165
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Nutrition & Metabolism

Feed form and perch design do not interact to production performance, gastrointestinal tract traits, behaviour and welfare of laying hens reared in enriched cages

, , , , , , ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 165-178 | Received 16 May 2023, Accepted 20 Dec 2023, Published online: 19 Feb 2024

References

  • Abdollahi, M. R., V. Ravindran, and B. Svihus. 2013. “Pelleting of Broiler Diets: An Overview with Emphasis on Pellet Quality and Nutritional Value.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 179 (1–4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.011.
  • Abdollahi, M. R., V. Ravindran, T. J. Wester, G. Ravindran, and D. V. Thomas. 2011. “Influence of Feed Form and Conditioning Temperature on Performance, Apparent Metabolisable Energy and Ileal Digestibility of Starch and Nitrogen in Broiler Starters Fed Wheat-Based Diet.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 168 (1–2): 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.014.
  • Abdollahi, M. R., F. Zaefarian, V. Ravindran, and P. H. Selle. 2018. “The Interactive Influence of Dietary Nutrient Density and Feed Form on the Performance of Broiler Chickens.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 239:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.03.005.
  • Abrahamsson, P., and R. Tauson. 1994. “Effect of Perches at Different Positions in Conventional Cages for Laying Hens of Two Different Strains.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 43 (4): 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709309410171.
  • Amerah, A. M., V. Ravindran, R. G. Lentle, and D. G. Thomas. 2007a. “Feed Particle Size: Implications on the Digestion and Performance of Poultry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 63:439–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933907001560.
  • Amerah, A. M., V. Ravindran, R. G. Lentle, and D. G. Thomas. 2007b. “Influence of Feed Particle Size and Feed form on the Performance, Energy Utilisation, Digestive Tract Development and Digesta Parameters of Broiler Starters.” Poultry Science 86 (12): 2615–2623. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00212.
  • Appleby, M. C., S. F. Smith, and B. O. Hughes. 1992. “Individual Perching Behaviour of Laying Hens and Its Effects in Cages.” British Poultry Science 33 (2): 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669208417462.
  • ASAE. 1995. “Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving. ASAE Standard S319.2.” In Agriculture Engineers Yearbook of Standards, edited by Electric Power and Processing Division Technical Committee, 461–462. St. Joseph, MO: American Society of Agriculture Engineers.
  • Bist, R. B., S. Subedi, L. Chai, P. Regmi, C. W. Ritz, W. K. Kim, and X. Yang. 2023. “Effects of Perching on Poultry Welfare and Production: A Review.” Poultry 2 (2): 134–157. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry2020013.
  • Bozkurt, M., I. Giannenas, M. Çabuk, and A. E. Tüzün. 2020. “The Effect of Feed Structure on Gastrointestinal Tract Traits and Performance in Laying Hens: An Overview of 70 years’ Experience.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 76 (3): 493–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1790330.
  • Bozkurt, M., B. Koçer, G. Ege, A. E. Tüzün, H. H. Bıyık, and E. Poyrazoğlu. 2019. “Influence of the Particle Size and Form of Feed on Growth Performance, Digestive Tract Traits and Nutrient Digestibility of White Egg-Laying Pullets from 1 to 112 D of Age.” Poultry Science 98 (9): 4016–4029. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez144.
  • Bozkurt, M., K. Küçükyilmaz, A. U. Çatlı, M. Çınar, E. Bintaş, and F. Çöven. 2012. “Performance, Egg Quality and Immune Response of Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Mannan Oligosaccharide or an Essential Oil Mixture Under Moderate and Hot Environmental Conditions.” Poultry Science 88 (11): 2368–2374. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02023.
  • Carey, J. B., F. L. Kuo, and K. E. Anderson. 1995. “Effects of Cage Population on the Productive Performance of Layers.” Poultry Science 74 (4): 633–637. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0740633.
  • Carpenter, K. J., and K. M. Clegg. 1956. “The Metabolizable Energy of Poultry Feeding Stuffs in Relation to Their Chemical Composition.” Journal Science Food and Agriculture 7 (1): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740070109.
  • Casey-trott, T., J. L. Heerkens, M. Petrik, P. Regmi, L. Schrader, M. J. Toscano, and T. Widowski. 2015. “Methods for Assessment of Keel Bone Damage in Poultry.” Poultry Science 94 (10): 2339–2350. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev223.
  • Chargo, N. J., C. I. Robison, S. L. Baker, M. J. Toscano, M. M. Makagon, and D. M. Karcher. 2019. “Keel Bone Damage Assessment: Consistency in Enriched Colony Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 98 (2): 1017–1022. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey373.
  • Dikmen, B. Y., A. Ipek, U. Şahan, M. Petek, and A. Sözcü. 2016. “Egg Production and Welfare of Laying Hens Kept in Different Housing Systems (Conventional, Enriched Cage, and Free Range).” Poultry Science 95 (7): 1564–1572. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew082.
  • Duncan, E. T., M. C. Appleby, and B. O. Hughes. 1992. “Effect of Perches in Laying Cages on Welfare and Production of Hens.” British Poultry Science 33 (1): 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669208417441.
  • EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. 2015. “Scientific Opinion on Welfare Aspects of the Use of Perches for Laying Hens.” The EFSA Journal 13 (6): 1–70. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4131.
  • Ege, G., M. Bozkurt, B. Koçer, A. E. Tüzün, M. Uygun, and G. Alkan. 2019. “Influence of Feed Particle Size and Feed Form on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Gastrointestinal Tract Traits, Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Morphology and Nutrient Digestibility of Laying Hens Reared in Enriched Cages.” Poultry Science 98 (9): 3787–3801. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez082.
  • Elson, H. A., and R. Croxall. 2006. “European Study on the Comparative Welfare of Laying Hens in Cage and Non-Cage Systems.” Archiv für Geflügelkunde 70 (5): 194–198.
  • Engberg, R. M., M. S. Hedemann, and B. B. Jensen. 2002. “The Influence of Grinding and Pelleting of Feed on the Microbial Composition and Activity in the Digestive Tract of Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 43 (4): 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007166022000004480.
  • Fenton, T. W., and M. Fenton. 1979. “An Improved Method for Chromic Oxide Determination in Feed and Feces.” Canadian Journal of Animal Science 59 (3): 631–634. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas79-081.
  • Frikha, M., H. M. Safaa, E. Jiménez-moreno, R. P. Lázaro, and G. G. Mateos. 2009. “Influence of Energy Concentration and Feed Form of the Diet on Growth Performance and Digestive Traits of Brown Egg-Laying Pullets from 1 to 120 Days of Age.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 153 (3–4): 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.012.
  • González-alvarado, J. M., E. Jiménez-moreno, D. G. Valencia, R. P. Lázaro, and G. G. Mateos. 2008. “Effect of Fiber Source and Heat Processing of the Cereal on the Development and pH of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers Fed Diets Based on Corn and Rice.” Poultry Science 87 (9): 1779–1795. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00070.
  • Hafeez, A., A. Mader, I. Ruhnke, I. Röhe, F. Goodarzi Boroojeni, M. S. Yousaf, K. Männer, and J. Zentek. 2015. “Implication of Milling Methods, Thermal Treatment, and Particle Size of Feed in Layers on Mineral Digestibility and Retention of Minerals in Egg Contents.” Poultry Science 94 (2): 240–248. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu070.
  • Haugh, R. R. 1937. “The Haugh Unit for Measuring Egg Quality.” US Egg & Poultry Magazine 43 (12): 552–573.
  • Herrera, J., B. Saldaña, P. Guzmán, L. Cámara, and G. G. Mateos. 2017. “Influence of Particle Size of the Main Cereal of the Diet on Egg Production, Gastrointestinal Tract Traits, and Body Measurements of Brown Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 96 (2): 440–448. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew256.
  • Hester, P. Y., S. A. Enneking, B. K. Haley, H. W. Cheng, M. E. Einstein, and D. A. Rubin. 2013. “The Effect of Perch Availability During Pullet Rearing and Egg Laying on Musculoskeletal Health of Caged White Leghorn Hens.” Poultry Science 92 (8): 1972–1980. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03008.
  • Hetland, H., R. O. Moe, R. Tauson, S. Lervik, and B. Svihus. 2004. “Effect of Including Whole Oats into Pellets on Performance and Plumage Condition in Laying Hens Housed in Conventional and Furnished Cages.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science 54 (4): 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700410010026.
  • Hetland, H., B. Svihus, S. Lervik, and R. Moe. 2003. “Effect of Feed Structure on Performance and Welfare in Laying Hens Housed in Conventional and Furnished Cages.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 53 (2): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700310002387.
  • Jiménez-moreno, E., A. de Coca-sinova, J. M. González-alvarado, and G. G. Mateos. 2016. “Inclusion of Insoluble Fiber Sources in Mash or Pellet Diets for Young Broilers. 1. Effects on Growth Performance and Water Intake.” Poultry Science 95 (1): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.03.011.
  • Kandasami, R., R. Sangameswaran, C. Sudharsan, T. Sathyabama, P. Selvaraj, M. Moorthy, and P. Vasanthakumar. 2023. “Effect of the Cold-Press Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance of Laying Hens.” Agricultural Mechanisation in Asia, Africa and Latin America 54 (7): 14767–14773.
  • Kappeli, S., S. G. Gebhardt-henrich, E. Fröhlich, A. Pfulg, H. Schäublin, and M. H. Stoffel. 2011. “Effects of Housing, Perches, Genetics, and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol on Keel Bone Deformities in Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 90 (8): 1637–1644. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01379.
  • Karunajeewa, H., R. J. Hughes, M. W. McDonald, and F. S. Shenstone. 1984. “A Review of Factors Influencing Pigmentation of Egg Yolks.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 40:52–65. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19840006.
  • Koçer, B., M. Bozkurt, K. Küçükyilmaz, G. Ege, H. Akşit, A. Orojpour, S. Topbaş, A. E. Tüzün, E. Bintaş, and K. Seyrek. 2016. “Effects of Particle Sizes and Physical Form of the Diet on Performance, Egg Quality and Size of the Digestive Organs in Laying Hens.” European Poultry Science 80. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.159.
  • Konkol, D., E. Popiela, and M. Korczynski. 2020. “The Effect of an Enriched Laying Environment on Welfare, Performance, and Egg Quality Parameters of Laying Hens Kept in a Cage System.” Poultry Science 99 (8): 3771–3776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.01.
  • Liu, K., H. Xina, T. Shepherd, and Y. Zhao. 2018. “Perch-Shape Preference and Perching Behaviors of Young Laying Hens.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 203:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.02.009.
  • Liu, S. Y., H. H. Truong, and P. H. Selle. 2015. “Whole-Grain Feeding for Chicken-Meat Production: Possible Mechanisms Driving Enhanced Energy Utilisation and Feed Conversion.” Animal Production Science 55 (5): 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13417.
  • Luna, L. G. 1968. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill.
  • Mench, J. A., D. A. Summer, and J. Rosen-molin. 2011. “Sustainability of Egg Production in the United States—The Policy and Market Context.” Poultry Science 90 (1): 229–240. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00844.
  • Montagne, L., J. R. Pluske, and D. J. Hampson. 2003. “A Review of Interactions Between Dietary Fibre and the Intestinal Mucosa, and Their Consequences on Digestive Health in Young Non-Ruminant Animals.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 108 (1–4): 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00163-9.
  • Naumann, C., and R. Bassler. 1993. “Chemical Analyses of Feedstuff.” In Method Book III. 3rd ed., p. 119. Darmstadt, Germany: VDLUFA- Press.
  • NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 1994. Washington, DC: National Academic Press.
  • Oester, H. 1994. “Different Types of Perches and Their Influence of the Development of Bumble Feet in Laying Hens.” Archiv für Geflugelkunde 58 (5): 231–238.
  • Onbaşılar, E. E., N. Unal, E. Erdem, A. Kocakaya, and B. Yaranoglu. 2015. “Production Performance, Use of Nest Box, and External Appearance of Two Strains of Laying Hens Kept in Conventional and Enriched Cages.” Poultry Science 94 (4): 559–564. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev009.
  • Paiva, D., C. Walk, and A. McElroy. 2014. “Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus, and Phytase Effects on Bird Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Mineral Digestibility, and Bone Ash During a Natural Necrotic Enteritis Episode.” Poultry Science 93 (11): 2752–2762. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-04148.
  • Pepper, W. F., J. D. Summers, S. J. Slinger, and G. C. Ashton. 1968. “Effect of Steam Pelleting on the Performance of Hens Fed Various Laying Diets.” Canadian Journal of Animal Science 48 (2): 229–234. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas68-030.
  • Pickel, T., B. Scholz, and L. Schrader. 2010. “Perch Material and Diameter Affects Particular Perching Behaviours in Laying Hens.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 127 (1–2): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.08.005.
  • Pickel, T., L. Schrader, and B. Scholz. 2011. “Pressure Load on Keel Bone and Foot Pads in Perching Laying Hens in Relation to Perch Design.” Poultry Science 90 (4): 715–724. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01025.
  • Pohle, K., and H. W. Cheng. 2009. “Furnished Cage System and Hen Well-Being: Comparative Effects of Furnished Cages and Battery Cages on Behavioral Exhibitions in White Leghorn Chickens.” Poultry Science 88 (8): 1559–1564. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00045.
  • Preisingir, R. 2000. “Lohmann Tradition, Praxiserfahrung und Entwicklungsperspektiven.” Lohmann Information 3 (1): 13–16.
  • Rodenburg, T. B., F. A. M. Tuyttens, K. de Reu, L. Herman, J. Zoons, and B. Sonck. 2008. “Welfare Assessment of Laying Hens in Furnished Cages and Non-Cage Systems: An On-Farm Comparison.” Animal Welfare 17 (4): 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S096272860002786X.
  • Röhe, I., I. Ruhnke, F. Knorr, A. Mader, F. Goodarzi Boroojeni, R. Löwe, and J. Zentek. 2014. “Effects of Grinding Method, Particle Size, and Physical Form of the Diet on Gastrointestinal Morphology and Jejunal Glucose Transport in Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 93 (8): 2060–2068. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03783.
  • Safaa, H. M., E. Jimènez-moreno, D. G. Valencia, M. Frikha, M. P. Serrano, and G. G. Mateos. 2009. “Effect of Main Cereal of the Diet and Particle Size of the Cereal on Productive Performance and Egg Quality of Brown Egg-Laying Hens in Early Phase of Production.” Poultry Science 88 (3): 608–614. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00328.
  • Sakamoto, K., H. Hirose, A. Onizuka, M. Hayashi, N. Futamura, Y. Kawamura, and T. Ezaki. 2000. “Quantitative Study of Changes in Intestinal Morphology and Mucus Gel on Total Parenteral Nutrition in Rats.” Journal of Surgery Research 94 (2): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsre.2000.5937.
  • Saldaña, B., P. Guzmán, L. Camara, J. García, and G. G. Mateos. 2015. “Feed Form and Energy Concentration of the Diet Affect Growth Performance and Digestive Tract Traits of Brown-Egg Laying Pullets from Hatching to 17 Weeks of Age.” Poultry Science 94 (8): 1879–1893. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev145.
  • SAS Institute. 2003. SAS User’s Guide. Version 8.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
  • Savory, C. J. 1974. “Growth and Behaviour of Chicks Fed on Pellets or Mash.” British Poultry Science 15 (3): 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667408416108.
  • Scholz, B., J. B. Kjaerand, and L. Schrad. 2014. “Analysis of Landing Behaviour of Three Layer Lines on Different Perch Designs.” British Poultry Science 55 (4): 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.933175.
  • Scott, G. B., and G. MacAngus. 2004. “The Ability of Laying Hens to Negotiate Perches of Different Materials with Clean or Dirty Surfaces.” Animal Welfare 13 (3): 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600028487.
  • Scott, M. L., M. C. Nesheim, and R. J. Young. 1976. Nutrition of the Chicken. Ithaca, N.Y: Scott & Associates.
  • Skanberg, L., C. B. K. Nielsen, and L. J. Keeling. 2021. “Litter and Perch Type Matter Already from the Start: Exploring Preferences and Perch Balance in Laying Hen Chicks.” Poultry Science 100 (2): 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.041.
  • Struelens, E., F. A. M. Tuyttens, B. Ampe, F. Ödberg, B. Sonck, and L. Duchateau. 2009. “Perch Width Preferences of Laying Hens.” British Poultry Science 50 (4): 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660903110885.
  • Svihus, B. 2006. “The Role of Feed Processing on Gastrointestinal Function and Health in Poultry.” In Avian Gut Function in Health and Disease, edited by G. C. Perry, 183–194. Wallingford, U.K: CAB International, Cromwell Press. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845931803.0000.
  • Svihus, B. 2011. “The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 67 (2): 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000249.
  • Svihus, B., and H. Hetland. 2001. “Ileal Starch Digestibility in Growing Broiler Chickens Fed on a Wheat-Based Diet is Improved by Mash Feeding, Dilution with Cellulose or Whole Wheat Inclusion.” BritishPoultry Science 42 (5): 633–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120088461.
  • Svihus, B., K. H. Kløvstad, V. Perez, O. Zimonja, S. Sahlström, R. B. Schülller, W. K. Jeksrud, and E. Prestløkken. 2004. “Physical and Nutritional Effects of Pelleting of Broiler Chicken Diets Made from Wheat Ground to Different Coarsenesses by the Use of Roller Mill and Hammer Mill.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 117 (3–4): 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.009.
  • Tactacan, G. B., W. Guenter, N. J. Lewis, J. C. Rodriguez-lecompte, and J. D. House. 2009. “Performance and Welfare of Laying Hens in Conventional and Enriched Cages.” Poultry Science 88 (4): 698–707. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00369.
  • Tauson, R. 2002. “Furnished Cages and Aviaries: Production and Health.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 58:49–63. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20020007.
  • Tauson, R., and P. Abrahamsson. 1994. “Foot and Skeletal Disorders in Laying Hens-Effects of Perch Design, Hybrid, Housing System and Stocking Density.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 44 (2): 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709409410189.
  • Tauson, R., and P. Abrahamsson. 1996. “Foot and Keel Bone Disorders in Laying Hens: Effects of Artificial Perch Material and Hybrid.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 46 (4): 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709609415876.
  • Valkonen, E., E. Venäläinen, L. Rossow, and J. Valaja. 2006. “Effects of Dietary Protein on Egg Production of Laying Hens Housed in Furnished or Conventional Cages.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science 56 (1): 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700600608631.
  • Valkonen, E., E. Venäläinen, L. Rossow, and J. Valaja. 2008. “Laying Hens in Furnished and Conventional Cages.” Poultry Science 87 (5): 844–852. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00237.
  • van Krimpen, M. M., R. P. Kwakkel, C. M. C. van der Peet-schwering, L. A. den Hartog, and M. W. A. Verstegen. 2009. “Effects of Nutrient Dilution and Nonstarch Polysaccharide Concentration in Rearing and Laying Diets on Eating Behavior and Feather Damage of Rearing and Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 88 (4): 759–773. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00194.
  • Voragen, A. G. J., H. Gruppen, G. J. P. Marsman, and A. J. Mul. 1995. “Effect of Some Manufacturing Technologies on Chemical, Physical and Nutritional Properties of Feed.” In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, University of Nottingham Feed Manufacturers Conference, edited by P. C. Garnsworthy and D. J. A. Cole, 93–126. Nottingham, U. K.: Nottingham University Press.
  • Vuilleumier, J. P. 1969. “The ‘Roche Yolk Colour Fan‘—An Instrument for Measuring Yolk Colour.” Poultry Science 48 (3): 767–779. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0480767.
  • Wahlström, A., K. Elwinger, and S. Thomke. 1999. “Total Tract and Ileal Nutrient Digestibility of a Diet Fed as Mash or Crumbled Pellets to Two Laying Hybrids.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 77 (3–4): 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00255-7.
  • Wahlström, A., R. Tauson, and K. Elwinger. 1999. “Production and Egg Quality as Influenced by Mash or Crumbled Diets Fed to Laying Hens in an Aviary System.” Poultry Science 78 (12): 1675–1680. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.12.1675.
  • Wall, H., and R. Tauson. 2007. ““Perch Arrangements in Small-Group Furnished Cages for Laying Hens.” Journal of Applid Poultry Research 16 (3): 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.3.322.
  • Wan, Y., R. Ma, A. Khalid, L. Chai, R. Qi, W. Liu, J. Li, Y. Li, and K. Zhan. 2022. “Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds.” Animals 11 (3): 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030701.
  • Welfare Quality©, 2009. The Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Poultry (Broilers, Laying Hens). The Netherlands: The Welfare Quality® Consortium, Lelystad.
  • Wilkins, L. J., J. L. McKinstry, N. C. Avery, T. G. Knowles, S. N. Brown, J. Tarlton, and C. J. Nicol. 2011. “Influence of Housing System and Design on Bone Strength and Keel Bone Fractures in Laying Hens.” The Veterinary Record 169 (16): 414. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4831.
  • Xu, Z. R., C. H. Hu, M. S. Xia, X. A. Zhan, and M. Q. Wang. 2003. “Effects of Dietary Fructooligosaccharide on Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microflora and Morphology of Male Broilers.” Poultry Science 82 (6): 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.6.1030.
  • Zheng, Y. W., L. H. Zhao, Y. M. Wei, Q. G. Ma, C. Ji, and J. Y. Zhang. 2020. “Effects of Main Cereal Type and Feed Form on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Sanitary Indices of Laying Hens.” British Poultry Science 61 (2): 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2019.1704685.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.