https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-5771
Abstract
Objective
To summarize the clinical features and treatment experiences of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD)-associated acute abdomen (KD-AA).
Methods
We conducted a retrospective case-control study of patients with KD-AA treated at our hospital between January 2006 and November 2022.
Results
Of the 917 children with KD, 43 (4.7%) presented with AA. Of these, 33 with complete information were included in the KD-AA group. Patients with KD-AA were significantly older, with higher neutrophil rate, C‐reactive protein, procalcitonin, and alanine transaminase levels and lower hemoglobin, albumin, and serum sodium levels. Additionally, more patients with KD-AA presented with aseptic meningitis and KD shock syndrome than those with KD alone (all p<0.05). The two groups did not differ in the incidence of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance, incomplete KD, or coronary artery abnormalities. All patients received aspirin and IVIG therapy, with nine receiving a second dose of IVIG and 11 receiving corticosteroids. Only two patients with KD-AA underwent surgery, and the prognosis of all patients with KD-AA was good.
Conclusion
KD-AA should be suspected in febrile children with abdominal symptoms. Prompt diagnosis of KD-AA is important for early effective treatment to avoid unnecessary surgical harm. KD, complicated by acute abdomen, has a good prognosis.
Introduction
Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute febrile disease characterized by non-specific systemic vasculitis of small-to-medium-sized vessels.Citation1 Untreated patients have a 15–25% chance of developing coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs),Citation2 which are the primary causes of acquired heart disease among children in developed countries.Citation3 Acute abdomen is rare in KD and the incidence is 4.6%.Citation4 Without adequate clinical characteristic criteria for KD during the acute febrile phase, these patients are easily misdiagnosed as general surgical emergencies and frequently treated with unnecessary operations, leading to delayed treatment and increased risk of CAAs. We performed this case-control study to summarize the clinical features and treatment experiences of patients with KD-associated acute abdomen (KD-AA) and compare with KD patients without AA.
Patients and Methods
This case-control study was approved by the Mianyang Central Hospital Ethics Committee. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The informed consent was waived as the study is retrospective (Waiver No. S20230322-01). All participant data were strictly maintained with confidentiality.
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with KD who were diagnosed with complete or incomplete KD at the Department of Pediatrics, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, between January 2006 and November 2022. Two pediatricians diagnosed complete or incomplete KD based on the criteria proposed by the American Heart Association.Citation5 Complete KD was defined as having prolonged fever for ≥5 days and the presence of ≥4 of the following 5 principal clinical features: oral changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy, and non-purulent conjunctivitis. Incomplete KD patients had fever lasting ≥5 days but fewer than 4 of the 5 principal clinical features.
Case patients (KD-AA patients) were defined as patients with KD complicated by acute abdomen, which refers to intra-abdominal pathology, including thoracic pathology, with an onset of less than 1 week that may require urgent interventions, such as surgery, mainly including acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, acute pancreatitis, etc.Citation6 Case patients were excluded when they had incomplete laboratory data or had an acute abdomen caused by infections, trauma, or etiologies other than KD. For each case patient, we randomly identified four sex-matched KD patients without acute abdomen as the control group. We retrospectively collected and analyzed the medical records of these children, including demographic data, clinical information, laboratory parameters, echocardiogram data, treatment, and outcomes.
IVIG resistance was defined as persistent or recrudescent fever (>38°C) at least 36 hours and <7 days after completion of first IVIG infusion.Citation5 KD shock syndrome (KDSS) was defined as patients with KD presenting systolic hypotension for age, a sustained decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline of ≥20%, or clinical signs of poor perfusion.Citation7 CAAs were determined based on normalized Z scores for body surface area, including both dilations (2≤z-score<2.5) and aneurysms (z-score≥2.5).Citation5
Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Normality was tested using Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (mean±SD) for normal distribution or as median (interquartile range, IQR) for non-normal distribution and analyzed by Student’s t-test for parametric data or Mann–Whitney U-test for non-parametric data. Categorical data were expressed as number (percentage) and analyzed by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, when appropriate. P values<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
Between January 2006 and November 2022, 917 patients (551 boys and 366 girls) were diagnosed with KD. Of these, 43 (27 boys and 16 girls) had a clinical diagnosis of co-existing acute abdomen, corresponding to a prevalence of AA in KD of 4.7% (43/917). Cholecystitis and intestinal obstruction were the most frequent acute abdominal conditions observed in 29 (67.4%) and 11 (25.6%) patients, respectively. In addition, there were six (14.0%) patients with acute appendicitis, three (7.0%) with acute pancreatitis, three (7.0%) with acute peritonitis, and one (2.3%) each with intestinal volvulus, ileal perforation, and intussusception (). Among them, 11 had two or more concurrent acute abdominal diseases.
Table 1 Diagnoses of KD-AA Patients
After excluding those with incomplete laboratory data, 33 patients were included in the KD-AA group. Patients’ clinical characteristics are shown in . The KD-AA group comprised 21 boys and 12 girls. Patients with KD-AA were statistically significantly older (4.0±2.8 years vs 2.6±1.9 years, p=0.011). The two groups had no significant difference in sex or the diagnostic criteria for complete KD. However, non-specific symptoms such as vomiting, tachypnea, irritability, and aseptic meningitis were significantly more frequent in the KD-AA group than in the KD group (p=0.003, p<0.001, p=0.005, and p=0.001, respectively). As most patients were too young to articulate their symptoms, abdominal pain was not included in the statistical evaluations.
Table 2 Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of Patients with KD-AA or KD
Laboratory findings of the two groups are summarized in . We found that the neutrophil rate, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and alanine transaminase levels were significantly higher in the KD-AA group than in the KD control group (p=0.001, p=0.004, p<0.001, and p=0.018, respectively). However, hemoglobin, albumin and serum sodium levels were lower in the KD-AA group than in the KD control group (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.005, respectively). Other laboratory parameters showed no significant differences between the two groups.
The treatment and outcomes of the two groups are presented in . After KD diagnosis, all patients received aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, and most showed rapid clinical improvement. Only two patients with KD-AA underwent surgery. One patient was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy at a local hospital before admission, with no postoperative remission of symptoms. The other patient developed ileal perforation and underwent resection of the necrotic intestine and ileostomy. Pathological examination revealed extensive necrosis with a massive infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, none of the patients with KD-AA excluded from this study underwent surgery. The incidence of IVIG resistance was higher but statistically insignificant in the KD-AA group compared to the KD group (p=0.13). These patients required further therapeutic intervention, consisting of a second dose of IVIG and/or corticosteroids. Compared with the KD group, the KD-AA group was significantly more likely to be treated with corticosteroids and develop KDSS (p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidence of incomplete KD or cardiac complications (CAAs, valve regurgitation, and pericardial effusion) between the groups (all p>0.05). Furthermore, KD-AA patients were hospitalized for two days longer than KD patients (p=0.009). All patients were discharged with good outcomes. On long-term follow-up, no residual sequelae were observed in the digestive system.
Table 3 Treatment and Outcomes of Patients with KD-AA or KD
Discussion
KD is a systemic inflammatory reaction that may affect various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, respiratory, hematological, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal systems.Citation8 Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in 25–30% of patients with KD as markers of severity;Citation9 common clinical manifestations include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and abdominal distension. However, acute abdomen is rare in KD. In our study, 43 patients had KD-AA (4.7% of the total patients with KD). Although the present study showed similar results regarding the prevalence of acute abdomen in KD as in previous studies,Citation4 studies are still insufficient, as most are case reports.
Each organ of the digestive system can be affected. KD-AA reported in this study included cholecystitis (67.4%), intestinal obstruction (25.6%), acute appendicitis (14.0%), acute pancreatitis (7.0%), acute peritonitis (7.0%), intestinal volvulus (2.3%), ileal perforation (2.3%), and intussusception (2.3%). Vomiting and diarrhea are the most common presenting features reported in previous studies.Citation4,Citation10,Citation11 The pathogenesis of acute abdomen in KD probably relates to vasculitis of small-to-medium-sized vessels in the abdominal viscera.
The demographics of our patients with KD-AA were similar to those of previous studies; that is, a male predominance and a trend toward older age were observed.Citation4,Citation10,Citation12,Citation13 In addition, as in previous reports, the prevalence of involvement of organs other than the digestive tract in patients with KD-AA was higher than that in KD patients.Citation4 Our data also corroborate previously described laboratory abnormalities in patients with KD-AA, including higher C-reactive protein and alanine transaminase levels and lower hemoglobin and albumin.Citation4,Citation9,Citation13 Furthermore, we found that KD-AA patients had higher levels of neutrophil percentage and procalcitonin and lower serum sodium level, which has not been described in other studies. These results may be related to the higher degree of inflammation present in KD-AA.
In reported patients with KD presenting with an acute abdomen, almost all patients were treated with surgery aggressively because of the failure to consider KD in these patients initially; the symptoms did not improve postoperatively. However, symptoms improved rapidly with prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment of KD with IVIG and aspirin.Citation4,Citation13–15 In our study, all but two patients were treated with medical treatment only and showed improvement. KD patients with abdominal symptoms are at relatively higher risk of IVIG resistance and developing coronary aneurysms, because of the delayed diagnosis of KD.Citation9 However, we found no significant difference in IVIG resistance or CAAs between the groups, aided by the increased awareness of KD-AA. It is additionally notable that KD-AA is associated with higher incidence of KDSS, that means KD-AA patients maybe develop more severe disease, that is similar than other previous literature reports.Citation16,Citation17 Therefore, the prompt diagnosis and treatment of KD is important for both management and prognosis.
The strength of this study is the large number of patients with KD-AA we studied and the results added to the limited literature on KD-AA. This study had some limitations. First, there may have been bias due to the study′s retrospective design. Second, the single-center sample may have affected the generalizability of the results. Therefore, multicenter studies are recommended.
In conclusion, our findings indicate that the incidence of acute abdomen is relatively low among patients with KD. Patients with KD-AA are more likely to exhibit a more severe inflammatory burden and develop aseptic meningitis and KDSS than those with KD alone. KD-AA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile children with abdominal symptoms. Supportive medical treatments should be initially considered. Once KD is diagnosed, standard therapy with IVIG and aspirin should be administered immediately to avoid unnecessary surgical harm. However, prompt surgery is necessary when patients present with serious complications such as strangulated/mechanical bowel obstruction, infarction, or perforation. The overall prognosis of patients with KD-AA is satisfactory.
Disclosure
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Additional information
Funding
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