514
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Honoring Anni Bergman

Separation Anxiety: The Core of Attachment and Separation-Individuation

, PhD & , PhD

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., M. C. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. N. Wall. 2015. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Altmann, U., R. Gawlytta, J. Hoyer, F. Leichsenring, E. Leibing, M. Beutel, U. Willutzki, S. Herpertz, and B. Strauss. 2020. Typical symptom change patterns and their predictors in patients with social anxiety disorder: A latent class analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 71:102200. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102200.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.
  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., and M. H. van IJzendoorn. 2009. The first 10,000 adult attachment interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development 11 (3):223–63. doi:10.1080/14616730902814762.
  • Barber, J. P., B. Milrod, R. Gallop, N. Solomonov, M. G. Rudden, K. S. McCarthy, and D. L. Chambless. 2020. Processes of therapeutic change: Results from the cornell-penn study of psychotherapies for panic disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology 67 (2):222–31. doi:10.1037/cou0000417.
  • Benvenuti, A., P. Rucci, S. Calugi, G. B. Cassano, M. Miniati, and E. Frank. 2010. Relationship of residual mood and panic-agoraphobic spectrum phenomenology to quality of life and functional impairment in patients with major depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 25 (2):68–74. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e328333ee8e.
  • Bergman, A., I. Blom, and D. Polyak. 2011. Attachment and separation-individuation: Two ways of looking at the mother/infant relationship. In The mother and her child: Clinical aspects of attachment, loss and separation, ed. S. Akhtar, 55–68. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson.
  • Bergman, A., I. Blom, D. Polyak, and L. Mayers. 2014. Attachment and separation-individuation: Two ways of looking at the mother-infant relationship. International Forum of Psychoanalysis 24 (1):16–21. doi:10.1080/0803706x.2014.893390.
  • Bergman, A., and M. F. Fahey. 1999. Ours, yours, mine: Mutuality and the emergence of the separate self. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson.
  • Bergman, A., and I. Harpaz-Rotem. 2004. Revisiting rapprochement in the light of contemporary developmental theories. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52 (2):555–69. doi:10.1177/00030651040520020301.
  • Berthelot, N., C. Savard, R. Lemieux, J. Garon-Bissonnette, K. Ensink, and N. Godbout. 2022. Development and validation of a self-report measure assessing failures in the mentalization of trauma and adverse relationships. Child Abuse & Neglect 128:105017. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105017.
  • Blatt, S. J. 2008. Polarities of experience: Relatedness and self-definition in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bleiberg, K. L., and J. C. Markowitz. 2019. Interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD: Treating trauma without exposure. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 29 (1):15–22. doi:10.1037/int0000113.
  • Blum, H. P. 2004. Separation-individuation theory and attachment theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52 (2):535–53. doi:10.1177/00030651040520020501.
  • Bögels, S. M., S. Knappe, and L. A. Clark. 2013. Adult separation anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review 33 (5):663–74. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.006.
  • Bowlby, J. 1958. The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (5):350–73.
  • Bowlby, J. 1960. Separation anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 41:89–113.
  • Bowlby, J. 1961. Separation anxiety: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 1 (4):251–69. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01999.x.
  • Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and loss: Volume 1: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. 1973. Attachment and loss: Volume 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. 1980. Attachment and loss: Volume 3: Loss, sadness, and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. 1982. Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52 (4):664–78. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x.
  • Bowlby, J. 1988. A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Carlson, E. A. 1998. A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development 69 (4):1107–28. doi:10.2307/1132365.
  • Coan, J. A. 2008. Toward a neuroscience of attachment. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, ed. J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 2nd ed., 241–65. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Coates, S. W. 2004. John Bowlby and Margaret S. Mahler: Their lives and theories. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52 (2):571–601. doi:10.1177/00030651040520020601.
  • Cyranowski, J. M., M. K. Shear, P. Rucci, A. Fagiolini, E. Frank, V. J. Grochocinski, D. J. Kupfer, S. Banti, A. Armani, and G. Cassano. 2002. Adult separation anxiety: Psychometric properties of a new structured clinical interview. Journal of Psychiatric Research 36 (2):77–86. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00051-6.
  • Diamond, D., K. N. Levy, J. F. Clarkin, M. Fischer-Kern, N. M. Cain, S. Doering, S. Hörz, and A. Buchheim. 2014. Attachment and mentalization in female patients with comorbid narcissistic and borderline personality disorder. Personal Disorders 5 (4):428–33. doi:10.1037/per0000065.
  • Diamond, L. M., A. M. Hicks, and K. Otter-Henderson. 2006. Physiological evidence for repressive coping among avoidantly attached adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 23 (2):205–29. doi:10.1177/0265407506062470.
  • Dozier, M., and R. R. Kobak. 1992. Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: Converging evidence for deactivating strategies. Child Development 63 (6):1473–80. doi:10.2307/1131569.
  • Duschinsky, R., and K. White, eds. 2019. Trauma and loss: Key texts from the John Bowlby archive. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Ekeblad, A., R. Holmqvist, G. Andersson, and F. Falkenström. 2023. Change in reflective functioning in interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder. Psychotherapy Research 33 (3):342–49. doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2109443.
  • Elbay, R. Y., A. Görmez, A. Kılıç, and S. H. Avcı. 2021. Separation anxiety disorder among outpatients with major depressive disorder: Prevalence and clinical correlates. Comprehensive Psychiatry 105:152219. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152219.
  • Ensink, K., N. Berthelot, O. Bernazzani, L. Normandin, and P. Fonagy. 2014. Another step closer to measuring the ghosts in the nursery: Preliminary validation of the trauma reflective functioning scale. Frontiers in Psychology 5:1471. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01471.
  • Feldman, R. 2017. The neurobiology of human attachments. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21 (2):80–99. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.007.
  • Finsaas, M. C., and D. N. Klein. 2021. Adult separation anxiety: Personality characteristics of a neglected clinical syndrome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 130 (6):620–26. doi:10.1037/abn0000682.
  • Fischer-Kern, M., S. Doering, S. Taubner, S. Hörz, J. Zimmermann, M. Rentrop, P. Schuster, P. Buchheim, and A. Buchheim. 2015. Transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Change in reflective function. British Journal of Psychiatry 207 (2):173–74. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143842.
  • Fonagy, P., and E. Allison. 2012. What is mentalization? The concept and its foundations in developmental research. In Minding the child: Mentalization-based interventions with children, young people and their families, ed. N. Midgley and I. Vrouva, 1st ed., 11–34. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Fonagy, P., and E. Allison. 2014. The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training 51 (3):372–80. doi:10.1037/a0036505.
  • Fonagy, P., G. Gergely, E. L. Jurist, and M. Target. 2002. Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. 1st ed. New York, NY: Other Press.
  • Fonagy, P., P. Luyten, E. Allison, and C. Campbell. 2017. What we have changed our minds about: Part 2. Borderline personality disorder, epistemic trust and the developmental significance of social communication. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 4 (1):9. doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0062-8.
  • Fonagy, P., and M. Target. 2007. The rooting of the mind in the body: New links between attachment theory and psychoanalytic thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (2):411–56. doi:10.1177/00030651070550020501.
  • Fonagy, P., M. Target, H. Steele, and M. Steele. 1998. Reflective-functioning manual version 5.0 for application to adult attachment interviews. London, UK: University College London.
  • Freud, S. 1926. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, ed. J. Strachey and A. Freud, 77–175. London, UK: Hogarth Press.
  • George, C. N. Kaplan, and M. Main. 1996. Adult Attachment Interview. Berkeley, CA. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Gerber, A. J. 2005. Structural and symptomatic change in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy: a quantitative study of process, outcome, and attachment. PhD diss., University College London.
  • Gergely, G. 2000. Reapproaching Mahler: New perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 48 (4):1197–228. doi:10.1177/00030651000480040801.
  • Gouin, J. P., R. Glaser, T. J. Loving, W. B. Malarkey, J. Stowell, C. Houts, and J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser. 2009. Attachment avoidance predicts inflammatory responses to marital conflict. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23 (7):898–904. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.09.016.
  • Harari, D., M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, C. S. de Kloet, E. Geuze, E. Vermetten, H. G. M. Westenberg, and M. H. van IJzendoorn. 2009. Attachment representations in Dutch veterans with and without deployment-related PTSD. Attachment & Human Development 11 (6):515–36. doi:10.1080/14616730903282480.
  • Harpaz-Rotem, I., and A. Bergman. 2006. On an evolving theory of attachment: Rapprochement-theory of a developing mind. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 61 (1):170–89. doi:10.1080/00797308.2006.11800769.
  • Hesse, E., and M. Main. 1999. Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma in nonmaltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 19 (4):481–540. doi:10.1080/07351699909534265.
  • Hesse, E., and M. Main. 2006. Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology 18 (2):309–43. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060172.
  • Katznelson, H. 2014. Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 34 (2):107–17. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003.
  • Kernberg, O. F. 2022. Some implications of new developments in neurobiology for psychoanalytic object relations theory. Neuropsychoanalysis 24 (1):3–12. doi:10.1080/15294145.2021.1995609.
  • Klein, M. 1935. A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 16:145–74.
  • Levy, K. N., K. B. Meehan, K. M. Kelly, J. S. Reynoso, M. Weber, J. F. Clarkin, and O. F. Kernberg. 2006. Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (6):1027–40. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1027.
  • Long, M., W. Verbeke, T. Ein-Dor, and P. Vrtička. 2020. A functional neuro-anatomical model of human attachment (NAMA): Insights from first- and second-person social neuroscience. Cortex 126:281–321. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.010.
  • Luyten, P., and P. Fonagy. 2015. The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders Theory, Research, & Treatment 6 (4):366–79. doi:10.1037/per0000117.
  • Lyons-Ruth, K. 1991. Rapprochement or approchement: Mahler’s theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships. Psychoanalytic Psychology 8 (1):1–23. doi:10.1037/h0079237.
  • Lyons-Ruth, K., L. Dutra, M. R. Schuder, and I. Bianchi. 2006. From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences? The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29(1):63–86. viii. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.011.
  • MacDonald, H. Z., M. Beeghly, W. Grant-Knight, M. Augustyn, R. W. Woods, H. Cabral, R. Rose-Jacobs, G. N. Saxe, and D. A. Frank. 2008. Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms. Development and Psychopathology 20 (2):493–508. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000242.
  • Mahler, M., F. Pine, and A. Bergman. 1975. The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Mahler, M. S. 1972. Rapprochement subphase of the separation-individuation process. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 41 (4):487–506. doi:10.1080/21674086.1972.11926608.
  • Mahler, M. S., F. Pine, and A. Bergman. 1985. The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Main, M., and R. Goldwyn. 1998. Adult Attachment scoring and classification system, Version 6.0. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.
  • Main, M., and E. Hesse. 1990. Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, ed. M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, and E. M. Cummings, 1st ed., 161–82. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Main, M., N. Kaplan, and J. Cassidy. 1985. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50 (1–2):66–104. doi:10.2307/3333827.
  • Manicavasagar, V., C. Marnane, S. Pini, M. Abelli, S. Rees, V. Eapen, and D. Silove. 2010. Adult separation anxiety disorder: A disorder comes of age. Current Psychiatry Reports 12 (4):290–97. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0131-9.
  • Manicavasagar, V., D. Silove, R. Wagner, and J. Drobny. 2003. A self-report questionnaire for measuring separation anxiety in adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry 44 (2):146–53. doi:10.1053/comp.2003.50024.
  • Markowitz, J. C., A. Lowell, B. L. Milrod, A. Lopez-Yianilos, and Y. Neria. 2020. Symptom-specific reflective function as a potential mechanism of interpersonal psychotherapy outcome: A case report. American Journal of Psychotherapy 73 (1):35–40. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20190026.
  • Markowitz, J. C., E. Petkova, Y. Neria, P. E. Van Meter, Y. Zhao, E. Hembree, K. Lovell, T. Biyanova, and R. D. Marshall. 2015. Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry 172 (5):430–40. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070908.
  • Mikulincer, M., G. Birnbaum, D. Woddis, and O. Nachmias. 2000. Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (3):509–23. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.509.
  • Mikulincer, M., and P. R. Shaver. 2019. Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology 25:6–10. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006.
  • Milrod, B. 2015. An epidemiological contribution to clinical understanding of anxiety. The American Journal of Psychiatry 172 (7):601–02. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030312.
  • Milrod, B. L. 2023. Separation anxiety as moderator of panic outcomes between panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy and applied relaxation training. November 16, 2023.
  • Milrod, B., M. Altemus, C. Gross, F. Busch, G. Silver, P. Christos, J. Stieber, and F. Schneier. 2016. Adult separation anxiety in treatment nonresponders with anxiety disorders: Delineation of the syndrome and exploration of attachment-based psychotherapy and biomarkers. Comprehensive Psychiatry 66:139–45. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.01.004.
  • Milrod, B., J. R. Keefe, T.-H. Choo, S. Arnon, S. Such, A. Lowell, Y. Neria, and J. C. Markowitz. 2020. Separation anxiety in PTSD: A pilot study of mechanisms in patients undergoing IPT. Depression & Anxiety 37 (4):386–95. doi:10.1002/da.23003.
  • Milrod, B., A. C. Leon, F. Busch, M. Rudden, M. Schwalberg, J. Clarkin, A. Aronson, M. Singer, W. Turchin, E. T. Klass, et al. 2007. A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (2):265–72. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.265.
  • Milrod, B., J. C. Markowitz, A. J. Gerber, J. Cyranowski, M. Altemus, T. Shapiro, M. Hofer, and C. Glatt. 2014. Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety. The American Journal of Psychiatry 171 (1):34–43. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13060781.
  • Miniati, M., S. Calugi, P. Rucci, M. K. Shear, A. Benvenuti, D. Santoro, M. Mauri, and G. B. Cassano. 2012. Predictors of response among patients with panic disorder treated with medications in a naturalistic follow-up: The role of adult separation anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders 136 (3):675–79. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.008.
  • Mitchell, S. A. 1999. Attachment theory and the psychoanalytic tradition: Reflections on human rationality. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 9 (1):85–107. doi:10.1080/10481889909539308.
  • Panksepp, J., and L. Biven. 2012. The archeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. 1st ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
  • Pine, F. 2004. Mahler’s concepts of “symbiosis” and separation-individuation: Revisited, reevaluated, refined. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52 (2):511–33. doi:10.1177/00030651040520021001.
  • Rudden, M. G., B. Milrod, K. B. Meehan, and F. Falkenstrom. 2009. Symptom-specific reflective functioning: Incorporating psychoanalytic measures into clinical trials. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 57 (6):1473–78. doi:10.1177/00030651090570060804.
  • Salter Ainsworth, M. D., and S. M. Bell. 1970. Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development 41 (1):49–67. doi:10.2307/1127388.
  • Salter Ainsworth, M. D., and S. M. Bell. 1981. Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In The life cycle: Readings in human development, ed. L. D. Steinberg, 57–71. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Sharp, C., P. Fonagy, and J. G. Allen. 2012. Posttraumatic stress disorder: A social-cognitive perspective. Clinical Psychology Science & Practice 19 (3):229–40. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12002.
  • Shear, K., R. Jin, A. M. Ruscio, E. E. Walters, and R. C. Kessler. 2006. Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (6):1074–83. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1074.
  • Shear, M. K., E. Frank, P. Rucci, D. A. Fagiolini, V. Grochocinski, P. Houck, G. B. Cassano, D. Kupfer, J. Endicott, J. D. Maser, M. Mauri, S. Banti, et al. 2001. Panic-agoraphobic spectrum: Reliability and validity of assessment instruments. Journal of Psychiatric Research 35 (1):59–66. doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00002-4.
  • Silove, D., J. Alonso, E. Bromet, M. Gruber, N. Sampson, K. Scott, L. Andrade, C. Benjet, J. M. Caldas de Almeida, G. De Girolamo, et al. 2015. Pediatric-onset and adult-onset separation anxiety disorder across countries in the World Mental Health Survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry 172 (7):647–56. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14091185.
  • Simpson, J. A., and J. Belsky. 2008. Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, Research, and clinical applications, ed. J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 2nd ed., 131–57. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Singletary, W. Forthcoming. Resolving rapprochement challenges: The process of metabolizing love-fueling development, therapeutic growth, reparation and healing. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. [This volume].
  • Solms, M. 2021. Revision of drive theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69 (6):1033–91. doi:10.1177/00030651211057041.
  • Solnit, A. J. 1982. Developmental perspectives on self and object constancy. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 37 (1):201–18. doi:10.1080/00797308.1982.11823363.
  • Sroufe, L. A. 1997. Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development & Psychopathology 9:251–68. doi:10.1017/S0954579497002046.
  • Sroufe, L. A. 2005. Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development 7 (4):349–67. doi:10.1080/14616730500365928.
  • Sroufe, L. A., B. Egeland, E. A. Carlson, and W. A. Collins. 2005a. The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Sroufe, L. A., B. Egeland, E. A. Carlson, and W. A. Collins. 2005b. Placing early attachment experiences in developmental context: The Minnesota longitudinal study. In Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies, ed. K. E. Grossmann, K. Grossmann, and E. Waters, 48–70. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Sroufe, L. A., and E. Waters. 1977. Heart rate as a convergent measure in clinical and developmental research. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development 23 (1):3–27.
  • Steele, H., and M. Steele, eds. 2008. Clinical applications of the adult attachment interview. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Stovall-McClough, K. C., and M. Cloitre. 2006. Unresolved attachment, PTSD, and dissociation in women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2):219–28. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.219.
  • Tronick, E. Z., N. Bruschweiler‐Stern, A. M. Harrison, K. Lyons‐Ruth, A. C. Morgan, J. P. Nahum, L. Sander, and D. N. Stern. 1998. Dyadically expanded states of consciousness and the process of therapeutic change. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of the World Association for Infant Mental Health 19 (3):290–99. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199823)19:3<290:AID-IMHJ4>3.0.CO;2-Q.
  • van IJzendoorn, M. H., and M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg. 2008. The distribution of adult attachment representations in clinical groups: A meta-analytic search for patterns of attachment in 105 AAI studies. In Clinical applications of the adult attachment interview, ed. H. Steele and M. Steele, 69–96. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Winnicott, D. 1974. The fear of breakdown. International Review of Psychoanalysis 1:103–07.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.