2,868
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Inequalities in Girls’ High School Sports Participation: How Social Class, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender Route Opportunities to Play and Persist in Athletics

REFERENCES

  • Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2017. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. 5th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Carrington, Ben. 2013. “The Critical Sociology of Race and Sport: The First Fifty Years.” Annual Review of Sociology 39(2013):379–98. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145528.
  • Cooky, Cheryl. 2009. “‘Girls Just Aren’t Interested’: The Social Construction of Interest in Girls’ Sport.” Sociological Perspectives 52(2):259–84. doi:10.1525/sop.2009.52.2.259.
  • Creswell, John W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Eckstein, Rick. 2017. How College Athletics are Hurting Girls’ Sports: The Pay-To-Play Pipeline. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Friedman, Hilary L. 2013. Playing to Win: Raising Children in a Competitive Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Heffer, Holly, and Chris Knoester. 2021. “The Implications of Gender, Socioeconomic Statuses, and Healthy Behaviors for Teenagers’ Subjective Health.” Sociological Spectrum 41(6):423–37. doi:10.1080/02732173.2021.1946453.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2018. “The Hidden Curriculum of College Athlete Recruitment.” Harvard Educational Review 88(3):355–77. doi:10.17763/1943-5045-88.3.355.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2020a. “Bigger, Faster, Stronger: How Racist and Sexist Ideologies Persist in College Sports.” Gender and Education 32:1053–71. doi:10.1080/09540253.2019.1632418.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2020b. “Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 13:384–95. doi:10.1037/dhe0000140.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2021. Special Admission: How College Sports Recruitment Favors White Suburban Athletes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2022. “White Property Interests in College Athletic Admissions.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 46(4):383–403. doi:10.1177/01937235211015352.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2024. “College Overmatch: Privilege and the Rules of the Athletic Admissions Game.” Sociological Spectrum 44(1):60–82. doi:10.1080/02732173.2023.2282571.
  • Hextrum, Kristen. 2023. “Ideology of Athletic Merit: Transmission of Privilege in College Athlete Admissions.” Sociological Perspectives 66(3):565–84. doi:10.1177/07311214221134807.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten, and Zachary Cameron. 2023. “(In)equity in Athletics: U.S. Antidiscrimination Law and the White, Middle-Class Advantage.” Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 17:136–60. doi:10.1080/19357397.2022.2060699.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten, and Jeremy Kim. 2023. “The Upward Mobility Potential in U.S. Intercollegiate Athletics: A Critical Examination of NCAA Division I College Baseball Players’ Hometown Demographics.” Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 16:303–23. doi:10.17161/jis.v16i3.18502.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten, and Simran Sethi. 2022. ““Title IX at 50: Legitimating State Domination of Women’s Sport.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 57(5):655–72. doi:10.1177/10126902211037843.
  • Jones, Susan R., Vasti Torres, and Jan Arminio. 2014. Negotiating the Complexities of Qualitative Research in Higher Education Fundamental Elements and Issues. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
  • Knoester, Chris, and Rachel Allison. 2022. “U.S. Family Cultures of Sport and Physical Activity and 15 Year olds’ Physical Activity, Sports Participation, and Subjective Health.” Leisure Studies 41(4):517–30. doi:10.1080/02614367.2021.2014940.
  • Knoester, Chris, and Victoria T. Fields. 2020. “Mother-Child Engagement in Sports and Outdoor Activities: Intensive Mothering, Purposive Leisure, and Implications for Health and Relationship Closeness.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55(7):933–52. doi:10.1177/1012690219855916.
  • Knoester, Chris, and Theo Randolph. 2019. “Father-Child Sports Participation and Outdoor Activities: Patterns and Implications for Health and Father-Child Relationships.” Sociology of Sport Journal 36:322–29. doi:10.1123/ssj.2018-0071.
  • Lareau, Anette. 2011. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lareau, Anette. 2015. “Cultural Knowledge and Social Inequality.” American Sociological Association 80(1):1–27. doi:10.1177/0003122414565814.
  • Lensmire, Timothy. 2014. “White Men’s Racial Others.” Teachers College Record 116(1):1–32. doi:10.1177/016146811411600308.
  • Lopez, Vera. 2019. “No Latina Girls Allowed: Gender-Based Teasing within School Sports and Physical Activity Contexts.” Youth & Society 51(3):377–93. doi:10.1177/0044118X18767772.
  • Martin, Charles. 2010. Benching Jim Crow: The Rise and Fall of the Color Line in Southern College Sports 1890–1980. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • McGovern, Jen. 2021. “The Intersection of Class, Race, Gender and Generation in Shaping Latinas’ Sport Experiences.” Sociological Spectrum 41(1):96–114. doi:10.1080/02732173.2020.1850378.
  • Messner, Michael A. 2002. Taking the Field: Women, Men, and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Messner, Michael A. 2009. All for the Kids: Gender, Families, and Youth Sports. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Milner, Adrienne, and Jomills H. Braddock II. 2016. Sex Segregation in Sports: Why Separate is Not Equal. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
  • NCAA (National Collegiate Athletics Association). 2023. Coach and Student-Athlete Demographics by Sport. NCAA Demographics Database. Retrieved November 13, 2022. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2018/12/13/ncaa-demographics-database.aspx.
  • NFHS (National Federation of State High School Associations). 2022. 2020–2021 High School Athletics Participation Survey Results. Indianapolis: NFHS. https://www.nfhs.org/media/5989280/2021-22_participation_survey.pdf.
  • NWLC (National Women’s Law Center). 2015. Finishing Last: Girls of Color and School Sports Opportunities. Washington DC: NWLC. https://nwlc.org/resource/finishing-last-girls-of-color-and-school-sports-opportunities/.
  • Pericak, Kaitlin, and Brandon P. Martinez. 2022. “How Systemic Racism Shapes Access to Interscholastic Sports and Why It Matters.” Sociological Focus 55(3):271–84. doi:10.1080/00380237.2022.2067927.
  • Project Play. 2022. Youth Sport Facts: Participation Rates. Aspen, CO: Aspen Institute. https://www.aspenprojectplay.org/youth-sports/facts/participation-rates.
  • Ravitch, Sharon M., and Nicole M. Carl. 2016. Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Risman, Barbara. 2004. “Gender as a Social Structure: Theory Wrestling with Activism.” Gender & Society 18(4):429–50. doi:10.1177/0891243204265349.
  • Sabo, Don, and Phillip Veliz. 2008. Go Out and Play: Youth Sports in America. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation. http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/go_out_and_play_exec.pdf.
  • Tompsett, James, and Chris Knoester. 2022. “The Making of a College Athlete: High School Experiences, Socioeconomic Advantages, and the Likelihood of Playing College Sports.” Sociology of Sport Journal 39:129–40. doi:10.1123/ssj.2020-0142.
  • Tompsett, James, and Chris Knoester.2023. “Family Socioeconomic Status and College Attendance: A Consideration of Individual-Level and School-Level Pathways.” Public Library of Science ONE 18(4):1–21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284188.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 2016. Quickfacts. United States: Median Household Income. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/map/INC110214/00.
  • U.S. Department of HHS (Health and Human Services). 2019. National Youth Sports Strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Zarrett, Nicole, and Phillip Veliz. 2021. Teen Sport in America, Part II: Her Participation Matters. New York: Women’s Sports Foundation. https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/teen-sport-in-america-full-report-web.pdf.
  • Zarrett, Nicole, Phillip Veliz, and Don Sabo. 2020. Keeping Girls in the Game: Factors That Influence Sport Participation. New York: Women’s Sports Foundation. https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Keeping-Girls-in-the-Game-Executive-Summary-FINAL-web.pdf.
  • Zdunek, Alexandra. 2020. “Who Knows the Difference Between Competitive Cheerleading, Sideline Cheerleading, Acrobatics and Tumbling? Why This Distinction is so Important for Title IX.“Marquette Sports Law Review 31:175–92. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/mqslr31&i=187.