Categorical astigmatism: on ethnicity, religion, nationality, and class in the study of migrants in Europe

References

• Alba, Richard. 2005. “Bright vs. Blurred Boundaries: Second-Generation Assimilation and Exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (1): 20–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000280003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allievi, Stefano. 2005. “How the Immigrant has Become Muslim: Public Debates on Islam in Europe.” Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales 21 (2): 135–163. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.2497
   Google Scholar
• Allievi, Stefano, and Jorgen S. Nielsen, eds. 2003. Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and Across Europe. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Altay, Tunay, Gökce Yurdakul, and Anna C. Korteweg. 2021. “Crossing Borders: The Intersectional Marginalisation of Bulgarian Muslim Trans* Immigrant Sex Workers in Berlin.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (9): 1922–1939. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1862646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelina, Anna, and Thomas Faist. 2012. “De-naturalizing the National in Research Methodologies: Key Concepts of Transnational Studies in Migration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (10): 1707–1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.659273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelina, Anna, Jana Schäfer, and Miriam Friz Trzeciak. 2021. “Classificatory Struggles Revisited: Theorizing Current Conflicts Over Migration, Belonging and Membership.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 19 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1854918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Bridget. 2019. “Re-writing the Domestic Role: Transnational Migrants’ Households Between Informal and Formal Social Protection in Ecuador and in Spain.” Comparative Migration Studies 7 (1): 7–66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0108-0
   Google Scholar
• Anthias, Floya. 2013. “Hierarchies of Social Location, Class and Intersectionality: Towards a Translocational Frame.” International Sociology 28 (1): 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580912463155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barwick, Christine, and Jean Beaman. 2019. “Living for the Neighbourhood: Marginalization and Belonging for the Second-Generation in Berlin and Paris.” Comparative Migration Studies 7 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0105-3
   Google Scholar
• Baubock, Rainer. 1996. “Cultural Minority Rights for Immigrants.” The International Migration Review 30 (1): 203–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaman, Jean. 2015. “Boundaries of Frenchness: Cultural Citizenship and France’s Middle-Class North African Second-Generation.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 22 (1): 36–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaman, Jean. 2017. Citizen Outsider: Children of North African Immigrants in France. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, Ulrich, Wolfgang Bonß, and Christoph Lau. 2003. “The Theory of Reflexive Modernization.” Theory, Culture & Society 20 (2): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276403020002001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, Elisabeth. 2021. Mosques in the Metropolis: Incivility, Caste, and Contention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, Elisabeth. 2024. “Theorizing ‘New Ethnicities’ in Diasporic Europe: Jews, Muslims and Stuart Hall.” Ethnic and Racial Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellah, Robert, Richard Madsen, William Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bilecen, Başak. 2021. “Personal Network Analysis from an Intersectional Perspective: How to Overcome Ethnicity Bias in Migration Research.” Global Networks 21 (3): 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonjour, Saskia. 2023. “Micro-practices of Nation-Building: Race and Class in Jennifer Elrick’s Making Middle-Class Multiculturalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (3): 522–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2128690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonjour, Saskia, and Sébastien Chauvin. 2018. “Social Class, Migration Policy and Migrant Strategies: An Introduction.” International Migration 56 (4): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonjour, Saskia, and Jan Duyvendak. 2018. “The “Migrant with Poor Prospects”: Racialized Intersections of Class and Culture in Dutch Civic Integration Debates.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (5): 882–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1339897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvar, Pal Ketil. 1996. “Belonging Without Believing? The Norwegian Religious Profile Compared with the British One.” In Religion and Modernity: Modes of Co-Existence, edited by Pal Repstad, 119–134. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boucher, Anna Katherine. 2020. “How ‘Skill’ Definition Affects the Diversity of Skilled Immigration Policies.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (12): 2533–2550. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. “What Makes a Social Class? On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 32: 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 2019. Classification Struggles. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. [1984] 1979. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loic Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loic Wacquant. 2013. “Symbolic Capital and Social Classes.” Journal of Classical Sociology 13 (2): 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X12468736
   Google Scholar
• Brah, Avtar, and Ann Phoenix. 2004. “Ain’t I a Woman? Revisiting Intersectionality.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 5 (3): 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Mark. 2000. “Quantifying the Muslim Population in Europe: Conceptual and Data Issues.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 3 (2): 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/136455700405163
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. Ethnicity Without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers. 2013. “Categories of Analysis and Categories of Practice: A Note on the Study of Muslims in European Countries of Immigration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.729674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çağlar, Ayşe, and Nina Glick Schiller. 2008. “Migrant Incorporation and City Scale: Towards a Theory of Locality in Migration Studies.” Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, Çetin. 2015. “‘Having a German Passport Will not Make me German’: Reactive Ethnicity and Oppositional Identity among Disadvantaged Male Turkish Second-Generation Youth in Germany.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (9): 1646–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1018298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleton, Laura, and Petra Meier. 2023. “Contesting Policy Categories Using Intersectionality: Reflections for Studying Migration Governance.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (14): 3014–3036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, Walker. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, Heaven, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2018. “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (1): 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 140: 139–167.
   Google Scholar
• Dahinden, Janine. 2016. “A Plea for the ‘De-Migranticization’ of Research on Migration and Integration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (13): 2207–2225. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1124129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahinden, Janine, Carolin Fischer, and Joanna Menet. 2021. “Knowledge Production, Reflexivity, and the Use of Categories in Migration Studies: Tackling Challenges in the Field.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (4): 535–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1752926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dazey, Margot. 2023. “Polite Responses to Stigmatization: Ethics of Exemplarity among French Muslim Elites.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (4): 686–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1998569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Coninck, David. 2020. “Migrant Categorizations and European Public Opinion: Diverging Attitudes Towards Immigrants and Refugees.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (9): 1667–1686. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1694406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerath III, N. J. 2000. “The Rise of “Cultural Religion” in European Christianity: Learning from Poland, Northern Ireland, and Sweden.” Social Compass 47 (1): 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047001013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouhot, Lucas. 2021. “Cracks in the Melting Pot? Religiosity and Assimilation among the Diverse Muslim Population in France.” American Journal of Sociology 126 (4): 795–851. https://doi.org/10.1086/712804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouhot, Lucas. 2023. “Fitting in at the top? Stigma and the Negotiation of Belonging among the new Immigrant Elite in France.” International Migration Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918323117210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouhot, Lucas, and Filiz Garip. 2021. “What’s Behind a Racial Category? Uncovering Heterogeneity among Asian Americans Through a Data-Driven Typology.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7 (2): 22–45. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.2.02
   Google Scholar
• Eghdamian, Khatereh. 2020. “Rethinking ‘Religious Identity’ in Refugee ‘Integration’: An Examination Into Representations and Experiences of Syrian ‘Religious Minority’ Refugees in Berlin, Germany.” Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).
   Google Scholar
• Ehrkamp, Patricia. 2005. “Placing Identities: Transnational Practices and Local Attachments of Turkish Immigrants in Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2): 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000339963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elrick, Jennifer. 2022. Making Middle-Class Multiculturalism: Immigration Bureaucrats and Policymaking in Postwar Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elrick, Jennifer, and Luisa Farah Schwartzman. 2015. “From Statistical Category to Social Category: Organized Politics and Official Categorizations of ‘Persons with a Migration Background’ in Germany.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (9): 1539–1556. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.996240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fathi, Mastoureh. 2017. Intersectionality, Class, and Migration: Narrative of Iranian Women Migrants in the UK. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, Carolin, Christin Achermann, and Janine Dahinden. 2020. “Revisiting Borders and Boundaries: Exploring Migrant Inclusion and Exclusion from Intersectional Perspectives.” Migration Letters 17 (4): 477–485. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i4.1085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, Steve, and Saher Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514531606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts, Nella, Tine Davids, Marcel Lubbers, and Niels Spierings. 2022. “A Cosmopolitan Explanation of the Integration Paradox: A Mixed Methods Approach.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (16): 412–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2093613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts, Nella, Tine Davids, and Niels Spierings. 2021. “The Lived Experience of an Integration Paradox: Why High-Skilled Migrants from Turkey Experience Little National Belonging in the Netherlands.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1770062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-White, Francisco. 1999. “How Thick is Blood? The Plot Thickens … : If Ethnic Actors are Primordialists, What Remains of the Circumstantialist / Primordialist Controversy?.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (5): 789–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaese, Jana Catalina. 2020. “United in Diversity? Religious Categorization in the German 2011 Census.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 43 (4): 690–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1588986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick Schiller, Nina, Ayşe Çağlar, and Thaddeus C. Guldbrandsen. 2006. “Beyond the Ethnic Lens: Locality, Globality, and Born-Again Incorporation.” American Ethnologist 33 (4): 612–633. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2006.33.4.612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowayed, Heba. 2022. Refuge: How the State Shapes Human Potential. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gualtieri, Sarah. 2009. Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian American Diaspora. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamlin, Rebecca. 2021. Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haug, Werner. 2000. “National and Immigrant Minorities: Problems of Measurement and Definition.” Genus 56 (1/2): 133–147.
   Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, Patricia. 1998. “It’s all in the Family: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Nation.” Hypatia 13 (3): 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01370.x
   Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, Patricia. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holtz, Peter, Janine Dahinden, and Wolfgang Wagner. 2013. “German Muslims and the ‘Integration Debate’: Negotiating Identities in the Face of Discrimination.” Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 47 (2): 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-012-9227-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, Kenneth. 2019. “Migration Background – Statistical Classification and the Problem of Implicitly Ethnicising Categorisation in Educational Contexts.” Ethnicities 19 (3): 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunkler, Christian, Tabea Scharrer, Magdalena Suerbaum, and Zeynep Yanaşmayan. 2022. “Spatial and Social im/Mobility in Forced Migration: Revisiting Class.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (20): 4829–4846. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2123431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, John, and Anthony Smith, eds. 1996. Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Dirk, et al. 2009. “The Challenge of Measuring Immigrant Origin and Immigration-Related Ethnicity in Europe.” Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de la Migration Internationale 10 (1): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0091-2
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Richard. 1996. Social Identity. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Richard. 2000. “Categorization: Identity, Social Process and Epistemology.” Current Sociology 48 (3): 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392100048003003
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, Birgitte, and Riem Spielhaus. 2012. “Counting Deviance: Revisiting a Decade’s Production of Surveys among Muslims in Western Europe.” Journal of Muslims in Europe 1 (1): 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1163/221179512X644060
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, Ayhan. 2019. Turkish Origin Migrants and Their Descendants: Hyphenated Identities in Transnational Space. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, David. 2017. “The Perils of Reification: Identity Categories and Identity Construction in Migration Research.” In Boundaries Within: Nation, Kinship and Identity among Migrants and Minorities, edited by Francesca Decimo, and Alessandra Gribaldo, 23–34. IMISCOE Research Series. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer, David, and Dominique Arel, eds. 2002. Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Korteweg, Anna C. 2017. “The “What” and “Who” of Co-Optation: Gendered Racialized Migrations, Settler Nation-States and Postcolonial Difference.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 19 (2): 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2016.1191286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korteweg, Anna C., and Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos. 2013. “Gender, Religion, and Ethnicity: Intersections and Boundaries in Immigrant Integration Policy Making.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 20 (1): 109–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs027
   Google Scholar
• Koskela, Kaisu. 2019. “Intersecting Experiences: Class, Gender, Ethnicity and Race in the Lives of Highly Skilled Migrants in Finland.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 9 (3): 311–328. https://doi.org/10.2478/njmr-2019-0024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela, Kaisu. 2021. “Claims to a Nation, Dressing the Part and Other Boundary Making Strategies by Skilled Migrants in Response to Ethnic Categorization.” Social Identities 27 (2): 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1816952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, Sarah. 2020. “Expatriate, Migrant? The Social Life of Migration Categories and the Polyvalent Mobility of Race.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (11): 2145–2162. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, Will. 1996. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, Michèle. 2009. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, Michèle, and Virág Molnár. 2002. “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28 (1): 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwers, A. Sophie. 2024. “Who Belongs to the ‘Historic Nation’? Fictive Ethnicity and (il)liberal Uses of Religious Heritage.” Ethnic and Racial Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, Andrea, and Mireille Paquet. 2022. “Deservingness in Context: Perspectives Toward Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Canada.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (15): 3484–3504. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1994376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandaville, Peter. 2009. “Muslim Transnational Identity and State Responses in Europe and the UK After 9/11: Political Community, Ideology and Authority.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (3): 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802704681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes, Astrid. 2021. “How Religion Came Into Play: ‘Muslim’ as a Category of Practice in Immigrant Integration Debates.” Religion, State and Society 46 (3): 186–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2018.1474031
   Google Scholar
• Messing, Vera, and Andras L. Pap. 2024. “Cacophony in Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Ethnicity: The Case of Roma in Hungary.” Ethnic and Racial Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moret, Joëlle, Apostolos Andrikopoulos, and Janine Dahinden. 2021. “Contesting Categories: Cross-Border Marriages from the Perspectives of the State, Spouses, and Researchers.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (2): 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1625124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, Kate. 2001. “The ‘Cultural Turn’ in Social Theory: Towards a Theory of Cultural Politics.” Sociology 35 (1): 77–92.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, Anne. 2013. On the Muslim Question. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nowicka, Magdalena, and Anna Cieslik. 2014. “Beyond Methodological Nationalism in Insider Research with Migrants.” Migration Studies 2 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petzke, Martin. 2023. “The Culture of Official Statistics. Symbolic Domination and “Bourgeois” Assimilation in Quantitative Measurements of Immigrant Integration in Germany.” Theory and Society 52 (2): 213–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-022-09503-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramm, Christoph. 2010. “The Muslim Makers: How Germany ‘Islamizes’ Turkish Migrants.” Interventions 12 (2): 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2010.489692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, Shanthi. 2019. “Status-Making: Rethinking Migrant Categorization.” Journal of Sociology 55 (2): 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783318791761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottmann, Susan, and Ayhan Kaya. 2020. “‘We Can’t Integrate in Europe. We Will pay a High Price if We Go There’: Culture, Time and Migration Aspirations for Syrian Refugees in Istanbul.” Journal of Refugee Studies 34 (1): 474–490. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruane, Joseph, and Jennifer Todd. 2004. “The Roots of Intense Ethnic Conflict may not in Fact be Ethnic: Categories, Communities and Path Dependence.” European Journal of Sociology 45 (2): 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975604001432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, Louise, and Janine Dahinden. 2021. “Qualitative Network Analysis for Migration Studies: Beyond Metaphors and Epistemological Pitfalls.” Global Networks 21 (3): 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye, Johan Fredrik. 2019. “Transnational Spaces of Class: International Migrants’ Multilocal, Inconsistent and Instable Class Positions.” Current Sociology 67 (1): 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392118793676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed, Amir. 2007. “Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media.” Sociology Compass 1 (2): 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x
   Google Scholar
• Saeed, Sadia. 2021. “Religion, Classification Struggles, and the State’s Exercise of Symbolic Power.” Theory and Society 50 (2): 255–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09415-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, Edward. 1997. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. London: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, Silke, and Anthony F. Heath. 2020. “Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Europe: Validating Measures of Ethnic and Cultural Background.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (3): 533–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuzzarello, Sarah, and Laura Moroşanu. 2023. “Integration and Intersectionality: Boundaries and Belonging “from Above” and “from Below”. Introduction to the Special Issue.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (14): 2991–3013. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2182649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigona, Nando. 2018. “The Contested Politics of Naming in Europe’s “Refugee Crisis”.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (3): 456–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1388423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, Patrick. 2012. “Collecting Ethnic Statistics in Europe: A Review.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (8): 1366–1391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.607507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, Patrick, and Victor Piche. 2012. “Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (8): 1357–1365. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.634508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, Ilka. 2021. “Recognition of Foreign Qualifications in Germany: Selectivity and Power in re-Making Professionals.” International Migration 59 (4): 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, Elena, and Markus Gamper. 2021. “Beyond Structural Determinism: Advantages and Challenges of Qualitative Social Network Analysis for Studying Social Capital of Migrants.” Global Networks 21 (3): 608–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soysal, Yasemin. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spielhaus, Riem. 2010. “Media Making Muslims: The Construction of a Muslim Community in Germany Through Media Debate.” Contemporary Islam 4 (1): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-009-0099-6
   Google Scholar
• Spielhaus, Riem. 2011. “Measuring the Muslim: About Statistical Obsessions, Categorisations, and the Quantification of Religion.” In Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. Vol. 3, edited by Jørgen Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Hugh Goddard, and Brigitte Maréchal, 695–715. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Steinmann, Jan-Philip. 2019. “The Paradox of Integration: Why do Higher Educated new Immigrants Perceive More Discrimination in Germany?” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (9): 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supik, Linda, and Riem Spielhaus. 2019. “Introduction to Special Issue: Matters of Classification and Representation: Quantifying Ethnicity, Religion and Migration Introduction.” Ethnicities 19 (3): 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surdu, Mihai. 2019. “Why the “Real” Numbers on Roma are Fictitious: Revisiting Practices of Ethnic Quantification.” Ethnicities 19 (3): 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutterluty, Ferdinand, and Sighard Neckel. 2006. “Bashing the Migrant Climbers: Interethnic Classification Struggles in German City Neighborhoods.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (4): 798–815. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00690.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, Robert C., ed. 1978. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Türkmen, Gülay. 2018. “Negotiating Symbolic Boundaries in Conflict Resolution: Religion and Ethnicity in Turkey’s Kurdish Conflict.” Qualitative Sociology 41 (4): 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-018-9400-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türkmen, Gülay. 2019. “‘But You Don’t Look Turkish!’: The Changing Face of Turkish Immigration to Germany.” ResetDOC, May 27.
   Google Scholar
• Türkmen, Gülay. 2021. Under the Banner of Islam: Turks, Kurds, and the Limits of Religious Unity. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, Imogen. 2015. “Classificatory Struggles: Class, Culture and Inequality in Neoliberal Times.” The Sociological Review 63 (2): 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Tol, Marietta D.C., and Elisabeth Becker. 2024. “What’s Ethnicity Got to Do with It? Religious and Racial Politics in Europe.” Ethnic and Racial Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, Maykel. 2016. “The Integration Paradox: Empiric Evidence from the Netherlands.” American Behavioral Scientist 60 (5-6): 583–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertovec, Steven. 2007. “Super-Diversity and its Implications.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (6): 1024–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. “Herder’s Heritage and the Boundary-Making Approach: Studying Ethnicity in Immigrant Societies.” Sociological Theory 27 (3): 244–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01347.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas, and Nina Glick Schiller. 2003. “Methodological Nationalism, the Social Sciences, and the Study of Migration: An Essay in Historical Epistemology.” International Migration Review 37 (3): 576–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00151.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, Nils. 2018. Negotiating the Boundaries of Belonging: The Intricacies of Naturalisation in Germany. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Yanaşmayan, Zeynep. 2016. “Does Education ‘Trump’ Nationality? Boundary-Drawing Practices among Highly Educated Migrants from Turkey.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (11): 2041–2059. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1131315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanaşmayan, Zeynep. 2018. The Migration of Highly Educated Turkish Citizens to Europe: From Guestworkers to Global Talent. London, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yinger, J. Milton. 1994. Ethnicity. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yılmaz, Ferruh. 2016. How the Workers Became Muslims: Immigration, Culture, and Hegemonic Transformation in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yurdakul, Gökce. 2009. From Guest Workers Into Muslims: The Transformation of Turkish Immigrant Associations in Germany. Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Yurdakul, Gökce, and Tunay Altay. 2022. “Overcoming Stigma: The Boundary Work of Privileged Mothers of Turkish Background in Berlin’s Private Schools.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 46: 3079–3100. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2152720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar