https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8504-7486
Abstract
Background
There is limited research on whether women choose urology as a future career. Therefore, we aimed in this study to assess the influencing and challenging factors among female physicians in Saudi Arabia.
Methods
We approached 552 female physicians, including 29 (5.2%) urologists and 523 (94.7%) non-urologists. A cross-sectional survey was carried out, which included five sections and 46 items to assess and compare the perspectives of (urologists and non-urologists regarding influencing factors to choose urology, challenges toward applying to urology, and challenges during and after urology residency. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Responses were presented as frequencies and percentages, while associations were studied using the Chi-squared test/Fisher’s exact test. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Out of 552 female physicians, 466 completed the survey. The survey items compared urologists and non-urologists among female physicians. Among both cohorts, the most influencing factors in choosing urology were the diversity of practice and urological procedures (p =0.002, p<0.001). There were no social barriers or challenges when applying for urology residency (p<0.001). Overall, the majority of female urologists reported a high level of agreement that they have more time to work at the clinic (55.2%), they are satisfied as they are currently being urologists (75.8%), satisfied with their current lifestyle (72.6%). They would choose urology again as a future career (58.6%). Non-urologist female physicians 326 (74.6%) think they are more likely to have experienced gender discrimination than urologists 15 (51.7%) (p<0.001). Female urologists were less likely to face social barriers when applying for urology residency than non-urologists (p<0.001).
Conclusion
As urologists, we must understand women’s struggles, such as gender discrimination, a lack of academic advancement, and a lack of mentorship. To foster women’s careers in urology, we must understand their unique needs, provide adequate mentorship, exterminate gender discrimination bias, and improve mentorship.
Introduction
Women represent a minority in urology. In 1985, there were less than 50 female urologists globally.Citation1 However, there has been a considerable increase in women going into surgical specialties.Citation2,Citation3 There has been a constant rise in the ratio of female residents across all disciplines. Interestingly, the most remarkable change was seen in urology.Citation2 From 1978 to 2013, the proportion of female residents increased; specifically in urology, it rose from 0.9% to 24%.Citation4 In Canada, urology has seen an increase in female applicants.Citation5 For the first time in history, women made up more than 10% of the urologists’ workforce in 2020.Citation6 The highest reported rate to date, this percentage grew further to 10.9% in 2021.Citation7 However, there are still significant gaps in role models for women in urology.Citation8
There are many reasons why women choose to pursue a career in urology. In a study published by Jackson et al, they found that the most critical factors were lifestyle, practice diversity, and procedure diversity.Citation2 Interest in surgery, prior clinical exposure to the field, mentorship in urology, and research opportunities also played a key role.Citation2,Citation5,Citation9 Nonetheless, this decision does not come without challenges; today, women still face obstacles in this field. A survey among female urology residents in the USA revealed that 60% of residents had male patients who refused to be seen by a female urologist.Citation5 In addition, some residents reported mistreatment and discrimination by male patients and colleagues. Moreover, the fact that urology has a male predominance dissuaded some women from this career path.Citation1,Citation5,Citation9,Citation10
In Saudi Arabia, no current study evaluates female urologists choosing urology as a future career and assesses the challenges faced by urology applicants and those currently in practice, whether during residency or after residency. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and identify the different aspects of female urologists’ training and challenges in Saudi Arabia and their subspeciality choices after residency. Our study is the first to compare urologist vs non-urologist physicians regarding choosing a career in urology.
Materials and Methods
This comparative cross-sectional survey study was conducted after obtaining the institutional review board (IRB) approval from the Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) - General Department of Research and Studies (GDRS) - Central IRB under Project Number (20 −165E). After questionnaire construction, our co-author senior academic members (M.A.A, M.A., and S.A.) reviewed and approved the survey content. The survey’s list of questions and items was created into five main sections, with 46 items constructed from previous publications.Citation2,Citation5,Citation9 The survey (Google form-based) was conducted among female physicians attending private and public hospitals in Saudi Arabia from October 2022 to December 2022. We approached 552 female physicians, including 29 (5.2%) urologists and 523 (94.7%) non-urologists. The main aim was to target female physicians in the form of two groups: urologists and non-urologists. The main objectives were to identify the following questions:
What are the main influencing factors in choosing urology?
What are the main challenges during to urology residency application?
What are the main challenges during residency and post-training periods?
What are the current employment and academic status of a female urologist?
What is the attitude of female urologists toward urology as a career?
A survey containing demographic data (Section-1) including age, marital status, raising children or not, the timing of having first child, current region of work, current professional level, current work setting (private/military/MOH/university hospital), and years of practice as a health care provider were collected from the participants. Furthermore, female physicians were asked about the factors that might influence them to consider or choose urology as a future specialty. Participants from both groups were asked about their point of view in (Materials and Methods–4) about specific significant questions in the field of career choices and practicing medicine, including: “What are the influencing factors if you think about/or choose urology as a future career specialty” (Section-2), “what specific challenges do you think female physician might face when they apply to urology residency (Section-3)”, what specific challenges do you think the female physician might face during urology residency or post-residency practice period (Section-4). Female physicians specializing in Urology were asked exclusively in (Section-5) to assess their employment and academic status, including current and future subspecialty in urology, current working hours, and reading habits. Finally, in (Section-6) the female urologists were asked about their attitude toward urology as a career. A complete version of the survey is presented in (Appendix A). The questions were designed mainly into the Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree), binary (yes/no), and multiple-choice questions. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and consent was taken from all targeted populations regarding their participation in the survey. Participants were requested to choose the most appropriate answer for each question. All survey data were recorded electronically and anonymously using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 20.0. Cronbach’s alpha to measure item reliability showed acceptable reliability (0.716). Descriptive statistics were presented as the median, interquartile range (IQR), and percent. For comparative statistics, Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate. A p-value of <0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance for a two-tailed comparison.
Results
Responders’ Demographics
The questionnaire was distributed to 552 physicians, and 466 returned the filled questionnaire with a response rate of 84.4%. Among the whole cohort, 437 (93.7%) were non-urologist physicians. There was more unmarried female urologist 17 (58.6%) than female non-urologist physicians 211 (48.3%). For female urologists, 11 were married (37.9%), while 9 (31%) had children, and 4 (13.8%) and 5 (17.2%) of them gave birth before and after residency training, respectively. Regarding the current professional level, 59 (13.5%) non-urologist and 6 (20.7%) urologists were working as a consultant, while 104 (23.8%) non-urologists were working as general practitioners and none from the urologist group. Most respondents worked in the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals (non-urologists 52.4%, urologists 44.8%). The majority of non-urologist, as well as urologists, had less than 5 years of practicing experience (66.1%, 65.5%), respectively ().
Table 1 Respondent Demographics
Influencing Factors in Choosing Urology
When it was asked from the respondent about the diversity of practice, 25 (86.2%) urologists while 220 (50.4%) non-urologists agreed, which is significantly different (p 0.002). Twenty-six (89.7%) urologists and 199 (45.5%) non-urologists agreed to the diversity of urological procedures with a p-value <0.001. For both interest in urology as a surgical specialty and urology having a better life-work balance compared to other specialties, female urologists agreed more than non-urologist physicians with a significant p-value (<0.001). Other factors were found to be not significant ().
Table 2 Influencing Factors to Choose Urology as a Future Career Among Responders
Challenges for Female Physicians When Applying for Urology Residency
More female urologists disagreed with 20 (69%) in part for 154 (35.3%) non-urologists when asked if it was difficult to get a recommendation letter from a urologist with a significant p-value (<0.001). More than two-thirds of non-urologist physicians, 288 (65.9%), agreed that there was an alternative specialty other than urology in contrast to urologist physicians 9(31%) p-value <0.001. Regarding the social barriers, 11 (37.9%) urologists disagreed as compared to their non-urologist counterparts, 50 (11.4%), which was significantly different with a p-value <0.001. About 3/4th of the non-urologist physician 326 (74.6%) confirmed that they are not comfortable performing male genitourinary exams as fewer urologists agreed 7(24.1%) as well as refused examination and treatment by male patients for non-urologists 290 (66.4%) versus 10 (34.4%) urologists with highly significant p-value<0.001 for both. Another finding can be found in ().
Table 3 Challenges That Might Face Female Applicants to Saudi Urology Programs
Challenges for Female Physicians During Urology Residency
When inquired about the challenges faced by the female during urology residency, in all the surveys (male patients refusing to be seen by a female urologist, inappropriate treatment by male patients, inappropriate treatment by male superiors, colleagues, or staff, and gender discrimination or harassment) non-urologist physicians agreed more as compared to urologist physicians which had significant difference with p-value<0.001. More gender discrimination or harassment might be perceived was found to be a significant difference for patients among non-urologists 326 (74.6%) while in urologists 15 (51.7%) p <0.001. The other challenges were not significant among the groups of respondents ().
Table 4 Challenges That Might Face Female Physicians During and After the Urology Residency Period
Female Urologist Employment and Academic Status
More than three-quarters of female urologists choose female urology and pelvic reconstructive (79.3%), followed by pediatric urology (65.5%) as the most common subspecialty choice and the least likely subspecialty was andrology and male infertility (24.1%) (). The average time of working hours per week for the female urologist was 24.1% for 50–60 hours and 60–70 hours each (). About two-thirds of the participants (62.1%) spend 2–5 hours studying urology every week ().
Figure 1 Urology subspecialty choices among female urologists (n=29).
Figure 2 Working hours per week among female urologists (n=29).
Figure 3 Reading habits per week among female urologists (n=29).
Female Urologist Perception and Attitude Toward Urology
Finally, the female urologist reported their attitude toward practicing urology. Overall, the majority reported a high level of agreement that they have more time to work at the clinic (55.2%), they are satisfied as they are currently being urologists (75.8%), satisfied with their current lifestyle (72.6%), satisfied with financial income (55.1%), satisfied with patient outcome (76%). Furthermore, they would choose urology again as a future career (58.6%) ().
Figure 4 Perception and attitude toward choosing urology among female urologists (n=29).
Discussion
This nationwide survey explores influencing factors to choosing urology, challenges toward applying to urology, and challenges during and after urology residency between female urologist and non-urologist physicians.
Urology is a surgical specialty that treats female and male urinary tract diseases; female medical students face barriers such as lack of exposure, perceptions of the male-dominant patient and colleague demographics, and lack of mentorship.Citation11 Furthermore, insufficient female participation in academic environments and scientific conferences.Citation12 To bring about change, the urological community must collaborate to enhance women’s contribution to Urology.
We reported a low percentage of female urologists currently in urology practice in Saudi Arabia (). Ensuring that medical students receive adequate mentorship, have clinical experience in urology, and develop accurate perceptions of the specialty may significantly aid in attracting applicants.Citation9 With the proportion of women enrolling in urology training programs increasing, more women are expected to enroll in urology training programs. In 2010, Saudi Arabia had 600 urologists (ratio 1:40,000 urologist/population), 66% of whom are specialists, and 49% of consultants are Saudi.Citation13 The Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) has improved Saudi urology residency curriculum and training capacity, with 166 training centers in 2012 and 243 in 2016,Citation14–18 with a 46.4% increase proportion in acceptance within five years interval. With an increasing proportion of urology matching systems, more women are anticipated to enroll in urology training programs and the urology community.
In the demographic section of this questionnaire (), married urologist residents are 11 (37.9%), which is lower in proportion compared to married non-urologist female residents 214 (49%), and while compared to other studies conducted in CanadaCitation3 among 60 female urologists, the married urologist is 38 (64.4%). The median age of female urologists in our study was 29. The average age of marriage for females is 20.4 years in Saudi Arabia, as reported in 2018.Citation19 In Saudi Arabia, a study reported female doctors did not believe that being doctors made women more eligible for marriage.Citation20 There is much evidence for women postponing or even giving up marriage and children for their medical careers worldwide, including the industrial countries.Citation21 Women in urology also tend to have children 7–8 years later than the national average and have fewer children overall.Citation22 Women in urology experienced more pregnancy difficulties than African-American women in rural Alabama, who share the highest prevalence of pregnancy complications in the USA.Citation22 Such challenges were not only observed among women in urology but also were similar to female orthopedic surgeons when compared to the general population; there is an increased risk of pregnancy problems and preterm birth. Additionally, it has been reported that pregnant surgeons who work 60 hours per week have a higher risk of preterm labor.Citation23
This sociocultural background may explain why most female urologists are not married.
In our data, female urologists disagreed with non-urologists when asked if it was difficult to get a recommendation letter from a urologist (p <0.001). Non-urologist physicians are likelier to have an alternative specialty than urologist physicians (<0.001). At the same time, when they asked about research opportunities in urology, they were insignificant between the two groups ( and ). Insufficient female participation in academic environments and scientific conferences has been reported.Citation12 The percentage of female academic urologists reaching full professor is 19% compared with 31% for all-female academic positions.Citation24 Data from the USA among academic urologists showed proportionally fewer women attained senior academic ranking (professor/chair) (P < 0.05).Citation25
A 2004 study of Saudi women in academic medicine found that promotion to higher ranks lagged behind males, and this may be attributed to family responsibilities, lack of institutional support, and bias.Citation26 Binsaleh et al reported that urology residents in Saudi Arabia do not perceive their learning environment positively.Citation27 In this study, compared between different training centers, The urology residents trained in the military hospital had higher satisfaction with their teachers, environment, education, and teamwork.Citation27 Since the urology curriculum is used uniformly throughout Saudi Arabia, this primarily reflects local differences among various healthcare sectors. Greater efforts are required to achieve gender equality in academia. The participation of women on scientific program committees is a crucial step in the right direction to address the issue.
According to a Saudi study of medical undergraduates reported by Binsaleh et al, (13.3%) of participants were interested in pursuing a career in urology. The main reasons for not choosing urology as a career were social barriers (39.8%), an unappealing lifestyle (24.4%), and a limited specialty (13.1%).Citation28 From our data, female urologists disagreed as compared to their non-urologist counterparts regarding social barriers, which were not challenging factors when applying for urology residency (p<0.001) (). A study from the United Kingdom; found that 28% of urologists said their undergraduate exposure to urology affected their specialty choice. Their top four reasons for choosing urology as a career were 1) inspiring role models, 2) exposure to urology as a house officer, 3) diversity of open and endoscopic urological procedures, and 4) the calm on-calls and sociable lifestyle.Citation29 Similarly, a study reported that female applicants are more likely to match programs with more female residents and faculty.Citation30 Data from one medical college in Saudi Arabia reported that most medical students could efficiently take a sexual history and perform genitourinary and digital rectal examination (DRE);Citation28 the same author reported that knowledge of medical school graduates is insufficient in many urologic subjects and mainly due to lack of urology exposure, social reasons and lack of knowledge.Citation28 Medical schools with mandatory urology rotations consistently produce more urology applicants,Citation31 and clinical exposure is a critical factor in choosing a career in urology.Citation9,Citation30,Citation32
Generally, the perception toward those challenges changed positively among female urologists as they reported less agreement than the non-urologist group (p <0.001) (). In previous literature, women experienced a variety of barriers in urology. According to a 2006 survey, the most common challenges faced by female urology residents were refusal to see male patients (60%), inappropriate treatment by male colleagues (36%) or male patients (29%), and sexual harassment (22%).Citation2 A 2000 survey of 3000 full-time faculty members in the USA found that about half of the female faculty had experienced sexual harassment.Citation33,Citation34 More recently, in a 2016 study in the USA of 1066 physician-scientists, 30% of women reported sexual harassment and 66% gender bias in professional advancement.Citation35
From our data, a minority of female urologists, 20%, think that gender discrimination or harassment would be a challenging issue compared to most non-urologist females; 58% think it would be a challenge (). Data from Saudi Arabia reported that more than three-quarters of Saudi residents experienced harassment and discrimination, significantly more among female than male residents (P=0.0061).Citation36 Studies to determine whether females are socially integrated into the profession of medicine suggest that women typically receive more emotional support than men but less informational and instrumental support from their departments, supervisors, and co-workers.Citation37
In addition to workplace discrimination and harassment, there is a lack of mentoring for females in urology. In 1985, none of the 22 women in urology practice said they knew a female surgeon, according to a survey.Citation38 The numbers in a modern study on women in urology were similar, with 65% reporting male mentors and 29% reporting no mentor in urology.Citation39 While female urologists in Canada, 40% found it challenging to find a mentor during their training. It is undeniable that mentorship in the medical field has great professional value for both mentor and mentee. The lack of mentorship for female urology is remarkable.Citation11,Citation24,Citation39 Data from USA urology programs showed the most common reason for not having a formal mentorship program was because the program felt that informal mentorship sufficed.Citation40 A study among women in Emergency Medicine reported that Mentoring programs had shown benefits for both the mentee and mentor, with improvements in career satisfaction, stress management, academic productivity, and work-family balance for mentees and, for mentors, increased research productivity, personal satisfaction, and opportunities for career advancement.Citation41 From our study, the lack of mentorship among both groups was not statistically significant as a challenging factor in choosing urology as a specialty (). A study from Saudi Arabia showed a positive perspective and high principles of mentorship held by anesthesiology residents.Citation42 The SCFHS reported the number of medical students under graduation with an MBBS degree in 2018 was 26,216, 11,600 (44.2%) were women in Saudi Arabia, distributed in 37 medical schools in Saudi Arabia (28 governmental and nine private sectors).Citation43 That may reflect a generally growing women’s mentorship program in Saudi Arabia.
In our study, among both groups (female urologists vs non-urologist), work-related pregnancy complications and maternity leave were statistically insignificant challenges during urology residency (). However, women urologists have children later in life, a smaller number, a higher induction rate, and a higher incidence of pregnancy complications.Citation22 This is similar to female orthopedic surgeons, who have an increased risk of pregnancy complications and preterm delivery than the general population.Citation23 In addition, an increased risk of preterm labor has been reported in surgeons working > 60 hours/ week during pregnancy.Citation23
Among female urologists, our data likewise data from the USA,Citation2,Citation25 the two most common fellowship choices were female urogynecology/reconstruction and pediatrics (). Oberlin et al found that female urologists operated on more female patients than their male counterparts (54% vs 32%), even when performing gender-neutral surgeries or having gender-neutral fellowship training such as endourology.Citation44 Some literature also shows that female patients have a gender preference for female physicians.Citation45 Urology practice has expanded to address a variety of diseases classified as female-specific disorders. As a result, such an expanding array of patients allowing treating people of both sexes and all ages appears essential to female medical students and residents when choosing urology in general and fellowship opportunities in particular.Citation2 On the other hand, when we asked the female physicians about research opportunities in urology, it was statistically insignificant among both groups (female urologists vs non-urologist) (). Mentoring programs have shown benefits in improving research productivity.Citation41 Improving psychosocial barriers to advancement, such as lack of mentorship, discriminatory policies, increased engagement and representation in clinical research, academic conferences, and scientific meetings, may help pioneering female urologists as they progress in their careers.
The working hours among female physicians from previous data are variable. In our study, 24.1% of female urologists reported average working hours of 50–60 and 60–70 (). For female urologists, data from the USA showed they work the same hours as male colleagues; 61% reported working 51 or more hours a week.Citation24 A survey in the USA of 1049 academic physicians found that women spent 8.5 more hours per week on domestic activities and were more likely to take time off for childcare than men.Citation46 Another study reported that marriage and raising children among women but not men resulted in fewer work hours.Citation47 In Canada, physicians are paid according to a standard fee schedule and have substantial discretion in setting their work hours; male and female physicians have statistically indistinguishable hours of market work when never married and without children.Citation48 Recent data from Saudi Arabia among 215 urology residents showed mean personal burnout was 57.92, while the mean work-related burnout was 55.26 using Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) questionnaire; females have higher work-related burnout with a mean of 57.5.Citation49
In our study, the reading habits among female urologists are still low; about two-thirds of the female urologist, 18 (62.1%), spend 2–5 hours studying urology every week (). Our result is similar to recent data from Saudi Arabia; among 142 urology residents, females represented few in this study 5 (3.5%), showed 37.3% read for 2–5 hours weekly, with the majority studying up to 10 hours, and the minority for 10–40 hours in aggregated percentages, and remarkably juniors read more than seniors (P = 0.034).Citation50 Most Saudi urology residents (82.3%) reported studying up to 10 hours per week,Citation50 which exceeds the 4 hours for surgical residentsCitation51 but is less than the 10 hours for Canadian urologists.Citation52 Our data () were like the USA found 87% were happy with the choice of urology, 81% would repeat the decision, and 91% would again choose a surgical subspecialty.Citation53 According to a previous study, most respondents (91.1%) had a urology rotation, 52.7% defined urology as a surgical specialty and 46.3% considered it a medico-surgical specialty.Citation31
Limitation
Selection bias was one of the limitations of this study. The inability to show temporal relationships, one of our study design limitations, restricts the ability to infer causation. Since there are no statistics on female urologists in training, assessing the precise level of female representation is difficult. Due to a shortage of female urologists, Fisher’s exact tests had to be used, given the small number of female urologists nationwide. Nevertheless, this is the first study comparing different aspects of the urology specialty among female and non-urologist physicians. Our study strength showed a higher response rate of 84.4% to the study survey with a large sample size and the use of a control group of non-urology female physicians to assess different aspects of choosing urology as a future career.
Conclusions
We reported a low percentage of females practicing urology in Saudi Arabia. In our study, the most influencing factor in choosing urology was the diversity of practice, urological procedures, and a well-balanced work-to-life commitment. Female urologists, as opposed to non-urologists, reported having no obvious challenges that might affect their application to urology. Further research is needed to explore differences between men and women in urology throughout their careers. If we want to increase the number of women in urology, it seems important to increase the number of women applying to urology and improve women’s wellness, leadership, and mentorship programs.
Ethics
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) - General Department of Research and Studies (GDRS) - Central Institutional Review Board under Project Number (20 −165E), approval date (19/8/2020).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under Project Number R-2023-486.
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