885
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

A meta-analysis of teachers’ provision of structure in the classroom and students’ academic competence beliefs, engagement, and achievement

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , , & show all

References*

  • Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Haerens, L., Soenens, B., Fontaine, J. R., & Reeve, J. (2019). Toward an integrative and fine-grained insight in motivating and demotivating teaching styles: The merits of a circumplex approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(3), 497–521. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000293
  • Aelterman, N., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2023). Need supportive and need thwarting socialization: A circumplex approach. In M. R. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of self-determination theory (pp. 237–258). Oxford University Press.
  • Anderson, L. M., Evertson, C. M., & Emmer, E. T. (1980). Dimensions in classroom management derived from recent research. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 12(4), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027800120407
  • Arda, T. B., & Ocak, S. (2012). Social competence and promoting alternative thinking strategies–PATHS preschool curriculum. Educational Sciences, 12(4), 2691–2698. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1002870.pdf.
  • Baek, S.-G., & Choi, H.-J. (2002). The relationship between students’ perceptions of classroom environment and their academic achievement in Korea. Asia Pacific Education Review, 3(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03024926
  • Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., & Wolf, M. M. (1969). Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1969.2-119
  • Bjorklund, D. F. (2000). Children’s thinking: Developmental function and individual differences (3rd ed.). Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. https://doi.org/10.1177/026142949100700319
  • Borenstein, M. (2009). Effect sizes for continuous data. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 221–235). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470743386
  • Brophy, J. (1986). Teacher influences on academic achievement. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1069
  • Brophy, J. (1988). Educating teachers about managing classrooms and students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(88)90020-0
  • Brophy, J. (1999). Perspectives of classroom management. In J. H. Freiberg (Ed.), Beyond behaviorism: Changing the classroom management paradigm (pp. 43–56). Alyn & Bacon.
  • Cadima, J., Leal, T., & Burchinal, M. (2010). The quality of teacher–student interactions: Associations with first graders’ academic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 48(6), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2010.09.001
  • Cameron, C. E., Connor, C. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2005). Effects of variation in teacher organization on classroom functioning. Journal of School Psychology, 43(1), 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2004.12.002
  • Carpentier, J., & Mageau, G. A. (2013). When change-oriented feedback enhances motivation, well-being and performance: A look at autonomy-supportive feedback in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.01.003
  • Catalano, R. F., Mazza, J. J., Harachi, T. W., Abbott, R. D., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. B. (2003). Raising healthy children through enhancing social development in elementary school: Results after 1.5 years. Journal of School Psychology, 41(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00031-1
  • Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020). When teachers learn how to provide classroom structure in an autonomy-supportive way: Benefits to teachers and their students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 90, 103004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.103004
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T., & Shadish, W. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (pp. 103–134). Houghton Mifflin.
  • Curby, T. W., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Abry, T. (2013). Do emotional support and classroom organization earlier in the year set the stage for higher quality instruction? Journal of School Psychology, 51(5), 557–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.06.001
  • Darling-Hammond, L. (1995). Inequality and access to knowledge. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), The handbook of research on multicultural education Macmillan.
  • Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again. Review of Educational Research, 71(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071001001
  • Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08331140
  • Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2023). Expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: Reflections on the legacy of 40+ years of working together. Motivation Science, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000275
  • Eckes, A., Großmann, N., & Wilde, M. (2018). Studies on the effects of structure in the context of autonomy-supportive or controlling teacher behavior on students’ intrinsic motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 62, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.01.011
  • Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
  • Emmer, E., Evertson, C., & Anderson, L. (1980). Effective management at the beginning of the school year. The Elementary School Journal, 80(5), 219–231. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1001461 https://doi.org/10.1086/461192
  • Emmer, E., & Sabornie, E. J. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of classroom management. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203074114
  • Emmer, E. T., & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology, with implications for teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3602_5
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.
  • Evertson, C. M. (1985). Training teachers in classroom management: An experimental study in secondary school classrooms. The Journal of Educational Research, 79(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1985.10885648
  • Evertson, C. M. (1989). Improving elementary classroom management: A school-based training program for beginning the year. The Journal of Educational Research, 83(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1989.10885935
  • Everston, C. M., & Emmer, E. T. (1982). Effective management at the beginning of the school year in junior high classes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(4), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.74.4.485
  • Evertson, C. M., Emmer, E. T., Sanford, J. P., & Clements, B. S. (1983). Improving classroom management: An experiment in elementary school classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 84(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1086/461354
  • Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (2006). Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874783
  • Fan, C. C. (2014). Perceived classroom management and student learning motivation in social studies of Taiwan junior high school students. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2(3), 40–51.
  • Fong, C. J., Patall, E. A., Vasquez, A. C., & Stautberg, S. (2019). A meta-analysis of negative feedback on intrinsic motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 31(1), 121–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9446-6
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
  • Freiberg, H. J., Huzinec, C. A., & Templeton, S. M. (2009). Classroom management – A pathway to student achievement: A study of fourteen inner-city elementary schools. The Elementary School Journal, 110(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1086/598843
  • Freiberg, H. J., Stein, T. A., & Huang, S. (1995). The effects of classroom management intervention on student achievement in inner-city elementary schools. Educational Research and Evaluation, 1, 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1380361950010103
  • Good, T. L., & Grouws, D. A. (1977). Teaching effects: A process-product study in fourth-grade mathematics classrooms. Journal of Teacher Education, 28(3), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248717702800310
  • Gottfredson, D. C., Gottfredson, G. D., & Hybl, L. G. (1993). Managing adolescent behavior: A multiyear, multischool study. American Educational Research Journal, 30(1), 179–215. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312030001179
  • Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887332
  • Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
  • Hedges, L. V. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164588
  • Hedges, L. V. (2007). Effect sizes in cluster-randomized designs. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 32(4), 341–370. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998606298043
  • Helmke, A., Schneider, W., & Weinert, F. E. (1986). Quality of instruction and classroom learning outcomes: The German contribution to the IEA classroom environment study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051x(86)90002-8
  • Helmke, A., & Schrader, F. W. (1988). Successful student practice during seatwork: Efficient management and active supervision not enough. The Journal of Educational Research, 82(2), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1988.10885870
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage Publications Inc.
  • Hospel, V., & Galand, B. (2016). Are both classroom autonomy support and structure equally important for students’ engagement? A multilevel analysis. Learning and Instruction, 41, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.09.001
  • Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 588–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019682
  • Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2016). Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model. Learning and Instruction, 43, 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002
  • Korpershoek, H., Harms, T., de Boer, H., van Kuijk, M., & Doolaard, S. (2016). A meta-analysis of the effects of classroom management strategies and classroom management programs on students’ academic, behavioral, emotional, and motivational outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 86(3), 643–680. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626799
  • Kounin, J. S. (1970). Discipline and group management in classrooms. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Kounin, J. S., & Obradovic, S. (1968). Managing emotionally disturbed children in regular classrooms: A replication and extension. The Journal of Special Education, 2(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246696800200202
  • Kunter, M., Baumert, J., & Köller, O. (2007). Effective classroom management and the development of subject-related interest. Learning and Instruction, 17(5), 494–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.002
  • Lane, K. L., Falk, K. B., & Wehby, J. H. (2006). Classroom management in special education classrooms and resource rooms. In C. Evertson & C. Weinstein (Eds.) Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues (pp. 439–460). Routledge.
  • Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., & Patall, E. A. (2015). Motivation. In L. Corno & E. Anderman (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (3rd Ed., pp. 91–103). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688244
  • Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage Publications Inc.
  • Mabbe, E., Soenens, B., De Muynck, G. J., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2018). The impact of feedback valence and communication style on intrinsic motivation in middle childhood: Experimental evidence and generalization across individual differences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 170, 134–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.008
  • Main, K., Pendergast, D., & Virtue, D. C. (2015). Core features of effective continuing professional development for the middle years: A tool for reflection. Research in Middle Level Education Online, 38(10), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2015.11658177
  • Marzano, R. J. (2003). What works in schools: Translating research into action. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
  • Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., & Pickering, D. J. (2003). Classroom management that works. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
  • McCaslin, M., Sotardi, V. A., & Vega, R. I. (2014). Teacher support and students’ self-regulated learning: Co-regulation and classroom management. In E. T. Emmer & E. J. Sabornie (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management (2nd ed., pp. 322–343). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203074114
  • Means, B., Chelmer, C., & Knapp, M. S. (1991). Teaching advanced skills to at-risk students: Views from research and practice. Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131729209335395
  • Morris, S. B., & DeShon, R. P. (2002). Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.105
  • Mouratidis, A., Lens, W., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). How you provide corrective feedback makes a difference: The motivating role of communicating in an autonomy-supporting way. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(5), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.5.619
  • Murdock, T. B. (1999). The social context of risk: Status and motivational predictors of alienation in middle school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.1.62
  • Oga-Baldwin, W. L. Q., & Nakata, Y. (2015). Structure also supports autonomy: Measuring and defining autonomy-supportive teaching in Japanese elementary foreign language classes. Japanese Psychological Research, 57(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12077
  • Okonofua, J. A., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2015). Two strikes: Race and the disciplining of young students. Psychological Science, 26, 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615570365
  • Oliver, R., Wehby, J., & Daniel, J. (2011). Teacher classroom management practices: Effects on disruptive or aggressive student behavior. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2011.4
  • Patall, E. A., Steingut, R. R., Vasquez, A. C., Trimble, S. R., Pituch, K. A. & Freeman, J. L. (2018). Daily autonomy supporting or thwarting and students' motivation, engagement, and disaffection in the high school science classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(2), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000214
  • Patall, E. A., Vite, A., Lee, D., Zambrano, J., Hamilton Bhat, B., & Arkatov, A. (2023). The 2022–2023 state of engagement report: Teachers’ practices of engaging students. Go Guardian. https://www.goguardian.com/state-of-engagement.
  • Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Ponitz, C. C., Rimm‐Kaufman, S. E., Brock, L. L., & Nathanson, L. (2009). Early adjustment, gender differences, and classroom organizational climate in first grade. The Elementary School Journal, 110(2), 142–162. https://doi.org/10.1086/605470
  • Pustejovsky, J. E. (2022). clubSandwich: Cluster-Robust (Sandwich) Variance Estimators with Small-Sample Corrections (Version 0.5.8). The Comprehensive R Archive Network. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=clubSandwich.
  • Pustejovsky, J. E., & Tipton, E. (2022). Meta-analysis with robust variance estimation: Expanding the range of working models. Prevention Science, 23(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01246-3
  • Qi, H. C., & Kaiser, A. P. (2003). Behavior problems of preschool children from low-income families: Review of the literature. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23(4), 188–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/02711214030230040201
  • R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Reeve, J. (2009). Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational Psychologist, 44(3), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520903028990
  • Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., & Newcomer, L. (2014). Using coaching to support teacher implementation of classroom-based interventions. Journal of Behavioral Education, 23(1), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-013-9186-0
  • Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Curby, T. W., Grimm, K. J., Nathanson, L., & Brock, L. L. (2009). The contribution of children’s self-regulation and classroom quality to children’s adaptive behaviors in the kindergarten classroom. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 958–972. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015861
  • Rodgers, M. A., & Pustejovsky, J. E. (2020). Evaluating meta-analytic methods to detect selective reporting in the presence of dependent effect sizes. Psychological Methods, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000300
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
  • Sabey, C. V., Charlton, C. T., Pyle, D., Lignugaris-Kraft, B., & Ross, S. W. (2017). A review of classwide or universal social, emotional, behavioral programs for students in kindergarten. Review of Educational Research, 87(3), 512–543. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316689307
  • Sanford, J., Emmer, E., & Clements, B. (1983). Improving classroom management. Educational Leadership, 40(7), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1086/461354
  • Schwab, Y., & Elias, M. J. (2014). From compliance to responsibility: Social-emotional learning and classroom management. In E. T. Emmer & E. J. Sabornie (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management (2nd ed., pp. 94–115). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203074114
  • Seidel, T., Rimmele, R., & Prenzel, M. (2005). Clarity and coherence of lesson goals as a scaffold for student learning. Learning and Instruction, 15(6), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.08.004
  • Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Dochy, F. (2009). The synergistic relationship of perceived autonomy support and structure in the prediction of self-regulated learning. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(Pt 1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709908x304398
  • Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D., & Sugai, D. (2008). Evidence-based practices in classroom management: Considerations for research to practice. Education and Treatment of Children, 31(1), 351–380. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.0.0007
  • Sirin, S. R. (2005). Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 417–453. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003417
  • Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 571–581. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571
  • Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840
  • Skinner, E. A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Connell, J. P., Eccles, J. S., & Wellborn, J. G. (1998). Individual differences and the development of perceived control. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63(2–3), i–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166220
  • Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater: Applying the principle of universalism without uniformity to autonomy‐supportive and controlling parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12103
  • Solomon, D., Battistich, V., & Hom, A. (1996). Teacher beliefs and practices in schools serving communities that differ in socioeconomic level. The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1996.10806602
  • Stroet, K., Opdenakker, M. C., & Minnaert, A. (2013). Effects of need supportive teaching on early adolescents’ motivation and engagement: A review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 9, 65–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2012.11.003
  • Taylor, J., Pigott, T., & Williams, R. (2022). Promoting knowledge accumulation about intervention effects: Exploring strategies for standardizing statistical approaches and effect size reporting. Educational Researcher, 51(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211051319
  • Tipton, E. (2015). Small sample adjustments for robust variance estimation with meta-regression. Psychological Methods, 20(3), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000011
  • Tucker, C. M., Zayco, R. A., Herman, K. C., Reinke, W. M., Trujillo, M., Carraway, K., Wallack, C., & Ivery, P. D. (2002). Teacher and child variables as predictors of academic engagement among low-income African American children. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10038
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., Dochy, F., Mouratidis, A., Aelterman, N., Haerens, L., & Beyers, W. (2012). Identifying configurations of perceived teacher autonomy support and structure: Associations with self-regulated learning, motivation and problem behavior. Learning and Instruction, 22(6), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.04.002
  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
  • Walberg, H. J., & Paik, S. J. (2000). Effective educational practices – Series 3. International Academy of Education/International Bureau of Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED443788.pdf.
  • Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1993). Toward a knowledge base for school learning. Review of Educational Research, 63(3), 249–294. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543063003249
  • Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., & Rodriguez, D. (1998). Chapter 3: The development of children’s motivation in school contexts. Review of Research in Education, 23(1), 73–118. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X023001073
  • Wentzel, K. R. (1997). Student motivation in middle school: The role of perceived pedagogical caring. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.411
  • What Works Clearinghouse. (2022). What Works Clearinghouse procedures and standards handbook, version 5.0. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE). https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Handbooks.
  • Yeager, D. S., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Hooper, S. Y., & Cohen, G. L. (2017). Loss of institutional trust among racial and ethnic minority adolescents: A consequence of procedural injustice and a cause of life-span outcomes. Child Development, 88(2), 658–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12697
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Collins, W. A. (2005). Autonomy development during adolescence. In G. R. Adams & M. D. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 176–204).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.