Fibrinogen is Associated with Clinical Adverse Events in Patients with Psoriasis and Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Purpose

The presence of elevated fibrinogen levels is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, whether fibrinogen level is associated with adverse clinical events in patients with psoriasis and coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fibrinogen levels and cardiovascular adverse events in these patients.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective cohort study collected consecutive patients with psoriasis and CAD between January 2017 and May 2022 in our hospital. The clinical records were collected, and comparisons were made between groups. The Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were used to evaluate the association between variables.

Results

Of the 267 participants, one hundred and forty-seven patients (55.1%) had elevated fibrinogen levels. Compared with patients in low fibrinogen group, white blood cell and platelet counts and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were higher, whereas the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients in high fibrinogen group. After a median follow-up of 35.5 months, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) was higher in patients in high fibrinogen group compared with patients in low fibrinogen group (31.4% vs 16.4%, p = 0.013). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed the same trend (log rank p = 0.020). Subgroup analysis revealed a positive association between elevated fibrinogen levels and MACEs in patients aged <60 years (log-rank p = 0.013), those with diabetes (log-rank p = 0.027), and those who were not admitted for acute cardiovascular syndrome (log-rank p = 0.015).

Conclusion

Elevated fibrinogen levels were associated with adverse clinical events in patients with psoriasis and CAD, especially among patients aged <60 years, those with diabetes, and those not admitted for acute cardiovascular syndrome.

Keywords:

• fibrinogen
• coronary artery disease
• major adverse cardiovascular events
• psoriasis

Introduction

Fibrinogen plays an important role in blood viscosity.¹ There has been a growing concern regarding the relationship between fibrinogen levels and coronary artery disease (CAD). Studies have reported that fibrinogen levels are associated with CAD and adverse cardiovascular events.^2–6 Several mechanisms may contribute to pathophysiology of fibrinogen causing cardiovascular disease, including increased blood viscosity, contribution to inflammation and atherogenesis, thrombogenesis promotion, increased platelet aggregation, altered fibrin clot structure, and enhanced red blood cell attachment to thrombi.^7–9 However, in patients who have suffered from CAD, the association between elevated fibrinogen levels and the prognosis remains controversial.^6,10–12

Diseases such as psoriasis are associated with CAD progression. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects multiple body systems, and evidence from clinical studies has indicated that patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.^13,14 Compared with control groups, people with psoriasis have an approximately 6-year shorter life expectancy, and most psoriasis-related deaths are associated with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular morbidities.¹⁵ Whether increased fibrinogen levels cause differences in the adverse clinical outcomes of patients with psoriasis who already suffered from CAD remains unclear. Patients with psoriasis and CAD may benefit from a better understanding of the relationship between fibrinogen levels and prognosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between fibrinogen levels and clinical outcomes in patients with psoriasis and CAD.

Materials and Methods

Study Population

All consecutive patients with psoriasis who were diagnosed with CAD based on the results of coronary angiography at Fuwai Hospital between January 2017 and May 2022 were included. Patients younger than 18 years of age, patients with a history of malignancies, patients with a history of other rheumatic and connective tissue diseases, patients with severe liver disease or active infection were excluded from the study. The clinical records of the patients were collected. The treatments included medication therapy alone, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting, which were performed in accordance with the current guidelines and patient preferences.^16,17 Outpatient records and telephone calls were used to obtain the follow-up results. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after discharge. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Biochemical Analysis and Coronary Angiography

Laboratory indicators were obtained from the patients at the time of admission, and all patients fasted for a minimum of 12 h before venous blood was collected. We conducted biochemical measurements at Fuwai Hospital’s Clinical Chemistry Department. Blood samples were collected in vacuum tubes containing sodium citrate prior to angiography. Fibrinogen levels were measured using a BCS analyzer (Multifibren U; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), according to a modification of the Clauss method. An automatic biochemistry analyzer (Hitachi 7150, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Immuturbidimetry (Beckman Assay 360, Bera, California, USA) was used to determine high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels.

Coronary angiography was accomplished mainly via the radial artery. If the radial artery was unavailable, the brachial artery or femoral artery was considered. TIG catheters were a preferred use for transradial diagnostic coronary angiography. Judkins diagnostic catheters were used when the TIG catheters were not able to finish the coronary angiography. The relevant devices and certain percutaneous coronary intervention techniques including type, diameter, and length of stents; implantation technique; and use of adjunctive drugs or intravascular imaging devices were left to the operator’s discretion. The culprit vessel was determined primarily by coronary angiography. Coronary angiography images were assessed by two experienced cardiologists who were unaware of all other clinical data of the patients.

Definitions

Diabetes was diagnosed when patients met one of the following criteria:^18,19 (1) the presence of typical symptoms of diabetes combined with random blood glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; or (2) asymptomatic with a fasting plasma glucose level of equal to or above than 7.0 mmol/L, or a 2-h plasma glucose level of equal to or above than 11.1 mmol/L during 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests, or a glycosylated hemoglobin level of equal to or above than 6.5% confirmed by repeated tests; or (3) a previous diagnosis of diabetes and current treatment with hypoglycemic medication or diet. Hypertension was defined when patients met one of the following criteria:²⁰ (1) a systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg in the office following repeated examinations; or (2) a home systolic blood pressure of ≥135 mmHg or a home diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg; or (3) a previous hypertension diagnosis with established antihypertensive medication or diet. The term “major adverse cardiac events (MACEs)” is used to describe a group of clinical events, including death from any cause, non-fatal myocardial infarction, revascularization unplanned, non-fatal stroke, and re-hospitalization due to heart failure or severe arrhythmias. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and unstable angina/non-STEMI were both considered as non-fatal myocardial infarction. Only emergencies requiring hospital admission were recorded in cases of unstable angina. The term “unplanned revascularization” refers to repeat percutaneous coronary interventions or surgical bypasses of any segment of the target vessel for ischemic symptoms.²¹ The stroke was diagnosed based on clinical records. Steroids and methotrexate are non-biological systemic treatments for psoriasis, whereas biologics include tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 12/23, and interleukin 17. Based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated.²² The chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for at least 3 months.²³

Statistical Analysis

The continuous values were showed as the mean ± standard or median (25th, 75th percentiles). Comparing continuous variables between groups was done using Student’s t-test or rank-sum tests. The categorical values are showed as numbers (percentages). To detect differences between categorical values, Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used. We determined the cut-off value of fibrinogen levels in this study according to the methods in previous studies.^24–26 The receiver operating characteristic results showed that the cutoff value of fibrinogen levels for predicting MACEs was 3.4 g/L. Thus, the patients in this study were divided into two groups according to this value, namely, the low- (< 3.4 g/L) and high-fibrinogen groups (≥ 3.4 g/L). The groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Log rank tests. Subgroup analyses of MACEs were performed based on the following factors: age (≤ 60 and > 60 years), gender, diabetes, hypertension, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and left ventricular ejection fraction. The association between fibrinogen levels and MACEs was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. It was considered statistically significant when a two-tailed p-value of < 0.05 was obtained. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to generate Kaplan–Meier curves and forest plots. Since no previous studies have reported the effects of fibrinogen levels on the prognosis of patients with psoriasis and CAD, we included all patients who met the inclusion criteria in our hospital between January 2017 and May 2022. This study included 311 patients, of which 44 had missed fibrinogen data. Consequently, 267 patients were included in the study for analysis, of which 120 were in the low-fibrinogen group and 147 were in the high-fibrinogen group. A flowchart of the included patients is shown in Figure 1. The incidence of MACEs was 16.4% in the low fibrinogen group and 31.4% in the high fibrinogen group. We set α to 0.05 and calculated a power of 83.6% by using PASS (Power Analysis and Sample Size, version 15.0).

Figure 1 Flow chart showing the selection of patients.

Results

Characteristics of Patients in the Whole Group

Table 1 presents the baseline clinical characteristics of the patients. The study predominantly included men (87.6%). Among the patients, 56.9% had hypertension, 46.4% had diabetes, and 62.2% had ACS. Overall, 91.7% of the discharged patients were instructed to take aspirin, 81.5% to take P2Y12 inhibitors, 84.5% to take β-blockers, and 97.0% to take statins. According to the Psoriasis Area Severity Index score (median, 6.4), the cohort had mild-to-moderate skin diseases. The median psoriasis duration was 20 years. Regarding the treatment of psoriasis, 13.2% of the patients used phototherapy, 10.7% used biologic treatment and 39.7% used non-biological systemic treatment.

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics Between the Two Groups

Parameter	Entire Cohort (n=267)	Low Fib Group (n=120)	High Fib Group (n=147)	P
Age, years (n=267)	58.52±10.36	58.64±9.96	58.41±10.71	0.859
Male, % (n=267)	234(87.6)	107(89.2)	127(86.4)	0.494
BMI, Kg/m^2 (n=267)	26.05±3.29	26.01±3.35	26.08±3.25	0.862
Current smoker, % (n=267)	173(64.8)	82(68.3)	91(61.9)	0.274
Hypertension, % (n=267)	152(56.9)	63(52.5)	89(60.5)	0.187
Hyperlipidemia, % (n=267)	252(94.4)	115(95.8)	137(93.2)	0.352
Diabetes, % (n=267)	124(46.4)	51(42.5)	73(49.7)	0.243
CKD, % (n=267)	25(9.4)	9(7.5)	16(10.9)	0.345
ACS, % (n=267)	166(62.2)	74(61.7)	92(62.6)	0.878
Medication at discharge (n=265)
Aspirin, %	243(91.7)	110(92.4)	133(91.1)	0.694
P2Y12 inhibitors, %	216(81.5)	96(80.7)	120(82.2)	0.751
ACEIs/ARBs, %	134(50.6)	50(42.0)	84(57.5)	0.012
β-blockers, %	224(84.5)	94(79.0)	130(89.0)	0.024
Calcium channel blockers, %	54(20.4)	21(17.6)	33(22.6)	0.319
Statin, %	257(97.0)	115(96.6)	142(97.3)	1.000
Psoriasis characteristics
Psoriatic arthritis, % (n=234)	9(3.8)	4(3.8)	5(3.9)	0.979
Disease duration, years (n=244)	20(15, 30)	20(18, 30)	20(15, 30)	0.322
Phototherapy, % (n=234)	31(13.2)	10(9.5)	21(16.3)	0.130
Nonbiologic systemic treatment, % (n=234)	93(39.7)	35(33.3)	58(45.0)	0.071
Biologic treatment, % (n=234)	25(10.7)	11(10.5)	14(10.9)	0.926

Notes: Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th, 75th percentile); categorical variables are presented as number and percentages in parentheses. P-values less than 0.05 are highlighted in bold.

Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ACEIs, indicate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Fib, fibrinogen.

Characteristics of the Patients in the Two Groups

Of the 267 participants, 147 (55.1%) were in the high-fibrinogen group and 120 (44.9%) were in the low-fibrinogen group. No significant differences existed in age (p = 0.859), gender (p = 0.494), or body mass index (p = 0.862). The proportions of patients with hypertension (p = 0.187), diabetes (p = 0.243), CKD (p = 0.345), and ACS (p = 0.878) did not differ between the two groups (Table 1). Moreover, no significant differences existed between the two groups based on the Psoriasis Area Severity Index scores (p = 0.110), disease duration (p = 0.322), or psoriasis-specific medication use. Patients in the high fibrinogen group had higher white blood cell counts (p < 0.001), platelet counts (p < 0.001), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.001) than those in the low-fibrinogen group. The left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the high-fibrinogen group than in the low-fibrinogen group [60 (55, 64) vs 63 (60, 65), p < 0.001] (Table 2).

Table 2 Biochemical and Coronary Characteristics Between the Two Groups

Parameter	Entire Cohort (n=267)	Low Fib Group (n=120)	High Fib Group (n=147)	P
Laboratory values
White blood cell count, ×10^9/L (n=267)	7.31±2.35	6.63±1.82	7.86±2.59	<0.001
Hemoglobin, g/L (n=267)	146.63±16.67	147.49±15.70	145.93±17.44	0.448
Platelet count, ×10^9/L (n=267)	229.63±63.22	210.85±49.74	244.96±68.84	<0.001
Serum glucose, mmol/L (n=266)	6.03(5.22, 7.80)	6.14(5.24, 7.72)	5.99(5.21, 7.82)	0.709
hsCRP, mg/L (n=247)	1.57(0.64, 3.72)	0.92(0.45, 1.76)	2.65(1.11, 7.03)	<0.001
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m^2(n=267)	87.48 ± 20.48	86.95±18.79	87.92±21.82	0.702
Total cholesterol, mmol/L (n=262)	3.81(3.19, 4.45)	3.71(3.15, 4.40)	3.83(3.22, 4.52)	0.364
LDL-c, mmol/L (n=262)	2.23(1.74, 2.86)	2.15(1.65, 2.84)	2.26(1.80, 2.98)	0.160
HDL-c, mmol/L (n=262)	1.06(0.89, 1.26)	1.07(0.94, 1.26)	1.01(0.85, 1.29)	0.238
Triglycerides, mmol/L (n=262)	1.49(1.07, 2.01)	1.50(1.07, 2.00)	1.41(1.06, 2.02)	0.551
Uric acid, μmol/L (n=267)	349.98(299.00, 415.57)	346.54(292.24, 408.56)	362.29(302.07, 418.32)	0.192
Homocysteine, μmol/L (n=212)	14(11, 18.75)	14(11, 18)	15(11, 19)	0.456
LVEF, % (n=261)	62 (58, 65)	63(60, 65)	60(55, 64)	<0.001
Culprit vessel (n=265)
LAD, %	229(86.4)	99(82.5)	130(89.7)	0.091
LCX, %	183(69.1)	75(62.5)	108(74.5)	0.036
RCA, %	197(74.3)	89(74.2)	108(74.5)	0.953
No. of diseased vessels (n=165)
1, %	56(21.1)	29(24.2)	27(18.6)	0.271
2, %	62(23.4)	30(25.0)	32(22.1)	0.575
3%	143(54.0)	58(48.3)	85(58.6)	0.094
PCI, % (n=267)	152(56.9)	71(59.2)	81(55.1)	0.505
CABG, % (n=267)	20(7.5)	6(5.0)	14(9.5)	0.162
Clinical outcome
MACEs, % (n=256)	63(24.6)	19(16.4)	44(31.4)	0.013

Notes: Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th, 75th percentile); categorical variables are presented as number and percentages in parentheses. P-values less than 0.05 are highlighted in bold.

Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Fib, fibrinogen; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right circumflex artery.

Clinical Outcomes

Overall, 256 patients were followed up for a median of 35.5 months, including 116 and 140 in the low- and high-fibrinogen groups, respectively. Finally, 63 patients (24.6%) experienced MACEs, including 19 (16.4%) and 44 (31.4%) in the low and high fibrinogen groups, respectively; there was a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.013) (Table 2). According to the Cox regression analysis results, the high-fibrinogen group was associated with an increased risk of MACEs [hazard ratio (HR) 1.853, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.089–3.152, p = 0.023]. Similarly, the Kaplan–Meier estimates showed the same trend (log-rank p = 0.020) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival curves estimated MACEs for patients between the two groups in the whole cohort.

Abbreviations: MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; Fib, fibrinogen.

The significant differences were found in the subgroup analysis (Figure 3). The positive association between the high-fibrinogen group and MACEs was found among patients aged < 60 years (HR 2.410, 95% CI 1.173–4.951, p = 0.017), those with diabetes (HR 2.284, 95% CI 1.072–4.867, p = 0.032), and those who were not admitted for ACS (HR 2.943, 95% CI: 1.174–7.379, p = 0.021) (Figure 3). The significant interaction was only observed between fibrinogen levels and diabetes (p = 0.002). According to the results of Kaplan–Meier survival curves, there were significant differences in MACEs between the two groups among patients aged <60 years (log-rank p = 0.013) (Figure 4B), those with diabetes (log-rank p = 0.027) (Figure 4E) and those who were not admitted for ACS (log-rank p = 0.015) (Figure 4J).

Figure 3 Subgroup analyses for the MACEs. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated by reference to the low fibrinogen group using cox regression analysis.

Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier survival curves estimated MACEs in subgroups. (A) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with age ≥ 60 years; (B) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with age < 60 years; (C) survival curves for the MACEs in men; (D) survival curves for the MACEs in women; (E) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with diabetes; (F) survival curves for the MACEs in patients without diabetes; (G) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with hypertension; (H) survival curves for the MACEs in patients without hypertension; (I) survival curves for the MACEs in patients admitted for ACS; (J) survival curves for the MACEs in patients who were not admitted for ACS; (K) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with LVEF ≥ 50%; (L) survival curves for the MACEs in patients with LVEF < 50%.

Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; Fib, fibrinogen; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.

Discussion

In this study, the effect of serum fibrinogen levels on MACEs was examined in a large Chinese cardiovascular center using real-world patient data. Our findings showed that high fibrinogen levels were associated with MACEs in Chinese patients with psoriasis and CAD. Subgroup analysis showed that elevated fibrinogen levels were associated with MACEs among patients aged <60 years, those with diabetes, and those without ACS. These results are helpful for the risk stratification of patients with psoriasis and CAD.

Studies have evaluated the effects of fibrinogen levels on the prognosis of patients with CAD. Mahmud et al⁶ showed that among patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention, fibrinogen ≥2.8 g/L was associated with a 2.65-fold increase in the risk of major cardiovascular events within one year. Song et al²⁷ suggested that in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS after percutaneous coronary intervention, fibrinogen level was an independent predictor of death or non-fatal reinfarction. Peng et al²⁶ reported that among 3020 consecutive patients with coronary angiography-diagnosed CAD, elevated fibrinogen levels were significantly associated with mortality risk. The present study included patients with psoriasis and CAD and showed that elevated fibrinogen levels were associated with MACEs. Although these studies are different, the conclusions reached are very similar, indicating that fibrinogen is related to the poor prognosis of patients with CAD. However, in AtheroGene study,²⁸ there was a positive relationship between fibrinogen levels and future cardiovascular risk, but fibrinogen levels did not provide further information on top of that obtained from models including traditional risk factors in patients with documented CAD and stable angina. Ndrepepa G also reported that the adjusted risk for all-cause and cardiac mortality was 7% and 5% for each 0.50 g/L increase in fibrinogen level in patients with angiography-proven CAD,¹⁰ but it did not provide additional prognostic information on top of that provided by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Sjöland et al showed that in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting, there was no independent association between fibrinogen levels and long-term mortality.¹² Chen et al¹¹ included 170 patients hospitalized for suspected CAD, after an average follow-up of 10 years, they found that fibrinogen level did not have a significant predictive value for cardiac events. Different inclusion criteria, clinical endpoints and racial differences in the aforementioned studies may explain these inconsistent conclusions. The prognostic effect of fibrinogen levels in patients with CAD with specific characteristics requires further research.

Although the mechanisms through which fibrinogen increases the risk of cardiovascular events are not fully understood, the association between elevated fibrinogen levels and cardiovascular events observed in recent studies may be explained by multiple ways. One possible explanation is that systemic inflammation triggers fibrinogen production and release.²⁹ Inflammation plays an important role in atheromatous plaque development.³⁰ Additionally, by binding to ligand receptors, fibrinogen alters endothelial integrity and vascular wall permeability, attracts leukocytes to the vessel wall, and induces platelet accumulation and activation.³¹ Fibrinogen promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation and induces monocyte chemotaxis.³² Furthermore, hyperfibrinogenemia may lead to denser fibrin clots and impaired fibrinolysis, which may enhance atherosclerosis.⁸

The effects of fibrinogen on prognosis in patients with diabetes and CAD remains controversial. According to a prospective study from China, elevated fibrinogen levels were strongly associated with MACEs risk in patients with ACS complicated by diabetes; conversely, in patients without diabetes, fibrinogen level was not associated with MACEs.³³ Another large-scale observational study showed that elevated fibrinogen levels increased MACEs risk in patients with stable CAD especially in the presence of diabetes and prediabetes.³⁴ Yuan et al³⁵ included patients with CAD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, after a median follow-up of 5.1 years, they found that patients with diabetes with medium or high fibrinogen levels had 2.57- and 3.04-fold higher risk of mortality, respectively, indicating that fibrinogen may be helpful for further risk stratification in patients with CAD and diabetes after percutaneous coronary intervention. The study from Yang et al³⁶ included patients with angiographically proven CAD and diabetes, it showed that elevated baseline fibrinogen levels were associated with cardiovascular events in these patients. Although our study included patients with psoriasis and CAD, which differs from the above studies, we also found that elevated fibrinogen levels were associated with MACEs especially in patients with diabetes. These findings suggest that fibrinogen levels can be used for risk stratification of patients with diabetes and CAD. However, the ADVANCE study³⁷ showed that fibrinogen was not an independent predictor of mortality after further adjustment. There are several possible explanations for this discrepancy. First, the inclusion criteria varied. Particularly, the ADVANCE study³⁷ included patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease or one or more additional cardiovascular risk factors, whereas other studies included patients with diabetes and stable CAD³⁶ or solely patients with ACS,³³ and the present study included patients with psoriasis and CAD. Second, although the ADVANCE study included patients from many countries, Chinese and Indian patients were excluded.³⁷ Fibrinogen levels vary according to ethnicity,^38–40 hence, differences in ethnicities may have affected the results. Finally, the definitions of the clinical endpoints differed. The ADVANCE study³⁷ used major macrovascular events, microvascular complications, and mortality as clinical endpoints, whereas Yang et al defined their clinical endpoints as cardiac death, stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, post-discharge revascularization owing to clinical deterioration or unstable angina.³⁶ Moreover, Yuan³⁵ defined the clinical endpoints as all-cause and cardiac mortalities.

Meanwhile, the role of diabetes in the prognosis of patients with other diseases needs attention. Studies have showed that elevated fibrinogen levels were associated with adverse clinical events in patients with CAD and diabetes. Besides, Güzel et al’s study⁴¹ found that diabetes was associated with mortality in patients with chronic total occlusion in the univariate cox analysis. What’s more, diabetes may affect coronary collateral development. In Guzel et al’s study,⁴² there were more patients in the poor collateral group had a history of diabetes (p < 0.001). In Aktan et al’s study,⁴³ 51 of 148 patients had diabetes, and diabetes prevalence was not determined to be statistically significant even though it was higher in the poor collateral group, which might be due to low diabetic case number. The prognostic impact of diabetes in patients with other diseases is an interesting topic that deserves further study.

There are also different conclusions regarding the effects of fibrinogen levels on the prognosis of patients with ACS. Bint et al⁴⁴ showed that the fibrinogen levels in patients with ACS were higher than those in controls and a high fibrinogen level was associated with the risk of ACS. Shi et al⁴⁵ reported that patients with ACS who developed clinical events had significantly higher fibrinogen levels than those who did not, and during short- and long-term follow-up, plasma fibrinogen levels could serve as an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events. However, Choussat et al⁴⁶ did not find that fibrinogen levels were predictive factors of coronary events during 1-year follow-up in patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. In this study, we did not find a relationship between fibrinogen levels and prognosis in patients with ACS. However, fibrinogen levels were observed to be associated with a poor prognosis in patients without ACS. Notably, there are several differences between these studies. Binti et al⁴⁴ included patients with ACS based on characteristic electrocardiograms and troponin I value, whereas Choussat et al⁴⁶ included patients with unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Our study included patients with psoriasis and CAD based on the results of coronary angiography. Shi et al⁴⁵ defined endpoints as death or re-occlusion of an infarct-related artery at 30 days and 2 years, whereas Choussat et al⁴⁶ defined endpoints as death, myocardial infarction, recurrent angina, or revascularization at the 1-year follow-up. There is still a need for further research in these patients in order to determine the prognostic value of fibrinogen levels.

According to the results of the subgroups in our study, we also found that there was an association between MACEs and high fibrinogen levels in patients aged <60 years. Hsieh et al⁴⁷ evaluated the effects of fibrinogen levels on the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause death, they found that there is a greater risk of all cause death among patients aged <65 years who were with higher fibrinogen levels (test for trend p = 0.004). However, the patients in the study by Hsieh et al⁴⁷ did not have CAD at baseline. Jiang et al⁴⁸ assessed the relationship between fibrinogen levels and the prognosis of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, according to the results of subgroup analysis, fibrinogen was related to all-cause mortality among patients aged > 65 years, which is inconsistent with our results. The different clinical characteristics of patients included in above studies may partly explain the differences in these conclusions. Our findings indicate that young patients with psoriasis, CAD, and high fibrinogen levels are more likely to have subsequent malignant events. Further research is needed to confirm these novel findings.

In this study, the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the high-fibrinogen group than that in the low-fibrinogen group, which is similar to the previous study.³⁴ This result may partly explain the poor prognosis in patients with high fibrinogen levels, as our previous study confirmed that patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction had an increased risk of MACEs⁴⁹ in patients with psoriasis and CAD. According to above discussion about fibrinogen and inflammatory status, it is easy to understand that the levels of some inflammatory factors, such as white blood cells, platelet and hypersensitive C-reactive protein, were higher in the high-fibrinogen group than those in the low-fibrinogen group, which is also consistent with the previous studies.^33,34,45 Considering the role of fibrinogen as an inflammatory biomarker, further studies are needed in order to determine whether lowering fibrinogen levels can improve long-term prognoses.

Recently, many studies have gradually discovered the effects of some clinical factors on prognosis of patients. Our findings showed that high fibrinogen levels were associated with clinical adverse events in Chinese patients with psoriasis and CAD. Guzel et al⁴² demonstrated that a high atherogenic plasma index is an independent factor associated with weak collateral formation. They are all simple, non-invasive, and economic, obtains a fast result and has an important value, should be carefully evaluated in determining individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Our study has some limitations. First, this was a single-center observational cohort study, which is less convincing than clinical trials. Second, because this study was based on a Chinese population, the results may differ from those from other races. Third, the study only included patients with psoriasis and CAD, suggesting that the results may not be generalizable to all patients with CAD. Forth, we only performed baseline measurements of fibrinogen levels, we could not assess their changes in these patients and whether these changes modified the observed clinical outcomes. Future prospective multicenter studies with high quality are expected to provide more evidence.

Conclusion

Elevated fibrinogen levels are related to MACEs in Chinese patients with psoriasis and CAD, especially in those aged <60 years, those with diabetes, and those without ACS. These findings provide valuable insight into the risk stratification of patients with psoriasis and CAD.

Abbreviations

ACS, acute coronary syndromes; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI; 95% confidence interval.

Data Sharing Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai hospital (Approval No. 2021-1544). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and data was anonymized before analysis.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Dr. Jiayi Yi and Dr. Hanping Ma for their suggestions on the revision of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Suzhou Industrial Park Xinxin Cardiovascular Health Foundation “Progress · Progress Fund 2020” funded project (2020-CCA-ACCESS-120), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82192902), the Drug Research Fund for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Metabolic Therapy (T2016-ZX027), the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS, 2022-I2M-C&T-A-010) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1300100). The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; the writing of the report; or the decision to submit the article for publication.