https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-4138
Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to determine the clinical profile connected to the nucleic acid conversion time of COVID-19 patients harboring the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant at the hospitals at the Fangcang shelter.
Methods
We reported 39,584 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Shanghai, China, between April 5 and May 5, 2022, and who had contracted the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2. Demographic data, medical and vaccination history, clinical symptoms, and NCT were reported for the patient.
Results
The median age of the patients with COVID-19 included in this study was 45 (interquartile range [IQR]: 33–54), and 64.2% of them were male. The two most prevalent comorbidities among the patients were hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, we discovered that the percentage of unimmunized patients was negligible (13.2%). We found that male sex, age under 60, and other comorbidities including hypertension and diabetes are significant risk factors for extending NCT when we analyzed the risk variables for NCT. We discovered that vaccination with two or more doses can significantly reduce NCT. The analysis of the young (18–59 years) and older (60 years) populations produced the same outcomes.
Conclusion
Our findings confirm that a full COVID-19 vaccine series or booster doses are highly recommended to significantly reduce NCT. In order to reduce NCT, it is also advised that elderly people who have no clear contraindications take vaccination shots.
Introduction
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been ongoing for three years.Citation1 Since then, the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variation has emerged as COVID-19’s main infectious agent and has been linked to epidemics across the globe.Citation2 Due to these factors, there are growing worries regarding whether the Omicron variety will have more severe immune evasion and pathogenic effects than the prior strains. People are starting to worry about whether immunization can prevent illness aggravation and reduce nucleic acid conversation time (NCT) due to the high mutation rate and infectiousness of the Omicron strain.Citation3,Citation4 The airborne transmission should be recognized as an important mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2,Citation5 precautions such as hand washing and social distancing are appropriate but insufficient, and we still need to explore the risk factors and other possible protective measures that affect patients with COVID-19.
Fangcang shelter hospitals are the main platform for centralized management of COVID-19 patients, especially asymptomatic and mild patients, first decided to establish by the Chinese government.Citation6 Most of these individuals recover on their own and do not require any additional medical assistance. It is essential to control them centrally to stop them from spreading and to safeguard individuals who are vulnerable to severe acute respiratory system coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection, such as those with underlying diseases. Severe COVID-19 patients are swiftly moved to the designated hospital for active treatment when they are discovered in the neighborhood or within Fangcang shelter hospitals. However, the operation of Fangcang shelter hospitals requires a lot of medical staff, and the operation speed for COVID-19 patients is several hundred times that of ordinary hospitals.Citation7 Determining whether a patient who can have a shorter NCT in the early evaluation stage could be discharged from the Fangcang shelter hospital is of great significance for effectively diverting patients and improving the operation efficiency of the Fangcang shelter hospital.Citation8
Several studies have analyzed and compared the clinical characteristics of patients infected with the wild-type or delta/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.Citation9–11 After the COVID-19 pandemic, global cooperation highlighted scientific and technological progress, leading to the rapid development of a series of effective vaccines.Citation12 However, the difference in vaccine efficacy in the real world is very significant, and many countries have different results on vaccine efficacy. In addition, different host factors also affect the efficacy of vaccines. It has been reported that vaccines are less effective in the elderly and patients with underlying health conditions (such as chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immunodeficiency, obesity, etc.).Citation13 In this study, we investigated the demographic information and baseline characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron variant during the recent coronavirus flare-up in the city of Shanghai, China, in April and May 2022. We sought to identify the risk factors of NCT in COVID-19 patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.
Materials and Methods
Study Design and Participants
This retrospective study included 39,854 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the LinGang Fangcang shelter hospital in Shanghai, China, from April 5 to May 5, 2022. COVID-19 infections were confirmed as reported.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients younger than 18 years of age, patients with incomplete clinical data, and patients transferred to the hospital for other reasons, such as confirmed critically ill patients with COVID-19. All patient information remained anonymous, this study was authorized by the Ethics Commission for Clinical Research of Zhongda Hospital, affiliated with Southeast University (2022ZDSYLL190-P01). Informed consent was waived due to the nature of the study as a retrospective study. The study was conducted by the principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki and the confidentiality of patients was guaranteed.
Procedure
COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants were hospitalized, as previously reported. Baseline data were obtained from electronic medical records, including sex, age, medical history, underlying diseases, vaccines, and other baseline conditions. The date of the first positive nucleic acid test in the community and the date when the nucleic acid test was negative were also collected. NCT was defined as the time between a patient’s first positive viral nucleic acid test in the community and the first negative test in a Fangcang shelter hospital, with two consecutive negative viral nucleic acid tests.
Statistical Analysis
Data were summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR) values for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. For comparisons between the two groups, the Mann–Whitney U-test was used for continuous variables. Categorical variables were examined using the chi-squared test. Univariate regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for NCT, and multivariate regression analysis was performed for meaningful variables. All calculated p-values were two-sided, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and GraphPad Prism 7.0.
Results
In our study, from April 5, 2022, to May 5, 2022, a total of 44,964 COVID-19 patients were admitted to Shanghai Lingang Fangcang, of which 1670 patients were younger than 18 years of age; 3599 patients had incomplete epidemiological information, vaccination status, or medical record information; 111 patients were transferred for other reasons; a total of 39,584 patients were finally included in this study ().
Figure 1 Flow diagram for total COVID-19 patients included in the study.
Baseline Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Infected by the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2
In this study, from April to May 2022, 39,584 patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron were hospitalized at the Lingang Fangcang shelter hospital in Shanghai, China. Here, we defined NCT≤10 days as the nucleic acid detection turning negative in the short term, and NCT>10 days as nucleic acid detection not turning negative in the long term. Their mean age was 45.0 years (IQR:33.0–54), 64.2% were male, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension, followed by diabetes. Among them, 13.2% were unvaccinated, 3.9% were vaccinated with one injection, 32.7% were vaccinated with two injections, and 50.2% were vaccinated with three injections ().
Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Patients with COVID-19
We divided patients into an ordinary group (age <60 years) and an advanced age group (age ≥60 years) according to the age of patients and reported the clinical characteristics of patients with NCT >10 and NCT≤10 days. We found that both age and male sex were risk factors for prolonged NCT, and among the underlying comorbidities, NCT was longer in patients with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or chronic kidney disease (CKD). More importantly, we found that the NCT of vaccinated patients was significantly shorter than that of the unvaccinated patients ().
Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of the Patients with COVID-19 with Different Ages
To further clarify whether the vaccine is effective in shortening the NCT, we analyzed different vaccination situations as subgroups. The clinical characteristics of unvaccinated and vaccinated patients with different dosage forms are shown in ().
Table 3 Clinical Characteristics of the Patients with COVID-19 with Different Vaccination
We attempted to analyze all risk factors and disease profiles that affect COVID-19 patients with NCT ≤ 10 days (). First, we performed univariate regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days and found that male sex, age ≥ 60 years, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, CKD, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and vaccination all significantly affected the NCT of COVID-19 patients (). Next, these above variables were added to the multiple regression analysis and notably, we found that male sex and 2 and 3-dose vaccinations were all favorable factors for NCT≤10 days. Conversely, age ≥60 years, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, CKD, and autoimmune disease were risk factors for NCT≤10 days ().
Figure 2 The risk factors and disease profiles that affect COVID-19 patients with NCT ≤ 10 days. (A) univariate regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in all patients. (B) multiple regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in all patients.
Many reports have focused on the factors affecting the age of COVID-19 patients, and there has been controversy over whether older patients should be vaccinated. In this study, according to whether the patients were older than 60 years, they were divided into two subgroups: elderly and non-elderly. We performed the same univariate and multivariate regression analysis on the risk factors and disease profiles of these two groups of patients (). We found that autoimmune diseases, cancer, 2-dose and 3-dose vaccination were important factors for NCT in the elderly group (), and multivariate regression analysis also showed that 2-dose or 3-dose vaccination was an important favorable factor (). In the non-elderly group (ages 18–59), univariate regression analysis showed that hypertension, diabetes, respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease, CKD, autoimmune diseases, 2-dose and 3-dose vaccination were all important factors for NCT (), and multivariate regression analysis showed that male sex, 2-dose or 3-dose vaccination was an important favorable factor ().
Figure 3 The risk factors and disease profiles that affect elderly and non-elderly COVID-19 patients with NCT ≤ 10 days. (A) univariate regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in elderly patients. (B) multiple regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in elderly patients. (C) univariate regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in non-elderly patients. (D) multiple regression analysis on the factors affecting the NCT ≤ 10 days in non-elderly patients.
We found that two or more doses of the vaccine may be effective in shortening NCT in all COVID-19 patients. We divided all COVID-19 patients into those who were unvaccinated and who received one dose (groups 0 and 1) and those who received more than two doses (groups 2 and 3) and found that the incidence of NCT was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in groups 0 and 1 in the incidence of NCT ≤10 days ().
Figure 4 NCT≤10 days in COVID-19 patients with different vaccination doses.
Discussion
This study retrospectively analyzed the demographic, epidemiological, and other medical information of a cohort of inpatients with COVID-19 in the Shanghai Lingang Fangcang shelter hospital. The objective was to study the risk factors of NCT in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients admitted to Fangcang. We have made a simple definition of NCT, and according to our clinical research and experience, NCT ≤ 10 days is regarded as detection as nucleic acid-negative in a short time.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of NCT-related factors in COVID-19 patients in Fangcang shelter hospitals. We found that age, sex, and underlying diseases were important risk factors for NCT. This finding is consistent with reports from multiple studies.Citation14–18 In different age groups, there were obvious favorable factors for 2-dose and 3-dose vaccination, which was reflected in the effective shortening of NCT.
Fangcang shelter hospitals have now become the main locations for the centralized management of COVID-19 patients.Citation19 It has characteristics that are different from those of general hospitals, including fast patient turnover, incomplete patient data, and insufficient inspection and testing equipment. NCT is an important criterion for transfer into and out of Fangcang shelter hospitals, and early identification of the risk factors affecting NCT is of great value to clarify which patients may require long-term hospitalization. It is worth mentioning that some studies have shown that patients with prolonged NCT have a high risk of developing severe disease.Citation20,Citation21
When the vaccine for the SARS-COV-2 virus was just developed and put into use, it was reported that elderly patients should be vaccinated against SARS-COV-2 with caution.Citation22–24 However, as the technology continues to mature, the safety of the vaccine has improved significantly since the early days of COVID-19. In our study, age was an important factor affecting NCT, particularly in the elderly population. However, vaccination in elderly patients is also effective in shortening the NCT, while clear vaccine safety issues have not been reported. This gives us confidence in recommending a similar COVID-19 vaccine to older adults. Vaccination alone was an effective intervention for shortening NCT in our multivariate analysis. On the one hand, vaccination conferred the same protective effect on the elderly as on adults, which provides evidence for our continued advocacy for vaccination. On the other hand, for unvaccinated patients, prolonged hospitalization and isolation may be sensible. These findings have important implications for decision-making regarding quarantine protocols and for promoting optimal antiviral interventions.
This study had several limitations. First, compared with other studies,Citation25 our sample size was sufficiently large, but the variables were relatively small. This is because of the particularity of Fangcang shelter hospitals, and we could not obtain all test results and symptoms in a timely and accurate manner. We could only use the most intuitive and simple factors that were analyzed. Second, our definition of NCT is based on other studies, although there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that other definitions may be more accurate, which may still cause data bias. Finally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccination in elderly patients but did not show the results in patients younger than 18 years of age in this study. We expect more comprehensive studies to clarify NCT-related studies in children and young adults.
Conclusions
This study establishes that older age and underlying medical conditions are associated with delayed NCT in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and we demonstrate that vaccines, both in adults and the elderly, are an important way to effectively shorten NCT. We hope that these risk factors can provide clues for the early identification of patients with prolonged NCT and provide a direction for the development of optimal isolation protocols and treatment strategies.
Abbreviations
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NCT, nucleic acid conversation time; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory system coronavirus 2; IQR, Interquartile range; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
This study was authorized by the Ethics Commission for Clinical Research of Zhongda Hospital, affiliated with Southeast University (2022ZDSYLL190-P01). Informed consent was waived due to the nature of the study as a retrospective study. The study was conducted by the principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki and confidentiality of patients was guaranteed.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
We thank Southeast University and Zhongda Hospital for their financial support.
Data Sharing Statement
Data are available on request.
Additional information
Funding
References
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