Understandings and applications of self-compassion and self-coldness among Hazaras in Australia: a qualitative study

References

• Aizik-Reebs, A., Amir, I., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2022). Candidate mechanisms of action of mindfulness-based trauma recovery for refugees (MBTR-R): Self-compassion and self-criticism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). 2021 census all persons QuickStats. Retrieved February 7, 2023, from https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/31105132625
   Google Scholar
• Blackmore, R., Boyle, J. A., Fazel, M., Ranasinha, S., Gray, K. M., Fitzgerald, G., Misso, M., Gibson-Helm, M., & Spiegel, P. (2020). The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS Medicine, 17(9), e1003337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021a). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021b). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 201–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017). Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 696. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., Engel, K. E., Seidman, A. J., & Heath, P. J. (2018). Do self-compassion and self-coldness distinctly relate to distress and well-being? A theoretical model of self-relating. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busted, L. M., Nielsen, D. S., & Birkelund, R. (2020). “Sometimes it feels like thinking in syrup”–The experience of losing sense of self in those with young onset dementia. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 15(1), 1734277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1734277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, S. M., Shih, P., Williams, J., Degeling, C., & Mooney-Somers, J. (2021). Conducting qualitative research online: Challenges and solutions. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 14(6), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-021-00528-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catarino, F., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., & Baiao, R. (2014). Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(5), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chwyl, C., Chen, P., & Zaki, J. (2021). Beliefs about self-compassion: Implications for coping and self-improvement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(9), 1327–1342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220965303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, S., Enticott, J. C., Shawyer, F., & Meadows, G. (2019). Determinants of mental illness among humanitarian migrants: Longitudinal analysis of findings from the first three waves of a large cohort study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copolov, C., & Knowles, A. (2021). “Everything was stuck in my inside and I just wanted to get it out”: Psychological distress, coping, and help-seeking for young adult Australian Hazaras from refugee backgrounds. Transcultural Psychiatry, 60(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211059684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copolov, C., Knowles, A., & Meyer, D. (2018). Exploring the predictors and mediators of personal wellbeing for young Hazaras with refugee backgrounds in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, O. S., Rowland, L. A., Van Lissa, C. J., Zlotowitz, S., McAlaney, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2018). Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76, 320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshahat, S., Moffat, T., & Newbold, K. B. (2021). Understanding the healthy immigrant effect in the context of mental health challenges: A systematic critical review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 24(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01313-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes, S., Williams, H., & Karl, A. (2021). Psychophysiological responses to a brief self-compassion exercise in armed forces veterans. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (1998). The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(4), 447–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb01002.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, research, and uses in psychotherapy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2015). A biopsychosocial and evolutionary approach to formulation. In N. Tarrier & J. Johnson (Eds.), Case formulation in cognitive behaviour therapy: The treatment of challenging and complex cases (pp. 52–89). Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., Ojserkis, R. A., Jalal, B., Peou, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Loving‐kindness in the treatment of traumatized refugees and minority groups: A typology of mindfulness and the nodal network model of affect and affect regulation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., Pich, V., Hofman, S. G., & Otto, M. W. (2013). Mindfulness and acceptance techniques as applied to refugee and ethnic minority populations: Examples from culturally adapted CBT (CACBT). Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Keyan, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2017). Acute physical exercise in humans enhances reconsolidation of emotional memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell, B. J., Batch, N., Hellyer, S., Bulnes‐Diez, M., Kamte, A., Klassen, C., Wong, J., Byrow, Y., & Nickerson, A. (2022). Understanding the effects of being separated from family on refugees in Australia: A qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 46(5), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maley, W. (2009). Hazāra. In J. L. Esposito (Ed.), The oxford encyclopedia of the Islamic world. Oxford University Press. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0945
   Google Scholar
• Maley, W. (2021). On the return of Hazaras to Afghanistan. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Maley-Hazaras-9.10.21.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNevin, A., & Correa-Velez, I. (2006). Asylum seekers living in the community on bridging visa E: Community sector’s response to detrimental policies. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 41(1), 125–139. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.157634344057537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, E. C., Szabo, Y. Z., Frankfurt, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., DeBeer, B. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2019). Predictors of recovery from post-deployment posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in war veterans: The contributions of psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 114, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A., Hess, J. M., Bybee, D., & Goodkind, J. R. (2018). Understanding the mental health consequences of family separation for refugees: Implications for policy and practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: An ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta‐analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self‐compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(2), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors. (2019). Hazara mental health consultation report. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from https://www.nswmentalhealthcommission.com.au/sites/default/files/old/starrts_hazar_report_sept_2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, P., & Fisher, J. (2015). Sensorimotor psychotherapy: Interventions for trauma and attachment. W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, A. (2020). Afghan-Hazara migration and relocation in a globalised Australia. Islamic and Muslim Studies in Australia, 11(12), 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11120670
   Google Scholar
• Payne, P., Levine, P. A., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2015). Somatic experiencing: Using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. M., Pedulla, T., & Siegel, R. (2014). Sitting together: Essential skills for mindfulness-based psychotherapy. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procter, N. G. (2005). ‘They first killed his heart (then) he took his own life’. Part 1: A review of the context and literature on mental health issues for refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 11(6), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2005.00537.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Procter, N. G., Kenny, M. A., Eaton, H., & Grech, C. (2018). Lethal hopelessness: Understanding and responding to asylum seeker distress and mental deterioration. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(1), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddish, P., Fischer, R., Bulbulia, J., & Szolnoki, A. (2013). Let’s dance together: Synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation. PloS One, 8(8), e71182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoglio, A. A. J., Rudat, D. A., Garvert, D., Jarmolowski, M., Jackson, C., & Herman, J. L. (2015). Self-compassion and responses to trauma: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(13), 2016–2036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515622296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shawyer, F., Enticott, J. C., Block, A. A., Cheng, I. H., & Meadows, G. N. (2017). The mental health status of refugees and asylum seekers attending a refugee health clinic including comparisons with a matched sample of Australian-born residents. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1239-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove, D., Steel, Z., Susljik, I., Frommer, N., Loneragan, C., Chey, T., Brooks, R., le Touze, D., Ceollo, M., Smith, M., Harris, E., & Bryant, R. (2007). The impact of the refugee decision on the trajectory of PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among asylum seekers: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 2(6), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2007.0041
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzen, T. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2020). The roles of emotion regulation self-efficacy and emotional avoidance in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1818654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Momartin, S., Silove, D., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Tay, K. W. (2011). Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. Social Science & Medicine, 72(7), 1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Silove, D., Brooks, R., Momartin, S., Alzuhairi, B., & Susljik, I. N. A. (2006). Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P. E., Dundas, I., Visted, E., Nordby, H., Schanche, E., & Sørensen, L. (2016). Trait self-compassion reflects emotional flexibility through an association with high vagally mediated heart rate variability. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0549-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudsri, P., & Hebbani, A. (2015). ‘Now I’m part of Australia and I need to know what is happening here’: Case of Hazara male former refugees in Brisbane strategically selecting media to aid acculturation. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(4), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0373-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tull, M. T., Hahn, K. S., Evans, S. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Gratz, K. L. (2011). Examining the role of emotional avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2010.515187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022). Figures at a glance. Retrieved February 7, 2023, from https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/figures-at-a-glance.html
   Google Scholar
• van Kooy, J., & Bowman, D. (2019). ‘Surrounded with so much uncertainty’: Asylum seekers and manufactured precarity in Australia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(5), 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1427563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wyk, S., Schweitzer, R., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Murray, K. (2012). A longitudinal study of mental health in refugees from Burma: The impact of therapeutic interventions. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(10), 995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412443059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervliet, M., Lammertyn, J., Broekaert, E., & Derluyn, I. (2014). Longitudinal follow-up of the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(5), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0463-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winders, S. J., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O’Reilly, G. (2020). Self‐compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 300–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, S., Renzaho, A. M., Hall, B. J., Shi, L., Ling, L., & Chen, W. (2021). Time-varying associations of pre-migration and post-migration stressors in refugees’ mental health during resettlement: A longitudinal study in Australia. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30422-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self‐compassion and well‐being: A meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar