Publication Cover
Religious Education
The official journal of the Religious Education Association
Volume 119, 2024 - Issue 2
179
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Race, Religion, and Belonging at a Christian University

ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all

References

  • Abdel-Khalek, A. M. 2010. “Quality of Life, Subjective Well-Being, and Religiosity in Muslim College Students.” Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation 19 (8): 1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9676-7
  • Ash, A. N., and L. A. Schreiner. 2016. “Pathways to Success for Students of Color in Christian Colleges: The Role of Institutional Integrity and Sense of Community.” Christian Higher Education 15 (1–2): 38–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2015.1106356
  • Astin, A. W., H. S. Astin, and J. A. Lindholm. 2010. Cultivating the Spirit: How College Can Enhance Students’ Inner Lives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Astin, A. W., H. S. Astin, and J. A. Lindholm. 2011. “Assessing Students’ Spiritual and Religious Qualities.” Journal of College Student Development 52 (1): 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0009
  • Baylor University. 2019. “Fall 2019 Facts.” Office of Institutional Research and Testing. https://ir.web.baylor.edu/sites/g/files/ecbvkj1621/files/2023-08/facts2019_for_web.pdf
  • Bohus, S., R. H. Woods, Jr., and K. C. Chan. 2005. “Psychological Sense of Community among Students on Religious Collegiate Campuses in the Christian Evangelical Tradition.” Christian Higher Education 4 (1): 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/153637590507423
  • Booker, K. 2016. “Connection and Commitment: How Sense of Belonging and Classroom Community Influence Degree Persistence for African American Undergraduate Women.” International Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education 28 (2): 218–229.
  • Bowman, N. A., and J. L. Small. 2012. “Exploring a Hidden Form of Minority Status: College Students’ Religious Affiliation and Well-Being.” Journal of College Student Development 53 (4): 491–509. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0050
  • Bowman, N. A., and C. Toms Smedley. 2013. “The Forgotten Minority: Examining Religious Affiliation and University Satisfaction.” Higher Education 65 (6): 745–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9574-8
  • Cham, H., J. N. Hughes, S. G. West, and M. H. Im. 2014. “Assessment of Adolescents’ Motivation for Educational Attainment.” Psychological Assessment 26 (2): 642–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036213
  • Chang, M. J., A. W. Astin, and D. Kim. 2004. “Cross-Racial Interaction Among Undergraduates: Some Consequences, Causes, and Patterns.” Research in Higher Education 45 (5): 529–553. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RIHE.0000032327.45961.33
  • Chavous, Tabbye M. 2005. “An Intergroup Contact-Theory Framework for Evaluating Racial Climate on Predominantly White College Campuses.” American Journal of Community Psychology 36 (3–4): 239–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-8623-1
  • Cleek, S. D. 2017. “Perceptions of Campus Racial Climate and Sense of Belonging at Faith-Based Institutions: Differences by Ethnicity, Religiosity, and Faith Fit.” [ProQuest Dissertations Publishing]. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2071277984?pq-origsite=summon.
  • Crenshaw, K. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  • Denton, M. L., and R. Flory. 2020. Back-Pocket God: Religion and Spirituality in the Lives of Emerging Adults. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Dougherty, K. D., P. L. Glanzer, J. A. Robinson, J. L. Ratchford, and S. A. Schnitker. 2021. “Baylor Faith and Character Study: Methods and Preliminary Findings.” Christian Higher Education 21 (3): 168–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2021.1929564
  • Dukynaitė, R., and J. Dudaitė. 2017. “Influence of School Factors on Students’ Sense of School Belonging.” The New Educational Review 47 (1): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2017.47.1.03
  • Edgell, P., D. Hartmann, E. Stewart, and J. Gerteis. 2016. “Atheists and Other Cultural Outsiders: Moral Boundaries and the Non-Religious in the United States.” Social Forces 95 (2): 607–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow063
  • Fischer, M. J. 2007. “Settling into Campus Life: Differences by Race/Ethnicity in College Involvement and Outcomes.” The Journal of Higher Education 78 (2): 125–156. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2007.0009
  • Fosnacht, K., and C. Broderick. 2018. “The Role of Religion and Institution Type in Seniors’ Perceptions of the Religious and Spiritual Campus Climate.” Journal of College and Character 19 (1): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2017.1411274
  • Fosnacht, K., and C. Broderick. 2020. “Religious Intolerance on Campus: A Multi-Institution Study.” Journal of College and Character 21 (4): 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2020.1822875
  • Frankel, B. G., and W. E. Hewitt. 1994. “Religion and Well-Being Among Canadian University Students: The Role of Faith Groups on Campus.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33 (1): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386637
  • Glanzer, P. L., T. F. Cockle, and J. Martin. 2023. Christian Higher Education: An Empirical Guide. Abilene: Abilene Christian University Press.
  • Gummadam, P., L. D. Pittman, and M. Ioffe. 2016. “School Belonging, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Adjustment among Ethnic Minority College Students.” The Journal of Experimental Education 84 (2): 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2015.1048844
  • Hansen, P. J. 2017. “Perceptions of Campus Racial Climate as Predictors for Cross-Race Interaction at Christian Colleges and Universities: Differences by Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Religiosity.” Doctoral diss., University of Southern California.
  • Hausmann, L. R. M., J. W. Schofield, and R. L. Woods. 2007. “Sense of Belonging as a Predictor of Intentions to Persist Among African American and White First-Year College Students.” Research in Higher Education 48 (7): 803–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9052-9
  • Hausmann, L. R. M., F. Ye, J. W. Schofield, and R. L. Woods. 2009. “Sense of Belonging and Persistence in White and African American First-Year Students.” Research in Higher Education 50 (7): 649–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-009-9137-8
  • Hurtado, S., and D. F. Carter. 1997. “Effects of College Transition and Perceptions of the Campus Racial Climate on Latino College Students’ Sense of Belonging.” Sociology of Education 70 (4): 324–345. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673270
  • Johnson, D. R., M. Soldner, J. B. Leonard, P. Alvarez, K. K. Inkelas, H. T. Rowan-Kenyon, and S. D. Longerbeam. 2007. “Examining Sense of Belonging among First-Year Undergraduates from Different Racial/Ethnic Groups.” Journal of College Student Development 48 (5): 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0054
  • Kim, Y. K., D. Edens, O. E. Parra, and K. M. Lopez. 2016. “Sense of Belonging in Religious-Based Colleges and Universities: Predictors and Patterns among Students of Color and White Students.” In Gender and Diversity Issues in Religious-Based Institutions and Organizations, edited by B. J. Glimps and T. Ford, 269–290. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Longman, K. 2017. Diversity Matters: Race, Ethnicity, and the Future of Christian Higher Education. Abilene: Abilene Christian University Press.
  • Mayhew, M. J., N. A. Bowman, and A. B. Rockenbach. 2014. “Silencing Whom? Linking Campus Climates for Religious, Spiritual, and Worldview Diversity to Student Worldviews.” The Journal of Higher Education 85 (2): 219–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777325
  • Morrow, J. A., and M. E. Ackermann. 2012. “Intention to Persist and Retention of First-Year Students: The Importance of Motivation and Sense of Belonging.” College Student Journal 46 (3): 483–491.
  • Mounts, N. S. 2004. “Contributions of Parenting and Campus Climate to Freshmen Adjustment in a Multiethnic Sample.” Journal of Adolescent Research 19 (4): 468–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258862
  • Museus, S. D., V. Yi, and N. Saelua. 2017. “The Impact of Culturally Engaging Campus Environments on Sense of Belonging.” The Review of Higher Education 40 (2): 187–215. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2017.0001
  • Mutakabbir, Y. T., and T. A. Nuriddin. 2016. Religious Minority Students in Higher Education. New York: Routledge.
  • Nojan, S. 2022. “Racialized Religion and Civic Engagement: Insights into Intra-Muslim Racial Diversity on University Campuses.” Sociology of Religion 83 (1): 36–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa043
  • O’Keeffe, P. 2013. “A Sense of Belonging: Improving Student Retention.” College Student Journal 47 (4): 605–613.
  • Ostrove, J. M., and S. M. Long. 2007. “Social Class and Belonging: Implications for College Adjustment.” The Review of Higher Education 30 (4): 363–389. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0028
  • Paredes-Collins, K. 2009. “Institutional Priority for Diversity at Christian Institutions.” Christian Higher Education 8 (4): 280–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363750902821197
  • Paredes-Collins, K. 2014. “Campus Climate for Diversity as a Predictor of Spiritual Development at Christian Colleges.” Religion & Education 41 (2): 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.864206
  • Patten, T. A., and N. D. Rice. 2008. “Religious Minorities and Persistence at a Systemic Religiously Affiliated University.” Christian Higher Education 8 (1): 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363750802349323
  • Pittman, L. D., and A. Richmond. 2008. “University Belonging, Friendship Quality, and Psychological Adjustment during the Transition to College.” The Journal of Experimental Education 76 (4): 343–362. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.76.4.343-362
  • Resnick, M. D., P. S. Bearman, R. W. Blum, K. E. Bauman, K. M. Harris, J. Jones, J. Tabor, T. Beuhring, R. E. Sieving, M. Shew, et al. 1997. “Protecting Adolescents from Harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health.” JAMA 278 (10): 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.10.823
  • Roeser, R. W., C. Midgley, and T. C. Urdan. 1996. “Perceptions of the School Psychological Environment and Early Adolescents’ Psychological and Behavioral Functioning in School: The Mediating Role of Goals and Belonging.” Journal of Educational Psychology 88 (3): 408–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.88.3.408
  • Rumbaut, R. G. 2009. “Pigments of Our Imagination: On the Racialization and Racial Identities of ‘Hispanics’ and ‘Latinos.” In How the United States Racializes Latinos: White Hegemony and Its Consequences, edited by J. A. Cobas, J. Duany, and J. R. Feagin, 15–36. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publications.
  • Samura, M. 2016. “Remaking Selves, Repositioning Selves, or Remaking Space: An Examination of Asian American College Students’ Processes of ‘Belonging.’” Journal of College Student Development 57 (2): 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2016.0016
  • Schreiner, L. A. 2010. “The ‘Thriving Quotient’: A New Vision for Student Success.” About Campus: Enriching the Student Learning Experience 15 (2): 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.20016
  • Smith, S. 2018. “Christian Higher Ed Becoming Less White, More Diverse in Effort to Reflect God’s Kingdom.” The Christian Post. March 4. https://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-higher-ed-becoming-less-white-more-diverse-effort-reflect-god-kingdom.html.
  • Steensland, B., J. Z. Park, M. D. Regnerus, L. D. Robinson, W. B. Wilcox, and R. D. Woodberry. 2000. “The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art.” Social Forces 79 (1): 291. https://doi.org/10.2307/2675572
  • Strayhorn, T. L. 2008. “Sentido de Pertenencia: A Hierarchical Analysis Predicting Sense of Belonging among Latino College Students.” Journal of Hispanic Higher Education 7 (4): 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192708320474
  • Strayhorn, T. L. 2012. “Satisfaction and Retention Among African American Men at Two-Year Community Colleges.” Community College Journal of Research and Practice 36 (5): 358–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920902782508
  • Torres, I. 2019. “Texas Baptist Schools Prepare for Hispanic Growth.” Baptist Standard, August 2. https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/texas/texas-baptist-schools-prepare-for-hispanic-growth/.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. “QuickFacts: United States.” https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219.
  • Walton, Gregory M., and Geoffrey L. Cohen. 2007. “A Question of Belonging: Race, Social Fit, and Achievement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (1): 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82
  • Wells, A. V., and C. Horn. 2015. “The Asian American College Experience at a Diverse Institution: Campus Climate as a Predictor of Sense of Belonging.” Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice 52 (2): 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2015.1041867
  • Wolf, D. A. P. S., J. Perkins, S. T. Butler-Barnes, and T. A. Walker, Jr. 2017. “Social Belonging and College Retention: Results from a Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study.” Journal of College Student Development 58 (5): 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2017.0060
  • Yukich, G., and P. Edgell. 2020. Religion is Raced: Understanding American Religion in the Twenty-First Century. New York: New York University Press.
  • Zhou, S., E. Page-Gould, A. Aron, A. Moyer, and M. Hewstone. 2019. “The Extended Contact Hypothesis: A Meta-Analysis on 20 Years of Research.” Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 23 (2): 132–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318762647

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.