The why and how of COVID streets: a city-level review of research into motivations and approaches during a crisis

References

• Abdullah, M., Dias, C., Muley, D., & Shahin, M. (2020). Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode preferences. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agyeman, J. (2020). Poor and black “invisible cyclists” need to be part of post-pandemic transport planning too. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/poor-and-black-invisible-cyclists-need-to-be-part-of-post-pandemic-transport-planning-too-139145
   Google Scholar
• Arena, R., Hall, G., Laddu, D. R., Phillips, S. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2022). A tale of two pandemics revisited: Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and poor COVID-19 outcomes reside in the same Syndemic City. In R. Arena, & G. Hall (Eds.), Progress in cardiovascular diseases (Vol. 71, pp. 69–71). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.012
   Google Scholar
• Armondi, S., Balducci, A., Bovo, M., & Galimberti, B. (2022). Cities learning from a pandemic (S. Armondi, A. Balducci, M. Bobo, & B. Galimberti, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003240983
   Google Scholar
• Astroza, S., Tirachini, A., Hurtubia, R., Carrasco, J. A., Guevara, A., Munizaga, M., Figueroa, M., & Torres, V. (2020). Mobility changes, teleworking, and remote communication during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Transport Findings. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.13489
   Google Scholar
• Becker, S., von Schneidemesser, D., Caseiro, A., Götting, K., Schmitz, S., & von Schneidemesser, E. (2022). Pop-up cycling infrastructure as a niche innovation for sustainable transportation in European cities: An inter- and transdisciplinary case study of Berlin. Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, 104168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi-Silva, A., Back, G. D., Garcia de Araújo, A. S., Oliveira, M. R., da Luz Goulart, C., Silva, R. N., Bassi, D., Mendes, R. G., & Arena, R. (2022). COVID-19 seen from a syndemic perspective: Impact of unhealthy habits and future perspectives to combat these negative interactions in Latin America. In Progress in cardiovascular diseases (Vol. 71, pp. 72–78). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2022.04.006
   Google Scholar
• Büchel, B., Marra, A. D., & Corman, F. (2022). COVID-19 as a window of opportunity for cycling: Evidence from the first wave. Transport Policy, 116, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler, R., & Pucher, J. (2021). COVID-19 impacts on cycling, 2019–2020. Transport Reviews, 41(4), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1914900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler, R., & Pucher, J. (2022). Cycling through the COVID-19 pandemic to a more sustainable transport future: Evidence from case studies of 14 large bicycle-friendly cities in Europe and North America. Sustainability, 14(12), 7293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, T. (2020). To tackle pandemic racism, we need to take action, not just take to social media. The Kinder Institute for Urban Research. https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/tackle-pandemic-racism-we-need-take-action-not-just-take-social-media
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Wearing Masks in Travel and Public Transportation Settings | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/masks-public-transportation.html
   Google Scholar
• City of Oakland. (2023). Archive: Oakland’s slow streets - Essential places program from April 2020 to February 2022. Routledge. https://www.oaklandca.gov/projects/archive-oaklands-slow-streets-essential-places-program-during-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Combs, T. S., Morin, L., McDonald, N., & Huntsinger, L. (2024a). State DOT policies affecting adaptive street use: Learning from COVID19 experiences (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Combs, T. S., Nordback, K., & Morin, L. (2024b). COVID-19 Streets: Evaluating the impacts of rapid rollout pedestrian and bicycle facilities (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Combs, T. S., & Pardo, C. F. (2021). Shifting streets COVID-19 mobility data: Findings from a global dataset and a research agenda for transport planning and policy. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100322
   Google Scholar
• Conrow, L., Campbell, M., & Kingham, S. (2021). Transport changes and COVID -19: From present impacts to future possibilities. New Zealand Geographer, 77(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dam, R. F., & Siang, T. Y. (2022, September 1). Affinity diagrams: How to cluster your ideas and reveal insights. Elsevier Ltd. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/affinity-diagrams-learn-how-to-cluster-and-bundle-ideas-and-facts
   Google Scholar
• De Geus, B., De Smet, S., Nijs, J., & Meeusen, R. (2007). Determining the intensity and energy expenditure during commuter cycling. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.027615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vos, J. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis, G., Grant, M., Brown, C., Teixeira Caiaffa, W., Shenton, F. C., Lindsay, S. W., Dora, C., Nguendo-Yongsi, H. B., & Morgan, S. (2021). The urban syndemic of COVID-19: Insights, reflections and implications: Cities, health and COVID-19: Editorial for the special issue. Cities and Health, 5(sup1), S1–S11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2021.1894843
   Google Scholar
• Evenson, K. R., LaJeunesse, S., Keefe, E., & Naumann, R. B. (2023a). Mixed-methods approach to describing Vision Zero initiatives in United States’ municipalities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 184, 107012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.107012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson, K. R., Naumann, R. B., Taylor, N. L., LaJeunesse, S., & Combs, T. S. (2023b). Mixed method assessment of built environment and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by United States municipalities focusing on walking and bicycling actions. Journal of Transport & Health, 28, 101557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, C. L., Baquero, B., Berney, R., Hoerster, K. D., Mooney, S. J., & Winters, M. (2021). Not quite a block party: COVID-19 street reallocation programs in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, BC. SSM - Population Health, 14, 100769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, J., & Winters, M. (2021). COVID-19 street reallocation in mid-sized Canadian cities: Socio-spatial equity patterns. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 112(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00467-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francke, A. (2022). Cycling during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In Cycling (Vol. 10, pp. 265–290). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2022.04.011
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, M., & Krizek, K. J. (2021). Can street-focused emergency response measures trigger a transition to new transport systems? Exploring evidence and lessons from 55 US cities. Transport Policy, 103, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouda, M., Fan, J., Luc, K., Ibrahim, S., & El-Basyouny, K. (2021). Effect of redesigning public shared space amid the COVID-19 pandemic on physical distancing and traffic safety. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 147(11), 04021077 (1–17). https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy, S. (2020). Making US cities pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly. In E. Deakin (Ed.), Transportation, land use, and environmental planning (pp. 169–187). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815167-9.00009-8
   Google Scholar
• Haselmayer, S., & Heydel, S. (2023). The slow lane: Why quick fixes fail and how to achieve real change. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hassen, N. (2022). Leveraging built environment interventions to equitably promote health during and after COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada. Health Promotion International, 37(2), https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamargianni, M., Georgouli, C., Tronca, L. P., & Chaniotakis, M. (2022). Changing transport planning objectives during the Covid-19 lockdowns: Actions taken and lessons learned for enhancing sustainable urban mobility planning. Cities, 131, 103873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, M. S. A., & Halim, N. A. (2014). The structure of Penang street food culture in Malaysia. In R. d. C. V. Cardoso, M. Companion, & S. R. Marras (Eds.), Street food : Culture, economy, health and governance (pp. 214–222). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kiaka, R., Chikulo, S., Slootheer, S., & Hebinck, P. (2021). The street is ours. A comparative analysis of street trading, Covid-19 and new street geographies in Harare, Zimbabwe and Kisumu, Kenya. Food Security, 13(5), 1263–1281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01162-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Teacher, 42(8), 846–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1755030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. (2022). COVID-19’s impact on local planning and urban design practice: Focusing on tactical urbanism and the public realm with respect to low income communities. Journal of Urbanism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2022.2146155
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on transportation: Summary and synthesis of interdisciplinary research. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Little, Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Kohl, H. W., Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., Leetongin, G., Kahlmeier, S., Andersen, L. B., Bauman, A. E., Blair, S. N., Brownson, R. C., Bull, F. C., Ekelund, U., Goenka, S., Guthold, R., Hallal, P. C., Haskell, W. L., Heath, G. W., Katzmarzyk, P. T., … Wells, J. C. (2012). The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. In The lancet (Vol. 380, Issue 9838, pp. 294–305). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakidis, C., Chatziioannou, I., Iliadis, F., Nikitas, A., & Bakogiannis, E. (2023). Evaluating the public acceptance of sustainable mobility interventions responding to Covid-19: The case of the Great Walk of Athens and the importance of citizen engagement. Cities, 132, 103966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landgrave-Serrano, M., & Stoker, P. (2022). Increasing physical activity and active transportation in an arid city: Slow Streets and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Urban Design, 28(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2022.2112512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. (2021). Making space for physical distancing in Canada’s urban centers: A case study of Vancouver’s slow streets. https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/28855
   Google Scholar
• Lin, B., Chan, T. C. Y., & Saxe, S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 cycling infrastructure on low-stress cycling accessibility: A case study in the City of Toronto. Findings, https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.19069
   Google Scholar
• Mintrom, M., & True, J. (2022). COVID-19 as a policy window: Policy entrepreneurs responding to violence against women. Policy and Society, 41(1), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puab017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, R., Moore, S. A., Gillespie, M., Faulkner, G., Vanderloo, L. M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment. Health & Place, 65, 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mural. (2023). Affinity clustering template. Elsevier Ltd. https://mural.co
   Google Scholar
• Musumeci, G. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 syndemic on Sport Community. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7(1), 19. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Emergency Management Agency (Te Rakau Whakamarumaru). (n.d.). The 4 Rs » National Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/cdem-sector/the-4rs/
   Google Scholar
• Noland, R. B., Iacobucci, E., & Zhang, W. (2022). Public views on the reallocation of street space due to COVID-19. Journal of the American Planning Association, 89(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2058595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlund, H., El-Samra, S., Amezola, D., Soto Morfín, J. C., López Zaragoza, C., & Aguilar Gónzalez, S. (2022). Building emergent cycling infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Case of Zapopán, México. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 4, Article 805125. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2022.805125
   Google Scholar
• Ozbilen, B., & Akar, G. (2023). Designing pandemic resilient cities: Exploring the impacts of the built environment on infection risk perception and subjective well-being. Travel Behaviour & Society, 30, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit, L., Fauggier, G. V., Gu, L., & Knöll, M. (2021). How do people use Frankfurt Mainkai riverfront during a road closure experiment? A snapshot of public space usage during the coronavirus lockdown in May 2020. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S243–S262. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1843127
   Google Scholar
• Pardo, C. F., Zapata-Bedoya, S., Ramirez-Varela, A., Ramirez-Corrales, D., Espinosa-Oviedo, J.-J., Hidalgo, D., Rojas, N., Gonzalez-Uribe, C., & García-Arteaga, J. D. (2021). COVID-19 and public transport: An overview and recommendations applicable to Latin America. Infectio, 25(3), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.22354/in.v25i3.944
   Google Scholar
• Paul, T., Chakraborty, R., Afia Ratri, S., & Debnath, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior: A case study for Dhaka, Bangladesh. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 15, 100665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peden, M., Puvanachandra, P., Keller, M.-E., Rodrigues, E.-M., Quistberg, A., & Jagnoor, J. (2022). How the Covid-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the issue of active mobility and co-benefits in Latin American cities. Salud Publica de Mexico, 64, S14–S21. https://doi.org/10.21149/12786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. (2021). “Shifting Streets” Glossary. https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/resources/resources_details.cfm?id=5345
   Google Scholar
• Pooley, C. (2021). Walking spaces: Changing pedestrian practices in Britain since c. 1850. The Journal of Transport History, 42(2), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022526620940558
   Google Scholar
• Raulerson, M. T., Leahy, A., Semler, C., Mah, S., Gelinne, D., Brookshire, K., Kumfer, W., Leahu-Alaus, O., Stout, M., & Smith, B. (2018). Strategies for accelerating multimodal project delivery. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/43557/dot_43557_DS1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rérat, P., Haldimann, L., & Widmer, H. (2022). Cycling in the era of Covid-19: The effects of the pandemic and pop-up cycle lanes on cycling practices. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 15, 100677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rojas-Rueda, D., Nazelle, A. D., Tainio, M., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2011). The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: Health impact assessment study. BMJ (Online), 343(7819), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffino, P., & Jarre, M. (2021). Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects. In N. Mouter (Ed.), New methods, reflections and application domains in transport appraisal (Vol. 7, 1st ed., pp. 165–203). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.08.005
   Google Scholar
• Russell, W., & Stenning, A. (2020). Beyond active travel: Children, play and community on streets during and after the coronavirus lockdown. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S196–S199. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1795386
   Google Scholar
• Salon, D., Conway, M. W., da Silva, D. C., Chauhan, R. S., Derrible, S., Mohammadian, A., Khoeini, S., Parker, N., Mirtich, L., Shamshiripour, A., Rahimi, E., & Pendyala, R. M. (2021). The potential stickiness of pandemic-induced behavior changes in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(27), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106499118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, L. E., Green, J. M., Petticrew, M. P., Steinbach, R., & Roberts, H. (2013). What are the health benefits of active travel? A systematic review of trials and cohort studies. PLoS One, 8(8), e69912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, R. P. (2021). Shared streets, park closures and environmental justice during a pandemic emergency in Denver, Colorado. Journal of Transport & Health, 21, 101075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, S., Jaya, V. M., & Piludaria, N. (2022). Key levers to reform non-motorized transport: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Transportation Research Record: The Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2677(4), 880–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221117538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, S. J., Christiana, R. W., & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, 200204. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A., Furlong, J., & Aldred, R. (2022). Equity in temporary street closures: The case of London’s Covid-19 “School Streets” schemes. Transportation Research. Part D, Transport and Environment, 110, 103402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. (2020, June 8). ‘Safe streets’ are not safe for black lives. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-08/-safe-streets-are-not-safe-for-black-lives
   Google Scholar
• Tirachini, A., & Cats, O. (2020). COVID-19 and public transportation: Current assessment, prospects, and research needs. Journal of Public Transportation, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.22.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuvikene, T. (2023). Between traffic and walking discourse: Pedestrians in the traffic machine, hints from the Estonian case. The Journal of Transport History, 44(2), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266231179557
   Google Scholar
• Vallance, S., & Carlton, S. (2015). First to respond, last to leave: Communities’ roles and resilience across the “4Rs.”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio, G., Tiznado-Aitken, I., & Mora-Vega, R. (2021). Pandemic-related streets transformations: Accelerating sustainable mobility transitions in Latin America. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(4), 1825–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. (2020). Planning for cycling in a growing megacity: Exploring planners’ perceptions and shared values. Cities, 106, 102857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldeamanuel, M., Abebe, N., & Supangkat, F. (2023). Street vending on Addis Ababa’s sidewalks: A sign of vibrancy and identity or a nuisance for pedestrians? Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(3), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.2014764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2023). When and how to use masks. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar