Lumbar Spine Infection with Eikenella corrodens Presented as Abdominal Pain: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Background

Eikenella corrodens is a part of the inherent flora on the surface of human mucosa. It usually does not cause disease unless the patient has been bitten, injured or surgically infected. Lumbar spine infection caused by Eikenella corrodens usually presents with conventional symptoms such as low back pain and fever. Herein, we report a case of lumbar intervertebral space infection with Eikenella corrodens presented as abdominal pain.

Case Presentation

A 38-year-old man with no medical history of note presented with abdominal pain. Initially, local doctors suspected that the patient had abdominal disease. However, abdominal diseases were ruled out and only lumbar spine infection was confirmed. Then, the patient was misdiagnosed as lumbar tuberculosis. Finally, anaerobic culture and metagenomic next-generation sequencing confirmed the Eikenella corrodens, which was rarely involved in lumbar intervertebral space infection. The patient recovered after operation and antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion

This case indicated a rare symptom of lumbar spine infection, abdominal cramping, which is caused by Eikenella corrodens. Blood culture had low sensitivity as a diagnostic method for Eikenella corrodens, but lesion sample culture or metagenomic next-generation sequencing had high sensitivity for early diagnosis.

Keywords:

• non-specific spinal infection
• lumbar intervertebral space infection
• metagenomic next-generation sequencing
• misdiagnosis

Introduction

Non-specific spinal infection (NSI), a rare and challenging entity, represents as intervertebral space infection and vertebral osteomyelitis. Due to its non-specific clinical symptoms, imaging examinations and laboratory examinations, it is often misdiagnosed as spinal tuberculosis or tumor.^1,2

Eikenella corrodens is a part of the inherent flora on the surface of human mucosa. It is often isolated from specimens of upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract or urogenital tract.³ However, it usually does not cause disease unless the patient has been bitten, injured or surgically infected. This kind of bacteria can lead to endocarditis, NSI, osteomyelitis, perirenal abscess and so on.^4–8 For the past several decades, there were 16 cases of orthopaedic-related infections caused by Eikenella corrodens (Table 1 and Table 2). In these cases, since the blood culture was hard to confirm Eikenella corrodens, clinicians faced great challenges in early diagnosis.

Table 1 The Basic Information of Patients and the Method of Diagnosis

Author	Age/Sex	Potential Risk	Location	Blood Culture	Diagnostic Methods
E. Arana^Citation19	9/M	NA	Skull	NA	Abscess culture
T. Tricard^Citation15	12/M	Dental infection	Left hip	Confirmed	Bacteriological analysis of the synovialfluid
Richard K^Citation14	14/M	Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction	KNEE	NA	Intraoperative culture for 3 days
M K Sayana^Citation20	14/M	NA	L4/5	Negative	Tissue anaerobic culture for 10 days
Kushal Ranabhat^Citation7	25/F	Type I Diabetes Mellitus	L4-S1	NA	Intraoperative anaerobic culture for 4 days
Stacey M^Citation23	31/M	Fight bite	Right hand	Negative	Swab culture
B. S. P. Ang^Citation24	31/M	Spine surgery	L4-S1	Negative	Tissue anaerobic culture for 2 days
Zong Zhiyong^Citation11	35/F	NA	Thigh	NA	MicroScan Walk-away-40 automated system / Pus culture
Kishan Patel^Citation25	35/M	Meningitis at the age of 3	Skull	Confirmed	Blood and sinus culture
C. Yetimoglu^Citation18	47/F	Cervical surgery	C3-6	Negative	Intraoperative cultures for 11days and Eubacterial PCR
F. Zeifang^Citation21	48/M	NA	L3/4	NA	16S ribosomal DNA PCR
Johnlong Tsai^Citation16	52/M	Severe periodontitis (Regularly chewing betel quid)	L4/5	NA	Tissue culture
M Cuenca-Estrella^Citation8	55/M	Licking his injury finger	Left thumb	NA	Bone culture for 3 days
Mark Farrington^Citation22	61/M	NA	L2/3	Confirmed 8 out of 10	Growth on nutrient agar O2
Christopher R^Citation12	65/M	Pharyngeal injury while eating fish	C5-7	NA	Intraoperative culture for 3 days
Katie S^Citation13	79/F	Toothpick impalement injury	Foot	Negative	Wound culture for 6 days

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

Table 2 Antibiotic Use and Surgical Records of Patients

Author	Antibiotics Before Diagnosis	Antibiotics After Diagnosis	Surgical Operation	Outcome
E. Arana^Citation19	NA	Intravenous amoxicillin 2 weeks, then amoxicillin orally 5weeks	Debridement	Cured
T. Tricard^Citation15	Intravenous amikacin (15 mg/kg qd) and cefamandole (150 mg/kg qd in 4 dose) 5 days	Intravenous cefamandole (150 mg/kg qd in 4 doses) 4 days, next amoxicillin orally (2g tid) unknown days	Drainage	Cured
Richard K^Citation14	Intravenous vancomycin unknown days	Intravenous ceftriaxone and clindamycin 4 weeks	Debridement	Cured
M K Sayana^Citation20	Intravenous cefuroxime (750 mg q8h) unknown days	Oral co-amoxiclav 8 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Kushal Ranabhat^Citation7	Intravenous vancomycin (15 mg/kg qd) and piperacillin-tazobactam (4.5 g IV q6h) 4 days	Intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g IV q12h) 2 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Stacey M^Citation23	Penicillin orally 2 days, then intravenous ampicillin (500 mg q6h) 9 times, next intravenous gentamicin (40mg q12h)	Intravenous cephalexin (40 mg q6h) 1 month	Debridement	Cured
B. S. P. Ang^Citation24	NA	Oral ciprofloxacin (750 mg bd) 6 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Zong Zhiyong^Citation11	Oral penicillin V, next intravenous cefazolin (2 g q8h) and clindamycin (0.6 g q8h) 3 days, then intravenous vancomycin and clindamycin unknown days	Intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g q12h) 6 weeks	Drainage	Cured
Kishan Patel^Citation25	Oral Augmentin 4 doses	Intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g qd) 6weeks	Debridement	Cured
C. Yetimoglu^Citation18	Intravenous clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (2.2 g q8h) 4 days, next co-amoxicillin orally (625 mg q8h) 6 days	Intravenous ceftriaxone (qd) 6.5 weeks and ciprofloxacin orally 750mg bid 28 days.	Debridement	Cured
F. Zeifang^Citation21	NA	Intravenous ceftriaxone 4 weeks, then ceftriaxone orally 4 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Johnlong Tsai^Citation16	Intravenous cefazolin (1 g q6h) and gentamicin (60 mg q8h) 12 days	Intravenous ceftriaxone (1 g q12h) 9 days, then ceftriaxone orally unknown days	Debridement	Cured
M Cuenca-Estrella^Citation8	Oral amoxicillin/clavulanic (500/125 mg tid) 10 days	Oral amoxicillin (500 mg tid) 2 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Mark Farrington^Citation22	NA	Oral amoxycillin (1 g tid) 4 months	Debridement	Cured
Christopher R^Citation12	Intravenous unknown antibiotics 3 days	Intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g IV qd) 6 weeks	Debridement	Cured
Katie S^Citation13	Oral clindamycin, then intravenous vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam unknown days	Intravenous amoxicillin/clavulanate unknown days	Debridement	Cured

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

Herein, a healthy middle-aged man with an unexplained lumbar intervertebral space infection (LISI) had been presented. This was the first case of LISI of Eikenella corrodens presented as abdominal pain. Based on the present case and other 16 orthopaedic-related cases, the characteristics of Eikenella corrodens were analyzed to provide more clinical practice experiences for the diagnosis and treatment.

Case Presentation

On September 25th, 2021, a 38-year-old Chinese man went to a local hospital for his left lower abdominal pain (Figure 1). The patient was hospitalized and given symptomatic treatment such as fasting, antispasmodic, analgesic, enema and nutritional support. Subsequently, the abdominal diseases were ruled out by examinations. On October 2nd, 2021, after one week of empirically treated with levofloxacin intravenously (unknown dose), his abdominal pain was relieved and he was discharged.

Figure 1 Flow chart of the entire procedures from onset to cure in the present case.

However, on October 5th, 2021, the patient complained of left lower abdominal pain again, which could spread to the entire abdomen quickly. Meanwhile, he began to suffer from continuous low back pain and a low-grade fever in the afternoon (fluctuations at 37–38 degrees Celsius). Based on the symptoms and the lumbar spine magnetic resonance (MR) images (Supplementary Figure 1) of the patient, the local doctors thought there was a possibility of lumbar (L3/4) tuberculosis (TB). After receiving anti-TB treatment, the patient was discharged.

On November 24th, 2021, the patient was transferred to Sun Yat-sen memorial hospital as his condition continued to deteriorate. His vital signs were within normal limits, his body weight dropped 10% in two months and he went without a bowel movement for a week. On detailed consultation, the history of underlying diseases, bites, surgery, betel nut addiction and oral uncleanness were excluded. Then, a systematic physical examination confirmed that he had lower abdominal pain, especially in his left lower abdomen. Apart from that, he had percussion pain in the spinous process of the lumbar spine (L3, L4) and limited lumbar mobility. The patient reported his visual analogue scale (VAS) score of lower abdominal pain was 8, the VAS score of low back pain was 6 and the lumbar spine Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) was 8.

After admission to Sun Yat-sen memorial hospital, MR, computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography and endoscopy ruled out visceral organ diseases. X-ray images showed the intervertebral space height between L3 and L4 was decreased (Figure 2). His lumbar spine CT images showed a large vertebral bone defect at L3 (Figure 3A and D). Subsequent MR imaging revealed disc inflammation and osteomyelitis at L3 and L4 (Figure 3B and C). Due to the unclear diagnosis of bacterial infection, we initially let him continue to use anti-TB drugs (Isoniazid 300 mg qm, Rifampicin 450mg qm, Ethambutol 750mg qm, Pyrazinamide 500mg tid) until the TB-related tests confirmed negative. In addition, considering the possibility of his potential gastrointestinal bacterial infection, we empirically used levofloxacin (0.5 g qd) intravenously since admission. However, the patient’s condition gradually deteriorated while taking anti-TB drugs and levofloxacin, and the patient had a low-grade fever (Figure 4). In the following days, the results of TB-related and tumor marker-related test were confirmed to be negative and the patient stopped taking anti-TB drugs. In a series of preoperative cultures, no bacteria were found in his blood.

Figure 2 X-ray image of pre-operative.

Notes: The red arrow points to the lesion site. Pre-operative X-ray image shows: the intervertebral space height between L3 and L4 is decreased.

Figure 3 CT and MR images of lesion site.

Notes: The red arrow points to the lesion site. (A) A CT image of L3 shows: severe bone destruction at the edge of the vertebral body. (B) An enhanced T1-weighted MR image shows: abnormal signals can be seen in the vertebral body and the soft tissue around the vertebral body. (C) An enhanced T1-weighted MR image shows: abnormal signals can be seen in the vertebral body of L3 and L4. (D) The 3-month follow-up CT image shows: bone grafting and internal fixation were stable and the intervertebral space height was restored.

Figure 4 Record of the patient’s armpit temperature during hospitalization and followed-up.

Abbreviations: LF, levofloxacin; PSTS, Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium.

On December 7th, 2021, considering the large vertebral bone defect and high-intensity activity required for his job could lead to spinal instability, an operation was performed (Supplementary surgical Technique and Supplementary Figure 2).⁹ After the operation, his abdominal symptoms disappeared and vital signs were stable. Then, his intraoperative samples were sent for pathological examination, culture and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Of all the intraoperative lesion samples submitted, only mNGS (Supplementary Figure 3) and anaerobic culture confirmed the presence of Eikenella corrodens. The procedure and quality control of mNGS records are in Supplementary Material Method. On the first postoperative day, his wound drainage fluid was re-cultured and no bacteria was found.

On December 11th, 2021, according to the mNGS and drug susceptibility results, we switched the patient’s levofloxacin to Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium (PSTS, 4.5g q8h). PSTS was administered intravenously until the patient was discharged on December 25th, 2021, during which time his infection-related indicators gradually improved (Figures 4 and 5). After discharge, the patient continued to take amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (457mg bid) orally for four weeks.

Figure 5 Record of the patient’s inflammatory indicators during hospitalization and followed-up.

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LF, levofloxacin; PSTS, Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium.

On January 7th, 2022, the patient returned to our hospital for the first follow-up visit. His inflammatory indicators were normal and nutritional status had improved significantly (Figure 6). X-ray examination of lumbar showed that the lumbar spine (L3/4) had recovered well (Figure 7A and B). At this time, he could gradually extend his standing and walking time to about 2 hours and his lumbar spine JOA score was 22. Except for his wound pain, symptoms of lower abdominal pain, lumbar pain and other discomfort were relieved.

Figure 6 Record of the patient’s albumin during hospitalization and followed-up.

Abbreviations: LF, levofloxacin; PSTS, Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Sodium.

Figure 7 The follow-up X-ray and CT images.

Notes: (A) Post-operative X-ray image shows: the internal fixation is in the correct position and keeps the spine stable. (B) Post-operative X-ray image shows: the bone graft is in place and restores the intervertebral space height. (C) The 3-month follow-up CT image shows: bone grafting and internal fixation were stable and the intervertebral space height was restored.

On March 4th, 2022, the patient finished his second follow-up visit. Three months after the operation, the patient could go back to his work and live a completely normal life. Under the protection of the waist brace (Supplementary Figure 4B), the bone fusion and spinal stability were good (Figure 7C). His lumbar spine JOA score was 27 and all relevant test indicators had returned to normal (Figures 4–6).

On December 25th, 2022, the patient had completed a 12-month follow-up. During multiple telephone follow-up visits, the patient did not report any pain, fever or other discomfort.

Discussion

Identification of Abdominal Pain

The causes of abdominal pain are broad, clinicians usually first consider visceral disease in the abdomen. If all abdominal examinations reveal nothing, attention should be paid to potential spinal infections. Thus, checking the infection infiltration around the spine is important for patients with unexplained abdominal pain.

Abdominal MR, abdominal puncture, gastroscopy, and colonoscopy ruled out abdominal diseases, when the patient was admitted to Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital with abdominal pain as the main symptom. Only spinal infection was confirmed when he finished all examinations. Later, his abdominal pain recovered as soon as he underwent surgery. Thus, we guessed that the displaced pus from the lumbar vertebral lesions stimulated the retroperitoneal part of the descending colon causing left abdominal pain (Figure 8). For his abdominal tenderness, it was actually from the vicinity of the vertebral body. Firstly, his vertebral lesions were located in the anterior part of the vertebral body and the pus near the vertebral body irritated the soft tissue (Figure 3B). Secondly, he was thin (Supplementary Figure 4A) and the abdominal wall was concave close to the vertebral body in the supine position. Abdominal tenderness occurred when the lesions around the vertebral body were compressed.

Figure 8 Cross-section of the lesion in the third lumbar vertebra.

Notes: Green arrows indicate the direction of pus transfer; the green area indicates the extent of the pus invasion.

Unusual Eikenella corrodens

Eikenella corrodens is a part of the inherent flora on the surface of human mucosa and it is a microaerophilic, slow-growing, nonmotile, gram-negative rod.³ Eikenella corrodens usually does not cause disease, but according to the literature, in the case of bites, trauma, surgery, etc., it may transfer through the bloodstream and cause infections.^3,10 Infections caused by Eikenella corrodens are diverse, with documented cases of thigh abscess,¹¹ lung abscess,⁴ purulent pericarditis,⁵ and osteomyelitis.¹²

Although LISI is relatively common, infections caused by Eikenella corrodens are rare. In previous cases of orthopaedic-related Eikenella corrodens infection, a particular risk of infection was identified in most patients, and the infection symptoms were absolutely different from TB. Fishbone stabbing caused a cervical spine infection,¹² toothpick stabbing caused a foot infection,¹³ surgical pollution caused a knee joint infection,¹⁴ licking injury fingers caused a finger bone infection,⁸ dental infection caused a hip infection,¹⁵ and severe periodontitis (regularly chewing betel quid) caused a lumbar infection.¹⁶ However, some healthy individuals without potential risks also developed Eikenella corrodens infections (Table 1), and it was difficult to achieve a definite diagnosis at initial presentation. Therefore, the present patient had been misdiagnosed as lumbar TB at the local hospital due to the similar symptoms of TB, imaging findings and missed biopsy.

Diagnosis and Treatment

In the absence of clear potential risks, Eikenella corrodens is usually overlooked by doctors and aggravates the patient’s condition. Through the analysis of the existing orthopaedic-related literature (Table 1), the diagnostic efficiency of blood culture was low. Eikenella corrodens was an opportunistic pathogen with strict requirements on the growth environment, resulting in a low success rate of blood culture. According to the previous literature, when blood cultures were negative, lesions should be identified and biopsied for culture or mNGS.¹⁷

In the present case, the patient was initially treated with intravenous levofloxacin (0.5 g qd) for two weeks. Then, drug susceptibility test indicated that Eikenella corrodens was sensitive to β-lactams antibiotics. Thus, the patient received two weeks of intravenous PSTS (4.5g q8h) and four weeks of oral amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium tablets (457mg bid). Finally, a good clinical outcome was obtained. In our literature review (Table 2), improvements were seen in patients treated with β-lactams antibiotics, but not in patients treated with non-β-lactams antibiotics. Clinical outcomes of these cases were consistent with the present case. However, two patients were not cured after receiving sensitive antibiotic treatment. The reason for the failure of the first case¹⁸ was insufficient time for medication, and the second⁸ was that oral antibiotics did not reach the therapeutic concentration in the body (Table 2). In addition, it was particularly important to drain and clear the lesions after locating the lesions. For patients, lesion debridement combined with continuous β-lactams antibiotics for at least four weeks could reach the best clinical outcomes. In the present case, lesion debridement was performed and a total of six weeks of sensitive antibiotics was used. Compared with admission, the patient’s self-care ability and clinical symptoms were significantly improved at discharge.

Etiology Analysis

Reviewing these orthopaedic-related infection cases, only five cases^11,19–22 had not found clear potential causative factors and 11 cases^{7,8,12–16,18,23–25} had revealed clear potential risks of patients. In the present case, the patient did not report any underlying diseases, fishbone stuck, invasive treatment, licking of wounds, and trauma. However, the patient reported that he occasionally ate betel nuts and had a tooth extraction in June 2021, all of which were possible potential risk factors. Besides, other potential risks should also be considered, such as oral conditions, toothpick stab wounds, skin damage caused by diabetes and fishbone stab wounds. These potential risks were responsible for serious Eikenella corrodens infections.

Conclusion

Although spinal infection is rarely presented as abdominal pain, checking the infection infiltration around the spine is important for patients with unexplained abdominal pain. Due to the low sensitivity of using blood culture as a diagnostic method for Eikenella corrodens, lesion sample culture or mNGS may better avoid misdiagnosis. In addition, when Eikenella corrodens was confirmed, lesion debridement combined with continuous β-lactams antibiotics for at least six weeks could achieve good clinical outcomes.

Data Sharing Statement

If necessary, data can be obtained from e-mail: [email protected].

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

All procedures were performed in compliance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines and that the medical ethics committee of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University has approved them (SYSKY-2022-199-01). The patient agreed to participate.

Consent for Publication

The patient agreed to publication and we obtained written consent from him.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Acknowledgments

Thanks for the cooperation of the patient in the present case, and for the relevant academic guidance.²⁶

Additional information

Funding

Professor Li has received funding from Guangzhou Science and technology projects (Grant numbers [202102010259]).