Postmortem drug concentrations in forensic pharmacology

References

• Pounder DJ. The case of Dr Shipman. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2003;24(3):219–226. doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000070000.13428.a3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantinieks D, Gerstamoulos D, Glowacki L, Di Rago M, Schumann J, Woodford NW, Drummer OH. Postmortem drug redistribution: a compilation of postmortem/antemortem drug concentration ratios. J Anal Tox. 2021;45(4):368–377. doi:10.1093/jat/bkaa107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketola RA, Kriikku P. Drug concentrations in post-mortem specimens. Drug Testing Anal. 2019;11:1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concherio M, Chesser R, Pardi J, Cooper G. Postmortem toxicology of new synthetic opioids. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1–18. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselt RC. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. 12th ed. Seal Beach, CA: Biomedical Publications; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Jin M, Gok SB, Jannatto PJ, Jentzen JM, Wong SH. Pharmacogenomics as molecular autopsy for forensic toxicology: genotype cytochrome P450 3A*41Band 3A5*3 for 25 fentanyl cases. J Anal Tox. 2005;29:590–598. doi:10.1093/jat/29.7.590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toce MS, Kim H, Chung S, Krauss BS. Prolonged central apnoea after intravenous morphine administration in 12 year-old with UGT1A1 loss of function polymorphism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85:258–262. doi:10.1111/bcp.13779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelissier-Alicot A-L, Gaulier J-M, Champsaur P, Marquet P. Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs: a review. J Anal Tox. 2003;27:533–544. doi:10.1093/jat/27.8.533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grellner W, Glenewinkel F. Exhumations: synopsis of morphological findings in relation to postmortem interval. Survey on a 20-year period and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 1997;90:139–159. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(97)00154-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathwani AC, Down JF, Goldstone J, Yassin J, Dargan PI, Virchis A, Gent N, Lloyd D, Harrison JD. Polonium-210 poisoning: a first-hand account. Lancet. 2016;388:1075–1080. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00144-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skopp G. Postmortem toxicology. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2010;6:314–325. doi:10.1007/s12024-010-9150-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye DW, McGwyn G, Antherton DS, Mc Cleskey B, Davis G. Correctly identifying deaths to drug toxicity without a forensic autopsy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2019;40(2):99–101. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staeheli SN, Gascho D, Fornaro J, Laberke P, Ebert LC, Martinez R, Thali MJ, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Development of CT-guided biopsy sampling for time-dependent postmortem redistribution investigations in blood and alternative matrices – proof of concept and application on two cases. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408(4):1249–1258. doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9234-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacheli SN, Gascho D, Ebert LC, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Time -dependent postmortem redistribution of morphine and its metabolites in blood and alternative matrices - application of CT-guided biopsy sampling. Int J Legal Med. 2017;131(2):379–389. doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1485-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockbals L, Staeheli SN, Gascho D, Ebert LC, Kraemer T, Stuer AE. Time - dependent postmortem redistribution of opioids in blood and alternative matrices. J Anal Tox. 2018;42:365–374. doi:10.1093/jat/bky017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prouty RW, Anderson WH. The forensic science implications of site and temporal influences on postmortem blood-drug concentrations. J Forensic Sci. 1990;35(2):243–270. doi:10.1520/JFS12828J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt DW, Benstead J. Postmortem assay of digoxin by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Pathol. 1975;28:483–486. doi:10.1136/jcp.28.6.483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilg B, Thelander G, Giebe B, Druid H. Postmortem blood sampling -comparison of drug concentrations at different sample sites. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;278:296–303. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P, Mutsvungama P, Prahlow JA. Accidental death via intravaginal absorption of methamphetamine. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2014;10(2):234–248. doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9538-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral blood. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;123:248–253. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00530-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferner RF, Aronson JK. The toxicological significance of post-mortem concentrations in bile. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(1):7–11. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1339886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol. 2016;34:12–40. doi:10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer PP, Jones GR. Very unusual ethanol distribution in a fatality. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:506–508. doi:10.1093/jat/21.6.506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre IM. Identification of a postmortem redistribution factor (F) for forensic toxicology. J Anal Sci. 2014;5:24. doi:10.1186/s40543-014-0024-3.
   Google Scholar
• Iskierka M, Zawadski M, Szpot P, Jurek T. Detection of drugs in postmortem specimens of blood, vitreous humor and bone marrow aspirate. J Anal Tox. 2021;45:348–355. doi:10.1093/jat/bkaa083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfanidis A, Gika H, Mastrogiani O, Krokos A, Theodoridis G, Zaggelidou E, Raikos N. Determination of drugs of abuse in skeletal tissue using UHPLC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;290:137–145. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrig TP, Hicks CA. Brain tissue: a viable postmortem toxicological specimen. J Anal Tox. 2015;39(2):137–139. doi:10.1093/jat/bku139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norberg A, Jones AW, Hahn RG, Gabrielsson JL. Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(1):1–3. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342010-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing – the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Eng J Med. 2003;349(26):2519–2526. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiller HA. Management of carbamazepine overdose. Paed Emerg Care. 2001;17:452–456. doi:10.1097/00006565-200112000-00015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang P, Shen M, Drummer O. Review: drug concentrations in hair and their relevance in drug facilitated crimes. J Forens Legal Med. 2015;36:126–135. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butzbach DM. The influence of putrefaction and sample storage on post-mortem toxicology report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2010;6:35–45. doi:10.1007/s12024-009-9130-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe JI. Postmortem chemistry update: emphasis on forensic application. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993;14(2):91–117. doi:10.1097/00000433-199306000-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberi C, van den Hondel K. The use of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in postmortem diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death: a systematic review. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;292:27–38. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saar E, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH, Beyer J. Assessment of the stability of 30 antipsychotic drugs stored in blood specimens. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;215:152–158. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou W, Yang S, Wagg PG. Matrix effects and application of matrix effect factor. Bioanalysis. 2017;9(23):1839–1844. doi:10.4155/bio-2017-0214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahaye LE, Dhont P, De Cock P, De Paepe P, Stove CP. Dried blood microsamples: suitable as an alternative matrix for the quantification of paracetamol-protein adducts? Toxicol Lett. 2020;324:65–74. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson K, Johansson L, Pennlert J, Soderberg S, Jansson J-H, Lind MM. Phosphatidylethanol levels, as a marker of alcohol consumption, are associated with risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2020;51(7):2148–2152. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: a review. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;300:106–119. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry AS, Sunshine I. The liver:blood ratio in cases of barbiturate poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 1960;2:602–606. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(60)90026-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty JE, Perkins WH. The tissue distribution of tritiated digoxin in human subjects. Annal Int Med. 1966;64:1158. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1158_2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt DW, Benstead JD. Postmortem assay of digoxin by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Pathol. 1975;28:483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones G, Pounder DJ. Site dependence of drug concentrations in postmortem blood – a case study. J Anal Tox. 1987;11(5):186–190. doi:10.1093/jat/11.5.186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pounder DJ, Jones G. Post-mortem drug redistribution - a toxicological nightmare. Forensic Sci Int. 1990;45:253–263. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(90)90182-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pounder D, Yonemitsu K. Postmortem absorption of drugs and ethanol from aspirated vomitus - an experimental model. Forensic Sci Int. 1991;51:189–195. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90185-L.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu M, Di Rago M, Mantinieks D, Glowacki L, Woodford NW, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. Time-dependent changes in THC concentrations in deceased persons. J Anal Tox. 2021;45:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalpe-Scott M, Degouffe M, Garbutt D, Drost M. A comparison of drug concentrations in postmortem cardiac and peripheral blood in 320 cases. Can Soc Forensic Sci. 1995;28:113–121.s. doi:10.1080/00085030.1995.10757474.
   Google Scholar
• Han E, Kim E, Hong H, Jeong S, Kim J, In S, Chung H, Lee S. Evaluation of postmortem redistribution phenomena for commonly encountered drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;219:265–271. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis AEM, Borra LCP, van der Hulst R, Kloos D-P, Rijken DJ, Bosman IJ, Touw DJ. Postmortem redistribution of morphine in humans: important variables that might be in influencing the central/peripheral blood ratio. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;329:111094. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre IM. Liver and peripheral blood concentration ratio (L/P) as a marker of postmortem drug redistribution: a literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2014;10(1):91–96. doi:10.1007/s12024-013-9503-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferner RE. Post-mortem clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(4):430–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badillo S, Banfai B, Birzele F, Davydov II, Hutchinson L, Kam-Thong T, Siebourg-Polster J, Steiert B, Zhang JD. An introduction to machine learning. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 2020;107(4):871–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leikin JB, Watson WA. Post-mortem toxicology: what the dead can and cannot tell us. J Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(1):46–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaginis C, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Theocharis S. Applying quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methodology to modelling postmortem redistribution of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38:242–249. doi:10.1093/jat/bku025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford AM, Pounder DJ. Possible markers for postmortem drug redistribution. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42(1):88–92. doi:10.1520/JFS14072J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockbals L, Wartmann Y, Mantinieks D, Glowacki LL, Gerostamoulos D, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Postmortem metabolomics: strategies to assess time-dependent postmortem changes of diazepam, nordiazepam, codeine, mirtazepine and citalopram. Metabolites. 2021;11(9):643. doi:10.3390/metabo11090643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Kinney PE, Phillips S, Gomez HF, Brent J, Mac Intyre M, Watson A. Vitreous humour cocaine and metabolite concentrations: do postmortem specimens reflect blood levels at the time of death? J Forensic Sci. 1995;40:102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford NJ, Morley SR, Ferner E. Relationships between antemortem and postmortem morphine concentrations. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(12):1142–1145. doi:10.1080/15563650.2019.1591430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC, Busardo FP. Relationship between postmortem urine and blood concentrations of GHB furnishes useful information to help interpret drug intoxication deaths. J Anal Tox. 2018;42(9):587–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintz P, Villain M, Cirimele V, Ludes B. GHB in postmortem toxicology. Discrimination between endogenous production from exposure using multiple specimens. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;143(2–3):177–181. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateria HP, Intyre I’M M, Drummer OH. The effect of sulphur- metabolising bacteria on sulfur-containing psychotropic drugs. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 1999;44:111–116. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(99)00066-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MD, Drummer OH. Postmortem distribution and redistribution of nitrobenzodiazepines in man. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(1):9–13. doi:10.1520/JFS16082J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor K, Elliott S. An unusual case of risperidone instability in a fatality presenting an analytical and interpretative challenge. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5(9–10):748–752. doi:10.1002/dta.1503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumwalt RE, Bost RO, Sunshine I. Evaluation of ethanol concentrations in decomposed bodies. J Forensic Sci. 1982;27(3):549–554. doi:10.1520/JFS12167J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelander G, Kugelberg FC, Jones AW. High correlation between ethanol concentrations in postmortem femoral blood and in alternative biological specimens, but large uncertainty when the linear regression model was used for prediction in individual cases. J Anal Tox. 2020;44:415–421. doi:10.1093/jat/bkaa018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli F, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: a review. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;300:106–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar