the effect of IL-27 on keratinocytes transcriptome, HaCaT cells were divided into IL-27 group and control group. Total RNAs were extracted from the cells of two groups for transcriptome sequencing. We found that 146 lncRNAs (including 38 up-regulated and 108 down-regulated), 12 miRNAs (including 10 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated), and 1486 mRNAs (including 1097 up-regulated and 389 down-regulated) were statistically differentially expressed between the IL-27 group and control group. The DE RNAs were shown in the volcano plots ().
Figure 4 The volcano plots show DE lncRNAs, DE miRNAs, and DE mRNAs between the IL-27 group and control group. Red dots denote upregulated genes, blue dots denote downregulated genes and grey dots denote stable expressed genes in IL-27 group compared with control group.
To investigate the signaling pathways related to IL-27-treated keratinocytes, KEGG enrichment analysis was conducted for DE RNAs. KEGG analysis indicated that DE lncRNAs were mainly concentrated in “Central carbon metabolism in cancer” and “Choline metabolism in cancer” (). DE miRNAs were mainly enriched in “PI3K/Akt signaling pathway”, “Pathways in cancer”, “HIF-1 signaling pathway”, “ErbB signaling pathway”, “Ras signaling pathway”, “Calcium signaling pathway” and “Hippo signaling pathway” (). DE mRNAs were mainly enriched in “Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis”, “p53 signaling pathway”, “Pentose phosphate pathway”, “Glycerolipid metabolism”, “HIF-1 signaling pathway” and “PPAR signaling pathway” (). The vast majority of these signaling pathways above were closely associated with cellular metabolism, suggesting that IL-27 presumably induced keratinocytes proliferation by mediating metabolic pathways.
Figure 5 Results of KEGG enrichment analysis of DE RNAs. (A) Results of KEGG analysis of lncRNAs. (B) Results of KEGG analysis of miRNAs. (C) Results of KEGG analysis of mRNAs. The top 20 enriched KEGG pathways are listed according to the p-value. Gene_number represents the number of DE genes enriched in respective pathway. Rich factor represents the ratio of the number of DE genes under the pathway to the number of all genes annotated to this pathway.
Construction of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Network and PPI Network
To further elucidate the association among DE RNAs, we established the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and PPI network. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network consists of 13 DE lncRNAs (including 1 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated), 3 DE miRNAs (including 3 up-regulated), and 10 DE mRNAs (including 3 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) (). According to the centrality analysis of network nodes, we found that miR-7-5p, with the maximal degree value of 17, maybe the key non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. The PPI network was composed of 4 interacting edges and 4 node proteins, including EGFR, PRKCB, phospholipase C Beta 1 (PLCB1), and CALM3 (). These proteins were closely interacted, which might play a key role in the proliferation of keratinocytes due to IL-27 stimulation. In the PPI network, EGFR with the highest degree value of 6, was potentially the most important protein.
Figure 6 LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network reveals the association among DE RNAs. Square, triangle, and cycle represent the DE lncRNAs, DE miRNAs, and DE mRNAs, respectively. The red color denotes upregulated gene and the blue color denotes downregulated gene. The black edges indicated the regulatory relationships between DE genes.
Figure 7 PPI network construction. PPI network of DE RNAs in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network.
Verification of the Accuracy of Transcriptome Sequencing Using qRT-PCR and Western Blot
To ascertain the reliability of transcriptome sequencing, we selected miR-7-5p, lncRNA MIR31HG, lncRNA NEAT1, EGFR, PRKCB, and CALM3 from lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network for qRT-PCR or Western Blot. The RNA expression profiles of the experimental assays were consistent with those of the transcriptome sequencing (), which confirmed the authenticity of the transcriptome sequencing.
Figure 8 Verification of the accuracy of transcriptome sequencing. (A–D) qRT-PCR was used to detect the RNA expression levels of miR-7-5p (A), lncRNA MIR31HG (B), lncRNA NEAT1 (C), and EGFR (D). (E–H) Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of PRKCB (E and F), CALM3 (E and G), p-EGFR (E and H), and EGFR (E and H). Data represent mean ± standard deviation. n=3 for each group. Compared with the control group (0 ng/mL IL-27), **P<0.001.
IL-27 Strengthened Glycolysis in Keratinocytes
Studies have reported that metabolic activity is crucial to determine the state of cell proliferation.Citation11 Among various metabolic pathways, glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism are the main pathways supporting cell proliferation.Citation12 Based on the results of the KEGG enrichment analysis, we assessed whether IL-27 affected the glycolytic pathway and thus stimulated the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Both primary cells and HaCaT cells were divided into control group and IL-27 group. Compared with the control group, the IL-27 group showed significantly lower Glu () and ATP () contents (P<0.001), and significantly higher LA () content and glycolysis-related proteins expression, including GLUT1 ( and ), HK2 ( and ), LDHA ( and ) and PGK1 ( and ) (P<0.001). These results indicated that IL-27 enhanced glycolysis in keratinocytes to maintain cell proliferation.
Figure 9 IL-27 strengthened Glycolysis in keratinocytes. (A–C) Glu (A), LA (B), and ATP (C) were detected by the biochemical test. (D–H) Glycolysis-related proteins including GLUT1 (D and E), HK2 (D and F), LDHA (D and G), and PGK1 (D and H) were detected by Western blot. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. n=3 for each group. Compared with the control group (0 ng/mL IL-27), **P<0.001.
IL-27 Enhanced Mitochondrial Function and Mitochondrial Fusion in Keratinocytes
Mitochondrial function and dynamics play an important role in the regulation of cellular growth and proliferation.Citation13,Citation14 For this reason, we evaluated the effect of IL-27 on mitochondria in keratinocytes. Both primary cells and HaCaT cells were divided into control group and IL-27 group. Compared with the control group, IL-27 increased mitochondrial membrane potential ( and ) (P<0.001) and mitochondrial number (). Meanwhile, p-DRP1 (s637) ( and ) and MFN2 ( and ) protein levels were upregulated by IL-27 (P<0.001). These results indicated that IL-27 enhanced mitochondrial function and mitochondrial fusion in keratinocytes.
Figure 10 IL-27 enhanced mitochondrial function and promoted mitochondrial fusion in keratinocytes. (A and B) JC-1 assay was used to detect mitochondrial function. (C–E) Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of p-DRP1 (C and D), DRP1 (C and D), and MFN2 (C and E). Data represent mean ± standard deviation. n=3 for each group. Compared with the control group (0 ng/mL IL-27), **P<0.001.
Figure 11 IL-27 increased the number of mitochondria. The number of mitochondria was detected by Mito-Tracker Green staining. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Discussion
IL-27 is closely associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Based on our previous study,Citation10 we speculated that IL-27 potentially participated in psoriasis pathogenesis by stimulating keratinocytes hyperproliferation. Whereas, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the key genes and molecular mechanisms in IL-27 promoting keratinocyte proliferation.
In the present study, we first found that IL-27 concentration-dependently upregulated cell viability and expression of CyclinE and CyclinB1 to promote keratinocyte proliferation. Besides, we determined “50 ng/mL, 24 h” as the optimal condition for IL-27 intervening keratinocytes. Then, we applied transcriptome sequencing to obtain expression profiles of DE RNAs in keratinocytes treated with IL-27. We identified 146 DE lncRNAs, 12 DE miRNAs, and 1486 DE mRNAs.
KEGG analysis showed that “PI3K/Akt signaling pathway”, “ErbB signaling pathway”, “Hippo signaling pathway”, “Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis”, “p53 signaling pathway” and “HIF-1 signaling pathway”, were significantly enriched by DE RNAs. Glycolysis is one of the important pathways that foster cell proliferation. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway, all of which can mediate glycolysis by directly or indirectly regulating the activities of glycolytic enzymes.Citation15,Citation16 The HIF-1 signaling pathway not only increases LA production by upregulating LDHA expression but also elevates the level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases, decreasing pyruvate entry into mitochondria, and thus enhancing glycolysis.Citation16–18 The signaling pathways predicted by KEGG analysis may mediate IL-27-induced hyperproliferation in keratinocytes, but the precise regulatory mechanisms remain to be further investigated.
In order to establish DE RNAs interactions and discover key genes, we constructed the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks and PPI networks. Based on the centrality analysis, miR-7-5p was identified as the key ncRNA in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. miR-7-5p is a tumor suppressor in a variety of cancers. In some tumors, it regulates cell growth and cycle progression mainly by mediating the EGFR signaling pathway.Citation19 It has been reported that miR-7-5p negatively regulates the EGFR signaling pathway to mediate the proliferation of many cancers, such as prostate cancer, glioma, and glioblastoma.Citation20–22 The constructed PPI network was composed of EGFR, PRKCB, PLCB1, and CALM3. These proteins are relevant to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and cycle regulation. PRKCB is one of the isoforms of protein kinase C involved in a variety of cellular functions and signals transduction pathways and can mediate Glu metabolism and mitochondrial pathways.Citation23,Citation24 PLCB1 is a member of the phospholipase family, which mediates cell proliferation through influences cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase, and cell cycle progression.Citation25,Citation26 CALM3 is a multifunctional and calcium-binding protein associated with the repairment of the epidermal barrier in keratinocytes.Citation27 According to the bioinformatic analysis, these three proteins are regulated by miR-7-5p and interact with EGFR. They possibly play a key role in IL-27-induced keratinocyte proliferation. Furthermore, EGFR was likely to be the most important gene of the PPI network. It is reported that EGFR plays a crucial role in controlling the processes of both proliferation and differentiation in the epidermis.Citation28 Recent studies have revealed that EGFR regulates a complex signaling network within cells and its role in regulating cellular metabolism is emerging as one of its important functions.Citation29 Among the various metabolic pathways, glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism are the main pathways that support cell proliferation.Citation12 Several studies have found that the EGFR signaling pathway regulates the cellular uptake of Glu and the activities of various transcription factors and enzymes, thereby mediating aerobic glycolysis.Citation12,Citation16 What’s more, it can also mediate mitochondria, including mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic processes, and dynamics. However, it remains to be explored whether the EGFR signaling pathway regulates glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism thus involved in IL-27 promoting keratinocyte proliferation. Finally, the authenticity of transcriptome sequencing was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot.
It has been suggested that the “Warburg effect” exists in proliferating cells, a shift in energy metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis.Citation30 The mitosis process requires double cellular components. Compared with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic glycolysis produces more NADPH and synthetic substrates and rapidly generates more ATP to satisfy the needs of proliferating cells.Citation31,Citation32 GLUT1 is an important protein initiating cellular Glu uptake. It is reported that GLUT1 expression is upregulated in the psoriatic epidermis and correlated with the degree of acanthosis and the percentage of Ki-67 expression.Citation33 Additionally, a recent study found that the metabolic transition of aerobic glycolysis participates in the proliferation of psoriasis keratinocytes.Citation34 In line with this, we found that IL-27 decreased the contents of Glu and ATP, increasing LA content and the levels of glycolysis-related proteins including GLUT1, HK2, LDHA, and PGK1. These results suggested that IL-27 may maintain the proliferation of keratinocytes by promoting glycolysis.
Glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism are two interactive and closely coupled processes. Cancer cells depend on enhanced glycolysis due to defective mitochondria, as Warburg initially proposed.Citation35 However, though some cancer cells do have defects in mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, functional mitochondria exist in most proliferating cells (including cancer cells) as well.Citation36 In the present study, we found that IL-27 elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and the number of mitochondria, increasing the levels of p-DRP1 (s637) and MFN2. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, constantly undergoing fission and fusing states to adapt to cellular demands in different situations. These two processes are also known as mitochondrial dynamics. The former can be mediated by DRP1, while the latter can be mediated by MFN1 and MFN2. Mitochondrial fusion entails an intact mitochondrial membrane potential facilitating cell proliferation. In accordance with Yao et alCitation36 they find enhanced glycolysis in proliferating fibroblasts accompanied by elevated levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which is mediated by mitochondrial fusion. Similarly, the growth rate of mouse embryonic fibroblast was significantly reduced after the knockdown of MFN1 and MFN2.Citation37 Furthermore, MitraCitation38 finds that mitochondrial dynamics components modulate cell cycle regulators. The decrease of DRP1 sustains mitochondria in the fused state with the increased level of Cyclin E, promoting entry into the S phase, thus leading to excessive cell proliferation.Citation39 These suggested that IL-27 enhanced mitochondrial function and fusion to promote keratinocyte proliferation.
There are several limitations to this study. Firstly, we have not explored the exact mechanisms by which the identified key genes, such as miR-7-5p, EGFR, PRKCB, PLCB1, CALM3, and other pathways predicted by KEGG analysis, such as p53 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway, participate in IL-27-stimulated keratinocyte proliferation. Secondly, the specific mechanisms by which IL-27 promotes keratinocyte proliferation through glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways remain to be further investigated. Finally, the mechanism of action of IL-27 on keratinocyte proliferation in a psoriasis model has not been examined.
Conclusions
In summary, this study revealed the expression profiles and enrichment pathways of DE genes in IL-27-stimulated keratinocytes. We found that miR-7-5p, EGFR, PRKCB, PLCB1, and CALM3 were key genes. The signaling pathways of IL-27 promoting keratinocytes proliferation were closely associated with cellular metabolism. Furthermore, through performing in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that IL-27 potentially enhanced glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial fusion, thereby contributing to keratinocytes hyperproliferation. The findings of this study may be conducive to revealing the role of IL-27 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In the future, we will further focus on the effect of IL-27 on keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis, so as to provide new insight into the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Abbreviations
IL-27, interleukin-27; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; miR-7-5p, microRNA-7-5p; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; p-EGFR, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor; PRKCB, protein kinase C beta type; PLCB1, phospholipase C Beta 1; CALM3, calmodulin 3; Glu, glucose; LA, lactic acid; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; PGK1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1; DRP1, dynamin-related protein 1; p-DRP1, phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1; MFN2, mitofusin 2; DE, differentially expressed; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PPI, protein-protein interaction; K, keratin; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee of the Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command (Wuhan, China; No. [2018]002-1). Informed consents were received from the participants.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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