Challenges in Delivering Effective Care for Older Persons with Fragility Fractures

Abstract

Fragility fractures occur because of low-impact trauma or even spontaneously in individuals with osteoporosis. Caring for older persons with fragility fractures can present several challenges due to the unique needs and vulnerabilities of this population. Older individuals commonly have multiple medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. These comorbidities can complicate fracture management and increase the risk of complications. Fracture repair through surgery may be more complex in older patients due to poor bone quality, decreased tissue elasticity, and higher chances of anesthesia complications. In addition, mobility and functional limitations post-fracture are highly prevalent in this population, affecting their independence and increasing their risk of institutionalization. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach involving orthopedic surgeons, geriatricians, physical and rehabilitation physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, social workers, and caregivers. Preventive measures, such as fall prevention strategies and osteoporosis management, can also play a vital role in reducing the incidence of fragility fractures in older persons.

Keywords:

• osteoporosis
• fragility fractures
• older persons
• osteosarcopenia
• rehabilitation

Introduction

Fractures associated with osteoporosis are a significant medical occurrence. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), such cases will triple in the next 50 years.¹ It is estimated that around one in three women and one in twelve men will suffer a hip fracture throughout their lives.²

Fragility fractures occur due to low-impact trauma and are usually associated with osteoporosis. More than 85% of hip fractures occur in people over 65 years of age;³ this age group suffers a higher incidence of falls at an older age that may be related to increased frailty and functional decline, as well as other frequent alterations in older persons such as decreased visual acuity, neuromuscular coordination, and balance.^4,5

Additionally, multimorbidity, functional or cognitive dependence, and frailty syndrome present unique characteristics in this population that translate into the need for special attention to care for their health and functionality. Part of the predisposition to have a fragility fracture derives from the decrease in bone mineral density over the years, delayed bone healing due to the lower expression of type 2 collagen, as well as the lower amount of osteochondral stem cells with proliferation and differentiation potential that are characteristic of bone aging.^6–8

Much of the consideration on the quality of life is that after a fragility fracture, between 25 and 75% of people with independent gait may have a severe functional decline and be unable to walk without support after one year.⁹

The initial management of a fracture in older people can be long and complex. Initial hospital care needs should involve a global assessment of the different aspects of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, with a more significant impact on the control of comorbidities, the presence of complications, and cognitive or functional deterioration. These factors can generate a greater risk of postoperative complications with effects on quality of life and increased costs for the health system.⁶

In the postoperative period, 6.8% of older patients require prolonged hospitalization for their care. Despite treatment and rehabilitation, over half of these cases fail to recover their functional status.⁶ It is estimated that mortality from hip fractures ranges between 18 and 33% per year.¹⁰ This rate is five to eight times higher among older persons when compared with non-fractured patients. In-hospital mortality is around 2.7%, and after discharge, patients are 3.5 times more likely to die in the next 12 months.⁶ This risk persists even 10 years after the event.¹¹

For these reasons, there are many challenges when dealing with a patient with a fragility fracture, especially among older persons whose prognosis is even more complex given their specific circumstances. Here, we will develop this topic by addressing its main associated factors and how to approach them in clinical practice.

Care Models for Older Persons with Fragility Fractures

In countries like Canada, alternatives have been developed to care for older fractured patients. For example, the “fast track” allows patients presumed to have suffered a fracture to receive priority analgesia, a rapid diagnosis, and timely care.^12,13 Another successful example in this medical practice is the “Blue Book” of the United Kingdom, which describes six standards for high quality hip fracture care. The standards include arrival at the orthopedics department within 4 hours, performing surgery within 48 hours, minimizing the risk of pressure ulcers, receiving early management, and continuing with fall prevention after the event.¹⁴ This has been considered one of the best strategies for treating older patients with hip fractures, resulting in improved mortality outcomes.¹⁵

Based on these experiences, specific scenarios in the approach to these patients, including evidence-based recommendations from global initiatives such as the International Osteoporosis Foundation and the Fragility Fracture Network, will be discussed.

Preoperative

One of the difficulties that has been observed is waiting for patients to be transferred to the operating rooms in time for prompt surgical intervention. This is cause for concern, given that older patients with hip fractures should undergo surgery within the first 24 hours after diagnosis. For those with oral anticoagulation prior to the injury, a maximum of 48 hours could be expected.^12,16,17 Surgical correction of the fracture in the first 48 hours after admission has been shown to decrease mortality risk in patients with hip fractures (OR = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67 to 0.81).^15,18

The scenario is complex after a hip fracture, during which variables such as pain, blood loss and immobilization period must be evaluated since these events lead to hypercoagulability, which increases the risk of serious perioperative complications such as thromboembolic disease.¹⁹ Preoperative evaluations should include functional status before the fracture, baseline cognitive status, the presence of delirium, hydro electrolytic status, as well as monitoring polypharmacy and immobility.¹⁴

From the pain management perspective, pre-surgical regional nerve blocks are an important alternative to avoid or reduce the use of opioids, which have been associated with delirium and a more extended hospital stay.¹²

Given the complexity of older persons regarding fragility fractures, it is important that they are evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary group, which is only available in some care centers. This type of preoperative multidisciplinary care allows rapid stabilization and medical optimization, which reduces delays in surgery and provides early treatment for comorbidities, also reducing the risk of delirium and in-hospital mortality.^15,20,21 In particular, orthogeriatric co-management care has been associated with a decrease in hospital mortality (RR = 0.60 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84),²² the development of pressure ulcers (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7 p = 0.009), as well as improved pain control and facilitated early mobilization.^23,24

Postoperative

It has been determined that the factors associated with the most significant number of postoperative complications are frailty and malignancy.^10,25 Other situations also affect prognosis, such as decompensation of heart failure, pulmonary infections, pressure ulcers, and delirium, which could worsen the clinical course of patients.¹⁰

On the other hand, delirium is a common and severe complication in older patients, particularly after hip fracture surgery, with an incidence between 20 and 50%.²⁶ It has been associated with falls, impaired functional and cognitive recovery, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.²⁷ One of the evaluation methods for this condition is the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) scale, which is a simple and quick tool for medical personnel to execute.²⁸

Pressure ulcers are common but preventable complications,²⁹ which are associated with delayed rehabilitation and therefore a worse functional prognosis and higher mortality.³⁰ Among the factors related to these are malnutrition, low weight, diabetes, the presence of neuropathy, poor skin condition and, above all, immobility. The risk of pressure injuries must always be assessed, and different tools can be used, such as the Braden Scale, which has been validated.³¹

Osteoporosis Treatment

After the first minimal trauma fracture, the risk of a new fracture increases up to 25% in the following 2 years, particularly in women. This risk continues to grow in the following years.³² Because of this, it is vitally important to start pharmacological therapy early for osteoporosis to prevent new fractures both in the short and long term.¹² However, the pharmacological initiation does not occur as expected, often due to administrative problems but sometimes due to fear of using this type of medication. This is due to the belief that such therapy could alter the course of osteosynthesis. Currently, there is no evidence that osteoporosis therapy affects the formation of bone callus in operated fractures. On the contrary, the benefit of early initiation of therapy has shown better results, even before hospital discharge, which is very important for the education of the medical team to improve the practice of this recommendation.¹²

Rehabilitation and Falls Prevention

Rehabilitation after a fracture is essential. It must be carried out early after surgical intervention and involve progressive resistance, weight loads, and balance training, which reduce postoperative complications such as pneumonia, thromboembolic events, urinary tract infections, and pressure ulcers,¹² which are related to decreased activities of daily life,³³ alterations in the quality of life,³⁴ new falls and hospitalizations.³⁵

The increased morbidity and mortality following a fracture are mainly due to decreased mobility and impaired balance, which can lead to a difficult-to-manage condition called fear of falling.³⁶ This results in only approximately 40% of older people returning to their previous daily activity.⁹

The delay in rehabilitation has been observed to increase the risk of in-hospital mortality (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.06–4.42- P= 0.034).¹⁷ The duration of the rehabilitation process varies between 9 months for the balance deficit and approximately 1 year to recover walking and its usual speed. Therefore, this practice is not only restricted to the intra-hospital setting but extends to the outpatient setting.¹²

Considering that falls are an important risk factor for fractures, falls risk assessment and falls prevention interventions should be promptly initiated after rehabilitation. Strategies for assessment and prevention of falls have been recently summarized in the World Guidelines for Falls Prevention.³⁷

Nutrition

Since the cessation of the bone mass peak, it is known that adults over 50 years of age should have an adequate calcium intake of 1200 mg of elemental calcium per day.³⁸ It is necessary to have adequate dietary and/or pharmacological sources for this purpose, improving the prevention of osteoporosis.^39,40 Additionally, vitamin D supplementation in doses of at least 700 to 800 IU daily or more is essential for optimal intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. This can also improve balance and muscle strength, thus reducing the risk of falls.⁴¹

Nutritional assessment is essential to profile older patients, which can be assessed using the mini-nutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF)⁴² or the universal malnutrition screening tool (MUST).⁴³ An accurate assessment of muscle mass and body weight is recommended.¹²

Malnutrition in older persons with hip fractures is relevant since it is associated with higher complications and mortality rates,⁴⁴ and its prevalence can reach up to 85%.⁴⁵ Nutritional status before the fracture can contribute to adequate rehabilitation time and subsequent recovery.⁴⁶

For this reason, early oral nutritional protein supplementation is another fundamental pillar in the comprehensive management of an older person with a fracture, starting with a minimum dose of 0.8 g/kg of body weight up to 1.3–1.5 g/kg in situations of stress, severe frailty, or inflammation. With this practice, time spent in bed was reduced, and a better quality of life at 3 months was observed.⁴⁷ The choice of the source of these proteins is also essential, as certain precautions must be taken into account with nutritional support, where protein-based supplements of vegetable origin are safer due to their lower bioavailability of phosphate in people with pathologies such as chronic renal failure, which is common in old age.⁴⁸

Referring to the last two interventions mentioned, the combination of nutritional supplements and rehabilitation has significantly reduced mortality in the postoperative management of patients with hip fractures (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39, 0.93; I2=0%).⁴⁹

Another important item to consider and one of the most observed practices concerning nutritional deficit is prolonged pre-surgical fasting, which can often be extended up to 14 hours or more. Anesthesiologists typically recommend approximately 6 to 8 hours of fasting for solid foods, generating difficulties in metabolic control and hydration.^50,51

Thromboprophylaxis

As previously mentioned, thromboembolic complications are frequent, which is why from the moment of admission to care, early initiation of thromboprophylaxis is recommended to avoid these complications among patients that cannot be taken to surgery in the first 12 hours.¹²

Similarly, pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin or fondaparinux is recommended to prevent thromboembolic episodes for 10 to 35 days after the operation.⁵² Currently, some meta-analyses demonstrate equivalence for using direct oral anticoagulants compared with the usual pharmacological thromboprophylaxis without difference in effectiveness.^53,54

Follow-Up

Patients who experience a hip fracture are also at high risk of a second fracture after discharge. One in three patients who suffer a hip fracture could suffer another in the following 12 months, and more than 50% of patients will suffer another within 5 years,¹² so follow-up is essential in these patients.

It is recommended that after osteosynthesis of hip fracture, patients have a follow-up within two weeks after discharge. During this time, they may present complications related to their medication and other adverse clinical events.⁵⁵ This represents a barrier to the proper management of these patients. For example, it is estimated that less than 20% of patients who survive the fracture are evaluated and intervened to prevent falls after a hip fracture.⁵⁶ The risk factors for falls to be considered in older persons include different aspects evaluated in the comprehensive geriatric assessment, such as cognitive impairment, use of psychoactive medication such as sedatives, poor performance in gait and balance tests, visual or hearing changes, non-use, or incorrect use of support devices.^37,57

Strategies for fall prevention in the outpatient setting include avoiding rugs or other obstructions, increasing physical activity with resistance exercises to improve muscle performance, caution with medications that increase the risk of falls, providing mobility aids and hip protectors, assessing fear of falling using scales such as the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I)⁵⁸ and ensuring fall prevention education for health care providers and staff,¹² the latter in relation to the fact that they must have consistent and clear information to avoid errors.⁵⁹

As can be seen, there are alterations in follow-up and outpatient care after a fracture which are associated with a lack of an available team, lack of communication with the patient and family, and low levels of knowledge of the care team, which have been associated with the presence of adverse clinical outcomes.⁶

Regarding the availability of multidisciplinary teams, some authors have considered that variables such as pain, nutrition, pressure ulcers, delirium, constipation, and infection in older patients after a fracture could be identified and managed early in the outpatient setting by the nursing service or home care. This demonstrates that interdisciplinary management among health agents is crucial.⁶ The availability of human resources that can carry out identification and follow-up tasks at the intra- and extra-hospital level should be emphasized, specifically physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, geriatricians, physical and rehabilitation physicians, and personal support workers, in order to improve clinical results.⁵⁹ When available, Fracture Liaison Services are vital for the early identification, prevention, and management of osteoporosis-related fractures. By taking a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach, FLS contributes to improved patient outcomes, reduced healthcare costs, and a positive impact on public health.⁶⁰

As mentioned, it is important to consider the value of preventing osteoporosis and falls from youth to reduce the impact and improve health outcomes after a fragility fracture. Proper nutrition, achieving and maintaining peak bone and muscle mass, and achieving healthy aging should be a goal for health systems. For this reason, educating the population and medical care groups is essential. Recognizing the importance of identifying people at risk is another crucial pillar in the prevention of fractures during the geriatric assessment: finding warning signs such as neurosensory deprivation, the onset of comorbidities that affect gait or balance, having two or more falls in a year or presenting osteosarcopenia should direct attention to early and comprehensive intervention to prevent fractures.

Once a patient suffers a fracture, the patient, their relatives and the health service need to be aware of the possible functional and psychological consequences that this condition involves in order to plan optimal and prompt management and thus improve the related functional and vital outcomes. Education regarding treatment for primary and specialized care physicians is important to guarantee the education of patients and their families on the requirement of medication for secondary prevention and adherence to it. The availability of resources in the health system to offer treatments can help guarantee patient adherence and reduce the risk of a new fracture. Monitoring patients after the start of management can improve the proper use of medication, thus achieving the desired results.

Table 1 summarizes the barriers that can be found in the identification, investigation, and initiation of treatment for osteoporosis in the event of a fracture, as well as possible solutions.

Table 1 Barriers in the Identification, Investigation, and Initiation of Treatment for Osteoporosis in the Event of a Fracture, as Well as Possible Solutions

	Barriers	Solution
Identify	Place of residence (urban or rural) Distance to health institution Accessibility to health services No education of medical staff on falls and fracture prevention No education in patients and relatives No family support network/social abandonment Overprotection/secondary gain Disability/cognitive status Lack of awareness by health administrators Failure to identify bone or muscle fragility in the older population In higher risk populations such as patients using steroids, the underestimation of their bone health. Not considering the risk of falling. Not taking into account a first silent fracture.	Guarantee optimal living conditions that reduce the risk of falls and provides prompt access to a health institution. Educate family members and patients on the importance of bone and muscle health. Conduct training to the health care teams regarding education for diagnosis of osteoporosis and identification of falls risk. In the event of a poor support network, request an assessment from social work. Osteoporosis screening in older persons (women over 65 and men over 70). Identify the risk of falling in older persons. Training radiologists or primary care physicians to identify previous silent fractures.
Investigate	No access to health services No education of medical staff Lack of resources from health institutions. Limited access to densitometry	Guarantee universal coverage Use of tools that allow determining the risk and benefit of treatment before having a fracture such as FRAX Increase the number of DXA machines and densitometry requests based on fracture risk. Elaborate investigation protocols to rule out secondary causes of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
Initiate	Failure to perform surgery within 48 hours No access to health services No education of medical staff Fears in medical staff due to the possible adverse effects of osteoporosis therapy. Administrative difficulties in drug delivery Drug interactions Comorbidities Belief of no bone healing after an intervention with antiresorptive management Non-availability of medication	Early surgical intervention. Guarantee universal coverage of health services. Implementation of Falls and Fracture Prevention Clinics. Guarantee access to the formulation and delivery of the medication, as well as the administration of this in the cases that are required (ie, infusion centres). Treat secondary causes of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

Conclusions

There are multiple challenges in the care of patients with fragility fractures, especially among older persons, which have a significant impact on complex outcomes such as mortality, functional status and independence. These, once identified, offer multiple opportunities for improvement in care that we could optimize to have better results for our patients. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving orthopedic surgeons, geriatricians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, social workers, and caregivers. Preventive measures, such as fall prevention strategies and osteoporosis management, can also play a vital role in reducing the incidence of fragility fractures in older persons.

Disclosure

Gustavo Duque has received honoraria and research grants from TSI Pharmaceuticals and Amgen Australia. The other authors do not have any competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Funding

No funding was received.