Reconceptualising Media Ownership and Shifting Power Relations in an Emerging Digital Media Framework

References

• Aalberg, Toril, and James Curran. 2012. How Media Inform Democracy: A Comparative Approach. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, Joshua D. 2017. Journey Into Social Activism. New York: Fordham University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku, Henry Louis Gates, and Steven J. Niven. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Olga G., Bart Cammaerts, and Nick Carpentier. 2008. Understanding Alternative Media. New York: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C. Edwin C. 2006. Media Concentration and Democracy. Why Ownership Matters. New York: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, Timothy. 2001. ‘The Cuts of Language: The East/West of North/South’. Public Culture 13 (1): 39–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Communications Authority of Kenya. 2022. Quarterly Sector Statistic Report Q1: 2022-2023.
   Google Scholar
• Couldry, Nick. 2013. Media, Society, World. Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, Gillian. 2002. Media Ownership: The Economics and Politics of Convergence and Concentration in the UK and European Media. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Durrani, Shiraz. 2016. Never Be Silent: Publishing and Imperialism In Kenya 1884-1963. London: Vita Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, Emma G. 2016. ‘Gab, the Alt-Right’s Very Own Twitter, Is the Ultimate Filter Bubble’. Wired, 14 September.
   Google Scholar
• Faringer, Gunilla L. 1991. Press Freedom in Africa. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. 2021. Kenya Country Report.
   Google Scholar
• Halford, Susan, and Mike Savage. 2010. ‘Reconceptualizing Digital Social Inequality’. Information, Communication & Society 13 (7): 937–955. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.499956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasen, Richard L. 2020. ‘Deep Fakes, Bots, and Siloed Justices: American Election Law in a Post-Truth World’. St. Louis University Law Journal.
   Google Scholar
• Kenix, Linda. J. 2011. Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Kenya Leads Africa on YouTube Content Creation’. 2022. The East African, 25 February.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Kenyan Businessman Jacob Juma Shot Dead in Nairobi’. 2016. BBC, 6 May.
   Google Scholar
• Klopp, Jacqueline M., and Janai R. Orina. 2002. ‘University Crisis, Student Activism, and the Contemporary Struggle for Democracy in Kenya’. African Studies Review 45 (1): 43–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1515007.
   Google Scholar
• Kulundu, Mary. 2018. ‘The Strict Message Twitter Sent to Cyprian Nyakundi After Suspension’. Pulse Live, 31 July.
   Google Scholar
• Mano, Winston. 2009. ‘Reconceptualising African Media Studies’. In Internationalising Media Studies, edited by Daya Kishan Thussu, 277–294. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mano, Winston, and viola c. milton. 2021. ‘Afrokology as A Transdisciplinary Approach to Media and Communication Studies’. In Routledge Handbook of African Media and Communication Studies, edited by Winston Mano and viola c. milton, 256–275. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Media Council of Kenya. 2021. Status of the Media Survey: November 2020 Report.
   Google Scholar
• Media Council of Kenya. 2022. Public Notice: Recognition of Mobile/Smart Phones as Professional Journalistic Equipment.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Information, Communications and Technology. 2019. National Information, Communications and Technology (ICT) Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhongo, Lusike L. 2015. ‘“Friends or Foes?” A Critique of the Development of the Media and the Evolving Relationship Between Press and Politics in Kenya’. Critical Arts 29 (1): 59-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2015.1009678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murunga, Godwin R. and Shadrack W. Nasong’o. eds. 2007. Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mwaura, Job. 2021. ‘The Practice of Citizen Journalism at Kibera News Network’. African Journalism Studies 42 (4), 31-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2021.2021262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ‘New Threat to Kenya Vernacular Radio’ 2000. BBC, 10 October.
   Google Scholar
• Nyabuga, George, and Nancy Booker. 2013. Mapping Digital Media: Kenya. Nairobi: Open Society Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Ogola, George. 2010. ‘“If You Rattle a Snake, be Prepared to be Bitten”: Popular Culture, Politics and the Kenyan News Media’. In Popular Media, Democracy, and Development in Africa, edited by Herman Wasserman, 139–152. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pangrazio, Luciana. 2016. ‘Reconceptualising Critical Digital Literacy’. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 37 (2): 163–174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2014.942836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perzanowski, Aaron, and Jason Schultz. 2018. The End of Ownership. Personal Property in the Digital Economy. Boston: The MIT Press
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Tom. 2010. Media Ownership. Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company
   Google Scholar
• Schlosberg, Justin. 2017. Media Ownership and Agenda Control: The Hidden Limits of the Information Age. London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, Ibrahim S. 2009. ‘Towards An African Journalism Model: A Critical Historical Perspective’. International Communication Gazette 71 (6): 491–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509339792.
   Google Scholar
• Some, Kipchumba. 2015. ‘Two years of anguish mark family’s search for missing blogger Bogonko Bosire’. The Standard, 21 December.
   Google Scholar
• Valcke, Peggy, Miklós Sükösd, and Robert G. Picard. 2015. Media Pluralism and Diversity: Concepts, Risks and Global Trends. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Wurff, Richard. 2008. ‘The Impact of the Internet on Media Content’. In The Internet and The Mass Media, edited by Lucy Küng, Ruth Towse and Robert G. Picard, 65–85. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• We Are Social. 2022. Digital 2022 July Global Statshot Report, vers.2.
   Google Scholar
• Wilding, Derek, Peter Fray, Sacha Molitorisz, and Elaine McKewon. 2018. The Impact of Digital Platforms on News and Journalistic Content. Sydney: University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, Wendy. 2013. ‘Participation–in What? Radio, Convergence, and the Corporate Logic of Audience Input Through New Media in Zambia’. Telematics and Informatics 30 (3): 223–231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winseck, Dwayne. 2011. The Political Economies of the Media and the Transformations of the Global Media Industries. In The Political Economies of Media, edited by Dwayne Winseck and Dal Yong Jin, 142–166. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar