Cutaneous larva migrans: A One Health Perspective on Familial Infection Among Tourists Returning from Southeast Asia

Abstract

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a dermatosis caused by accidental infestation with animal hookworms and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Humans become infected when their skin comes into contact with soil contaminated with dog faeces. The filariform larvae penetrate and burrow into human skin, causing a condition known as “creeping eruption”. We describe a case, well-documented by photos, of CLM infection in a family of three who returned from Thailand.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Cutaneous larva migrans
• CLM
• nematoda
• Ancylostoma
• Poland
• Thailand

Introduction

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a human dermatosis caused by infection with animal hookworms found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, South America, the Far East, and the South Pacific.^1–3 These hookworms are absent from most arid zones and temperate climates, thus, in Europe, cases of CLM are reported in tourists returning from endemic areas, primarily from Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brazil, the Caribbean, and West Africa.⁴ CLM is caused by various animal hookworms, including Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. Dogs and cats defecate in soil or sand and excrete eggs, from which first-stage larvae (L1) hatch and later develop into the infective third-stage larvae (L3). This filariform larvae (L3) penetrate through human skin and cause CLM syndrome, which is characterized by visible tracks with red, painful, and swollen advancing ends, usually associated with intense itching.^5,6 As the number of visitors to tropical countries increases, so does the number of tourists infected with hookworms.

We describe a case, well-documented by photos, of CLM infection in a family of three who returned from Thailand.

Case Presentation

In January 2022, after a holiday in Thailand (Ko Phi Phi Island), a three-person family (male 44 years old, female 34, and a girl of 14 months) was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases in Wrocław, Poland, due to the presence of serpiginous cutaneous tracks several centimetres long. The first symptoms experienced by the family appeared in Thailand as a maculopapular rash, but which were, in fact, the places where the larvae had penetrated the skin. The first diagnosis in Thailand was dermatitis and allergy, with amoxicillin and antihistamines being prescribed. The most numerous changes occurred in the male (Figure 1). Three to seven days after the first symptoms, reddened bullous lumps followed by serpentine channels developed, accompanied by pruritus. The channels made by the larvae were filled with serum. The migration of the larvae caused intense itching and secondary bacterial infections due to intense scratching. After the larvae had died, the serpiginous tracks dried up and itchy scabs formed. The skin lesions in the woman and child, however, were significantly more limited (Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 1 Continued.

Figure 1 The photos show the development of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) on the leg of a man after he returned from Thailand. Day 1 (A and B) – red spots indicated the places where the larvae entered ((B) – magnified section). Day 10 (C and D) – pruritic skin changes with erythema, serpiginous tracks begin to appear. Day 13 (E) – characteristic linear and urticarial changes increased; the rate of migration of larvae in the skin was about 1–3 cm per day. Day 14 (F and G) – very itchy red papules and serpiginous tracks on the leg. Day 15 (H) – reddened skin lesions where the larvae entered the scrotum and buttocks. Day 20 (I) – reddened skin lesions and serpiginous tracks on the lower leg. Day 26 (J) – one week after treatment with the first dose of albendazole, skin lesions begin to fade, but severe itching remains. Between Day 28 and Day 34 of invasion (K–M), the dormant larvae reactivated; characteristic elevated serpiginous tracks with bullous lesion appeared on the foot and thigh. Day 65 (N) – post-treatment.

Figure 2 Characteristic skin lesions at Day 11 (A) and Day 12 (B) in 14-month-old girl.

Figure 3 Typical serpiginous tracts with erythematous rash at Day 20 in a woman after a tourist trip to Thailand (A and B).

After returning to Poland, on the eighteenth day of infection, the whole family received one dose each of pyrantel (the male received 1000 mg; the female, 750 mg; and the girl, 100 mg), followed by two courses of albendazole (1 × 400 mg/3 days) on day 19 and 33 of the invasion. On days 28 and 33 of the invasion, three new serpentine lesions appeared on the male’s thigh and foot as a result of the reactivation of dormant larvae. After two months, the lesions on the patients’ skin had completely disappeared. A chronology of the disease progression in the man is presented in the timeline in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Timeline illustrating the chronology of the disease’s progression in the man.

Routine blood tests were found to be normal, and no parasites were found in the stool samples of any of the family members. Based on the dermatological examination cutaneous larva migrans was diagnosed in all three of the family members.

Discussion

CLM, also known as “creeping eruption”, ground itch, or sandworms, is one of the more common dermatological disorders reported in returning travellers who are ill. Studies showed that hookworm-related CLM syndrome occurred in 2–70% of tourists who returned from endemic areas; however, there is little information about it in the literature.⁷ We describe the course of CLM, with detailed photographic documentation, in a family who returned from Ko Phi Phi Island, Thailand. To our knowledge, no photos have so far been published showing the course of an entire invasion, from the beginning of infection to recovery.

The family in the described case became infected probably on the beach through skin coming into direct contact with moist sand contaminated with filariform larvae (L3). The man, who had the most severe symptoms, probably became infected while lying on a towel on wet beach sand under a tree, so most of the larvae were on his right thigh. Infection by direct skin contact with contaminated objects, such as clothing or towels, has been reported by other authors.⁸

After the larvae enter the human body, they migrate between the epidermis and dermis’ germinal layer.^5,6 Since the zoonotic larvae are unable to penetrate deeper into the dermis because they lack the appropriate enzymes, they produce highly pruritic, advancing erythematous vesicular lines of serpiginous eruptions, 1 to 5 cm long.

CLM must be distinguished from the condition larva currens, the dermatologic manifestation of strongyloidiasis. Both are associated with migratory serpiginous lesions which are erythematous, raised, and pruritic.⁹ The conditions can usually be clinically distinguished based on the speed of advancement; larva currens can progress at approximately 5 cm¹⁰ to 10 cm¹¹ per hour, while the larval track of CLM progresses at approximately 1 to 2 cm per day.¹²

If pyogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci, enter along with the larvae, there may also be burning, erythema, and oedema.⁴ Humans are a dead-end host for zoonotic hookworms; that is, the larvae cannot complete their life cycle. During the course of the infection, some larvae remain dormant in the human subcutaneous tissue; this can lead to a reactivation of the infection after a few weeks or months. In our patient’s case, the dormant larvae became active after four weeks, producing new, serpentine tracts on the patient’s foot and thigh.

Zoonotic canine hookworms include Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, Uncinaria stenocephala; while feline A. braziliense, A. ceylanicum, U. stenocephala are primarily responsible for causing CLM.^4,13 Stray dogs and cats are widespread in Thailand and they are potential reservoirs for zoonotic hookworms. Animals come in close contact with people in touristic areas, such as beaches or resort surroundings, and can contaminate the soil and sand with faeces containing the hookworms’ eggs.^7,14–16 Larvae hatch in the soil in one to two days, moult, and then become infective filariform (third-stage) larvae. These larvae can survive three to four weeks in the soil and are able to penetrate human skin.

Reports have revealed that thousands of cats were abandoned on Ko Phi Phi Island in Krabi Province in Thailand during the COVID pandemic.^17,18

Studies have shown that in Thailand 84.0% of tested soil samples were contaminated with parasite eggs/cysts, including 36% with Ancylostoma eggs.¹⁹ Kladkempetch et al, in a study carried out in Thailand, showed that the prevalence rate of hookworm in dogs was 26.4%, with the most prevalent species being A. ceylanicum (96.55%) and A. caninum (3.45%).¹³ Others authors have also confirmed that A. ceylanicum is the most common zoonotic hookworm in Thailand and in other parts of Asia.^1,13

Conclusions

Tourists should be aware of how they can become infected with cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) and avoid direct bare skin exposure to damp soil and sand. Initial symptoms may not be characteristic and may therefore be misdiagnosed, delaying appropriate treatment, which can then lead to symptoms of the disease becoming exacerbated. Our case highlights the importance of proper diagnosis for suitable treatment. Patients need long-term observation.

Ethics and Consent

Written informed consent was provided by the patients to have the details of the case and accompanying images published. An ethical review and approval were not required to publish the case details, in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest relating to this work.

Acknowledgments

We extend our sincere thanks to the patients for generously sharing their photos, as their contribution has enriched our article and knowledge, and we are truly grateful for their cooperation. This work was partially financed by grants from Wrocław Medical University (SUBZ.A060.22.054) for one of the co-authors (MW). Additionally, we express our appreciation to Laurence Taylor for diligently proofreading the article, ensuring its accuracy and clarity.

Additional information

Funding

This research received no external funding.