Exploring the climate change discourse on Chinese social media and the role of social bots

References

• Al-Rawi, A., Kane, O., & Bizimana, A.-J. (2021). Topic modelling of public Twitter discourses, part bot, part active human user, on climate change and global warming. Journal of Environmental Media, 2(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1386/jem_00039_1
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. A., & Huntington, H. E. (2017). Social media, science, and attack discourse: How Twitter discussions of climate change use sarcasm and incivility. Science Communication, 39(5), 598–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017735113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimber, B., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2020). The unedited public sphere. New Media & Society, 22(4), 700–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björnberg, K. E., Karlsson, M., Gilek, M., & Hansson, S. O. (2017). Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015. Journal of Cleaner Production, 167, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsover, G., & Howard, P. (2019). Chinese computational propaganda: Automation, algorithms and the manipulation of information about Chinese politics on Twitter and Weibo. Information, Communication & Society, 22(14), 2063–2080. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1476576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budescu, D. V., Broomell, S., & Por, H.-H. (2009). Improving communication of uncertainty in the reports of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Psychological Science, 20(3), 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02284.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-F., Shi, W., Yang, J., & Fu, H.-H. (2021). Social bots’ role in climate change discussion on Twitter: Measuring standpoints, topics, and interaction strategies. Advances in Climate Change Research, 12(6), 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J., Ellerton, P., & Kinkead, D. (2018). Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors. Environmental Research Letters, 13(2), 024018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa49f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Y., Che, W., Liu, T., Qin, B., & Yang, Z. (2021). Pre-training with whole word masking for Chinese BERT. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 29, 3504–3514. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLP.2021.3124365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding (arXiv:1810.04805). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1810.04805
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E. (2013). Climate change skepticism and denial: An introduction. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(6), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213477097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgesem, D., Steskal, L., & Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Structure and content of the discourse on climate change in the blogosphere: The big picture. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.983536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, A. (2018). Understanding how China is championing climate change mitigation. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0150-4
   Google Scholar
• Falkenberg, M., Galeazzi, A., Torricelli, M., Di Marco, N., Larosa, F., Sas, M., Mekacher, A., Pearce, W., Zollo, F., Quattrociocchi, W., & Baronchelli, A. (2022). Growing polarization around climate change on social media. Nature Climate Change, 12(12), 1114–1121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01527-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foderaro, A., & Lorentzen, D. G. (2022). Argumentative practices and patterns in debating climate change on Twitter. ASLIB Journal of Information Management, 75(1), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-06-2021-0164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliman, R. (2017). Restructuring of the global economy: The role of climate alarmism. The Business and Management Review, 9(1), 321–334.
   Google Scholar
• Hase, V., Mahl, D., Schäfer, M. S., & Keller, T. R. (2021). Climate change in news media across the globe: An automated analysis of issue attention and themes in climate change coverage in 10 countries (2006–2018). Global Environmental Change, 70, 102353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg, K., & Hellsten, I. (2015). Gender differences in the climate change communication on Twitter. Internet Research, 25(5), 811–828. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2014-0179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, P. N., & Kollanyi, B. (2016). Bots, #Strongerin, and #Brexit: Computational propaganda during the UK-EU referendum (SSRN Scholarly Paper 2798311). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798311
   Google Scholar
• Jacques, P. J., & Knox, C. C. (2016). Hurricanes and hegemony: A qualitative analysis of micro-level climate change denial discourses. Environmental Politics, 25(5), 831–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1189233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, S. M., & Hart, P. S. (2015). Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states: Evidence from Twitter big data. Global Environmental Change, 32, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janković, V., & Schultz, D. M. (2017). Atmosfear: Communicating the effects of climate change on extreme weather. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0030.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, T. R., & Klinger, U. (2019). Social bots in election campaigns: Theoretical, empirical, and methodological implications. Political Communication, 36(1), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1526238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Wang, L., He, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, A. (2023, November 29). Improving rumor detection by class-based adversarial domain adaptation. Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM ‘23). https://doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612501
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. C.-E., & Zhao, B. (2017). Who speaks for climate change in China? Evidence from Weibo. Climatic Change, 140(3–4), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1883-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lörcher, I., & Neverla, I. (2015). The dynamics of issue attention in online communication on climate change. Media and Communication, 3(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i1.253
   Google Scholar
• Lynam, T. (2016). Exploring social representations of adapting to climate change using topic modeling and Bayesian networks. Ecology and Society, 21(4). http://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08778-210416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, T., Miller, S., & Roberts, J. T. (2021). Bots and online climate discourses: Twitter discourse on President Trump’s announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Climate Policy, 21(6), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1870098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moernaut, R., Mast, J., Temmerman, M., & Broersma, M. (2022). Hot weather, hot topic. Polarization and sceptical framing in the climate debate on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 25(8), 1047–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1834600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, T. A., Rabinovich, A., Marshall, D., & Bretschneider, P. (2011). The future that may (or may not) come: How framing changes responses to uncertainty in climate change communications. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, T. P. (2017). Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, comments, and sources following the release of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers. Public Understanding of Science, 26(7), 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516628477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, S., & Nicholson-Cole, S. (2009). “Fear won’t do it” promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Science Communication, 30(3), 355–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008329201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, H., Liu, J., & Lu, J. (2022). Tackling fake news in socially mediated public spheres: A comparison of Weibo and WeChat. Technology in Society, 70, 102004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, W., Holmberg, K., Hellsten, I., & Nerlich, B. (2014). Climate change on Twitter: Topics, communities and conversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 report. PloS One, 9(4), e94785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, W., Niederer, S., Özkula, S. M., & Sánchez Querubín, N. (2019). The social media life of climate change: Platforms, publics, and future imaginaries. WIRES Climate Change, 10(2), e569. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.569
   Google Scholar
• Rauchfleisch, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2015). Multiple public spheres of Weibo: A typology of forms and potentials of online public spheres in China. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.940364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, R. M., Salles, D., Tucci, G., Ferreira, F., & Grael, F. (2020). Making up audience: Media bots and the falsification of the public sphere. Communication Studies, 71(3), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1735466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer, M. S. (2012). Online communication on climate change and climate politics: A literature review. WIRES Climate Change, 3(6), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Varol, O., Yang, K.-C., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2018). The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02088-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwell, B. G., Brennen, J. S. B., Paquin, R., Boudewyns, V., & Zeng, J. (2022). Defining and measuring scientific misinformation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221084709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwell, B. G., Niederdeppe, J., Cappella, J. N., Gaysynsky, A., Kelley, D. E., Oh, A., Peterson, E. B., & Chou, W.-Y. S. (2019). Misinformation as a misunderstood challenge to public health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(2), 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stella, M., Ferrara, E., & De Domenico, M. (2018). Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(49), 12435–12440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803470115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieglitz, S., Brachten, F., Berthelé, D., Schlaus, M., Venetopoulou, C., & Veutgen, D. (2017). Do social bots (still) act different to humans?–Comparing metrics of social bots with those of humans. International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 379–395).
   Google Scholar
• Tesler, M. (2018). Elite domination of public doubts about climate change (not evolution). Political Communication, 35(2), 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1380092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treen, K. M. d’I., Williams, H. T., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. WIRES Climate Change, 11(5), e665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.665
   Google Scholar
• Tyagi, A., Babcock, M., Carley, K. M., & Sicker, D. C. (2020). Polarizing tweets on climate change. International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (pp. 107–117).
   Google Scholar
• van der Linden, S. (2022). Misinformation: Susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public. Nature Medicine, 28(3), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varol, O., Ferrara, E., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2017). Online human-bot interactions: Detection, estimation, and characterization. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14871
   Google Scholar
• Veltri, G. A., & Atanasova, D. (2017). Climate change on Twitter: Content, media ecology and information sharing behaviour. Public Understanding of Science, 26(6), 721–737. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515613702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2020). Defining misinformation and understanding its bounded nature: Using expertise and evidence for describing misinformation. Political Communication, 37(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu, H. T., Do, H. V., Seo, H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Who leads the conversation on climate change?: A study of a global network of NGOs on twitter. Environmental Communication, 14(4), 450–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1687099
   Google Scholar
• Walter, S., Lörcher, I., & Brüggemann, M. (2019). Scientific networks on Twitter: Analyzing scientists’ interactions in the climate change debate. Public Understanding of Science, 28(6), 696–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662519844131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Climate change in the Chinese mind: An overview of public perceptions at macro and micro levels. WIRES Climate Change, 11(3), e639. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.639
   Google Scholar
• Weingart, P., Engels, A., & Pansegrau, P. (2000). Risks of communication: Discourses on climate change in science, politics, and the mass media. Public Understanding of Science, 9(3), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, T., & von Braun, J. (2013). Climate change impacts on global food security. Science, 341(6145), 508–513. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, H. T., McMurray, J. R., Kurz, T., & Lambert, F. H. (2015). Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 32, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, L. (2015). The story of two big chimneys: A frame analysis of climate change in US and Chinese newspapers. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 44(2), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2015.1011593
   Google Scholar
• Yang, G., & Calhoun, C. (2007). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere in China. China Information, 21(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X07079644
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Stoddart, M. C. (2021). Public engagement in climate communication on China’s Weibo: Network structure and information flows. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.3754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, X., Schuchard, R. J., & Crooks, A. T. (2019). Examining emergent communities and social bots within the polarized online vaccination debate in Twitter. Social Media+ Society, 5(3), 2056305119865465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Ma, X., Chen, B., Shang, Y., & Song, M. (2022). Challenges toward carbon neutrality in China: Strategies and countermeasures. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 176, 105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar