Referances
- Jensen SL, Lund F, Nielsen OV, et al. Lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy versus anal dilatation in the treatment of fissure in ano in outpatients: a prospective randomised study. Br Med J. 1984;289(6444):528–530. doi: 10.1136/bmj.289.6444.528.
- Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJA. Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow – the vascular pathogenesis of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(7):664–669. doi: 10.1007/BF02054409.
- Cotton MH. Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1997;84(2):279. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800840241.
- Van Outryve M. Physiopathology of the anal fissure. Acta Chir Belg. 2006;106(5):517–518. doi: 10.1080/00015458.2006.11679942.
- Gulcu B, Ozturk E. Botulinum toxin injection is an effective alternative for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Acta Chir Belg. 2021;0(0):1–7.
- Ebinger SM, Hardt J, Warschkow R, et al. Operative and medical treatment of chronic anal fissures-a review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(6):663–676. doi: 10.1007/s00535-017-1335-0.
- Bobkiewicz A, Francuzik W, Krokowicz L, et al. Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of chronic anal fissure: is there any dose-dependent efficiency? A meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2016;40(12):3064–3072. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3693-9.
- De Robles MS, Young CJ. Real world outcomes of lateral internal sphincterotomy vs botulinum toxin for the management of chronic anal fissures. Asian J Surg. 2022;45(1):184–188. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.04.027.
- Stewart DB, Gaertner W, Glasgow S, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60(1):7–14. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000735.
- Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD003431. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003431.pub3.
- Sahebally SM, Meshkat B, Walsh SR, et al. Botulinum toxin injection vs topical nitrates for chronic anal fissure: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20(1):6–15. doi: 10.1111/codi.13969.
- Boland PA, Kelly ME, Donlon NE, et al. Management options for chronic anal fissure: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2020;35(10):1807–1815. doi: 10.1007/s00384-020-03699-4.
- Nevler A. The epidemiology of anal incontinence and symptom severity scoring. Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;2(2):79–84. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gou005.
- Jorge JMN, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36(1):77–97. doi: 10.1007/BF02050307.
- Çakir C, Idiz UO, Aydin I, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of two treatment modalities for chronic anal fissure: botox versus sphincterotomy. Turk J Surg. 2020;36(3):264–270. doi: 10.47717/turkjsurg.2020.4492.
- Chowdhury S, Chakraborty P P Universal health coverage – there is more to it than meets the eye. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2017;6(2):169–170.
- Dat A, Chin M, Skinner S, et al. Botulinum toxin therapy for chronic anal fissures: where are we at currently? ANZ J Surg. 2017;87(9):E70–E73. doi: 10.1111/ans.13329.
- Yiannakopoulou E. Botulinum toxin and anal fissure: efficacy and safety systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(1):1–9. doi: 10.1007/s00384-011-1286-5.
- Roelandt P, Coremans G, Wyndaele J. Injection of botulinum toxin significantly increases efficiency of fissurectomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2022;37(2):309–312. doi: 10.1007/s00384-021-04057-8.
- Pilkington SA, Bhome R, Welch RE, et al. Bilateral versus unilateral botulinum toxin injections for chronic anal fissure: a randomised trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22(7):545–551. doi: 10.1007/s10151-018-1821-2.
- Godevenos D, Pikoulis E, Pavlakis E, et al. The treatment of chronic anal fissure with botulinum toxin. Acta Chir Belg. 2004;104(5):577–580. doi: 10.1080/00015458.2004.11679618.
- Wald A, Bharucha AE, Cosman BC, et al. ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(8):1141–1157. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.190.
- Lin JX, Krishna S, Su’a B, et al. Optimal dosing of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic anal fissure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59(9):886–894. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000612.
- Casillas S, Hull TL, Zutshi M, et al. Incontinence after a lateral internal sphincterotomy: are we underestimating it? Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(6):1193–1199. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0914-3.
- Borsuk DJ, Studniarek A, Park JJ, et al. Use of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: results from an American Society of Colon and rectal surgeons survey. Am Surg. 2021;0(0):1–9. doi: 10.1177/00031348211023446.
- Brisinda G, Albanese A, Cadeddu F, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin to treat chronic anal fissure: results of a randomized “botox vs. Dysport” controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(6):695–701. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01895.x.