Rethinking change in Japan's security policy: punctuated equilibrium theory and Japan's response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

References

• Abe, S. 2012. “Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond.” Project Syndicate, December 27. https://www.project-syndicate.org/magazine/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe?barrier = accesspaylog.
   Google Scholar
• Abe, S. 2013a. Atarashii kuni e. Tokyo: Bungei shunju.
   Google Scholar
• Abe, S. 2013b. “Japan is Back”. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, February 22. http://csis.org/files/attachments/130222_speech_abe.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Akimoto, D. 2018. The Abe Doctrine: Japan's Proactive Pacifism and Security Strategy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Akita, H. 2020. “After ‘Abe's Charm Offensive, New Japan Leader Needs Russia Reset.” Nikkei Asia, September 18. http://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/After-Abe-s-charm-offensive-new-Japan-leader-needs-Russia-reset.
   Google Scholar
• Asahi Shinbun. 2022. “Six Months into the Job, Kishida is Rewriting Abe’s Russia Playbook.” April 4. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14589952.
   Google Scholar
• Asahi Shinbun. 2023a. “How the War in Ukraine Has Spurred Japan’s Defense Overhaul.” February 24. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14847326.
   Google Scholar
• Asahi Shinbun. 2023b. “Ruling Coalition OKs Drastic Shift in Exclusively Defensive Posture,” December 3. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14783873.
   Google Scholar
• Asahi Shinbun. 2023c. “Teki kichi kōgeki, bōei-hi zō … yūshikisha kaigi de wa donna giron ga okonawareta no ka?’March 5, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Baba, K. 2023. “Japan to Give Philippines Coastal Radars, Deepening Security Ties.” Nikkei Asia, November 4. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Japan-to-give-Philippines-coastal-radars-deepening-security-ties.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, F. R., and B. D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Birkland, T. A. 1997. After Disaster: Agenda Setting, Public Policy, and Focusing Events. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D. J. 2023. “The China Factor: Explaining Japan’s Stance on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine’. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 28. https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/89156.
   Google Scholar
• Cabinet Secretariat. 2022a. National Security Strategy of Japan. December. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/221216anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cabinet Secretariat. 2022b. Aratana kokka anzenhoshō senryaku to no sakutei ni kansuru yūshikisha to no iken kōkan. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/pdf/yousi.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, D. 2024. “Punctuated Equilibrium and the Dynamics of Political Participation: The Case of Letter Writing.” Policy Studies 45 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2023.2202385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDP. 2022. Roshia no gunji kōdō ni kōgi suru Izumi Kenta daihyō, February 25. https://cdp-japan.jp/news/20220225_3120.
   Google Scholar
• Chijiwa, Y. 2022. Sengo Nihon no anzen hoshō-Nichibei dōmei, kenpō 9-jō kara NSC made. Tokyo: Chūou kōronsha.
   Google Scholar
• Dominquez, G. 2023a. “Japan and NATO Usher in New Era of Cooperation Amid China Concerns.” Japan Times, July 12. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/07/12/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-nato-new-cooperation-agreement/.
   Google Scholar
• Dominquez, G. 2023b. “Japan and EU Agree to Further Deepen Cooperation as Strategic Interests Converge.” Japan Times, July 14. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/07/14/national/japan-eu-deeper-cooperation/.
   Google Scholar
• Dominquez, G., and G. Ninivaggi. 2023. “In Major Shift, Japan Eases Rules on Exporting Defense Gear.” Japan Times, December 22. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/12/22/japan/japan-defense-equipment-exports/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2023. EU and Japan Strengthen Cooperation on Digital Trade and Economic Security. June 27. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_3530.
   Google Scholar
• Fahey, R. 2022. “Under Kishida, Japan’s Security Reforms Gather Speed.” Tokyo Review, June 6. https://tokyoreview.net/2022/06/under-kishida-japans-security-reforms-gather-speed/.
   Google Scholar
• Forsberg, T. 2016. “From Ostpolitik to “Frostpolitik”? Merkel, Putin and German Foreign Policy Towards Russia.” International Affairs 92 (1): 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka, C., and M. John. 2007. “Japan Tells NATO it's Ready for More Peacekeeping.” Reuters, January 12. https://jp.reuters.com/article/idUSL12863617.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita, Y., and Y. Nitta. 2023. “Japan and Vietnam Upgrade Security Ties with Eye on China.” Nikkei Asia, November 28. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-and-Vietnam-upgrade-security-ties-with-eye-on-China.
   Google Scholar
• Fukushima, M., and R. J. Samuels. 2018. “Japan's National Security Council: Filling the Whole of Government?” International Affairs 94 (4): 773–790. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. J. 2001. Japan’s Reluctant Realism: Foreign Policy Challenges in an Era of Uncertain Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. J. 2022. Line of Advantage: Japan’s Grand Strategy in the Era of Abe Shinzō. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grønning, B. E. M. 2018. “Operational and Industrial Military Integration: Extending the Frontiers of the Japan–US Alliance.” International Affairs 94 (4): 755–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, K., H. Hagström, and U. Hanssen. 2018. “Japan's Pacifism Is Dead.” Survival 60 (6): 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2018.1542803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama, K. 2021. Japan’s Evolving Security Policy: Militarisation Within a Pacifist Tradition. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, C. 1999. “Crisis and the Structural Transformation of the State: Interrogating the Process of Change.” British Journal of Politics & International Relations 1 (3): 317–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00018.
   Google Scholar
• Hook, G. D. 1988. “The Erosion of Anti-Militaristic Principles in Contemporary Japan.” Journal of Peace Research 25 (4): 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338802500405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung, J., and A. P. Liff. 2023. “Japan’s New Security Policies: A Long Road to Full Implementation.” Commentary, March 27, Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/japans-new-security-policies-a-long-road-to-full-implementation/.
   Google Scholar
• Hosaka, S. 2023. “Ukraine’s Agency in Japanese Discourse: Everything Ok With Government and People, While Academia in Trouble.” Journal of Regional Security 18 (1): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.5937/jrs18-41778.
   Google Scholar
• Hoshiro, H. 2022. “Deconstructing the “Yoshida Doctrine”.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 23 (2): 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109922000019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosoya, Y. 2016. “Historical Memories and Security Legislation: Japan's Security Policy Under the Abe Administration.” Asia-Pacific Review 22 (2): 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2015.1123133.
   Google Scholar
• House of Representatives. 2022, March 1. Roshia ni yoru Ukuraina shinryaku o hinan suru ketsugi. https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/topics/ketugi220301.html.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., and A. Migone. 2011. “Charles Lindblom is Alive and Well and Living in Punctuated Equilibrium Land.” Policy and Society 30 (1): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. W. 2004. “Japan's Security Policy, the US-Japan Alliance, and The'war on Terror': Incrementalism Confirmed or Radical Leap?” Australian Journal of International Affairs 58 (4): 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035771042000304715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. W. 2015. Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy Under the ‘Abe Doctrine’: New Dynamism or New Dead End? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. W. 2017. “Japan's Strategic Trajectory and Collective Self-Defense: Essential Continuity or Radical Shift?” Journal of Japanese Studies 43 (1): 93–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. W. 2022. Japan as a Global Military Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. W., A. Patalano, and R. Ward. 2021. “Japan's Grand Strategy: The Abe Era and Its Aftermath.” Survival 63 (1): 125–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2021.1881258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi, T. 1985. “Peace-Making and Party Politics: The Formation of the Domestic Foreign-Policy System in Postwar Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 11 (2): 323–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japan Times. 2023. “Sakhalin Reliance Leaves Japan out of Step with G7 Despite Holding Presidency”. January 23. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/01/23/business/economy-business/japan-g7-presidency-sakhalin-contradiction/.
   Google Scholar
• Joly, J., and F. Richter. 2019. “Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Foreign Policy.” In Foreign Policy as Public Policy? Promises and Pitfalls, edited by Klaus Brummer, Sebastian Harnisch, Kai Oppermann and Diana Panke, 41–64. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joly, J., and F. Richter. 2022. “The Calm Before the Storm: A Punctuated Equilibrium Theory of International Politics.” Policy Studies Journal 51 (2): 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. D., and F. R. Baumgartner. 2005. The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kallender, P., and C. W. Hughes. 2016. “Japan’s Emerging Trajectory as a ‘Cyber Power’: From Securitization to Militarization of Cyberspace.” Journal of Strategic Studies 40 (1-2): 118–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2016.1233493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karube, T. 2023. “Japan Boosts Cooperation with NATO, Aid for Ukraine.” Kyodo News, July 13. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2023/07/73648904bed6-breaking-news-no-other-partner-is-closer-to-nato-than-japan-nato-chief.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kitano, R. 2023. “Ukuraina shinkō, seifu ni chūsai motome gakushara seimei hōdōjin kara hihanteki shitsumon mo.” Asahi Shinbun, April 5. https://digital.asahi.com/articles/ASR456JFHR45UTIL029.html.
   Google Scholar
• Koga, K. 2020. “Japan's ‘Indo-Pacific’question: Countering China or Shaping a New Regional Order?” International Affairs 96 (1): 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaki, Y. 2020. Abe vs. Puchin: Nichiro kōshō wa naze ikitsumatta no ka. Tokyo: Chikuma shōbo.
   Google Scholar
• Kyodo. 2023. “Record 94% of Japanese “do not feel friendly” Toward Russia: Survey.” Kyodo News, February 3. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2023/02/dcdef45cb6ed-record-94-of-japanese-do-not-feel-friendly-toward-russia-survey.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kyodo News. 2022a. “Japan, Germany Air Forces to Further Enhance Defense Cooperation.” September 29. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/09/afa623c7859f-japan-germany-air-forces-to-further-enhance-defense-cooperation.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kyodo News. 2022b. “Japan PM Kishida Tells Putin Diplomatic Solution Needed Over Ukraine Crisis.” February 18. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/02/c276c59b2570-kishida-putin-arranging-talks-thurs-amid-tensions-over-ukraine.html.
   Google Scholar
• Le, T. 2021. Japan's Aging Peace: Pacifism and Militarism in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Le, T. 2023. “A Japanese Security Sea Change? Let’s See Change First.” Critical Asian Studies, January 4. https://doi.org/10.52698/WAJO6699.
   Google Scholar
• Liff, A. P. 2017. “Policy by Other Means: Collective Self-Defense and the Politics of Japan’s Postwar Constitutional Reinterpretations.” Asia Policy 24 (1): 139–172. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2017.0035.
   Google Scholar
• Liff, A. P. 2018. “Japan’s Security Policy in the “Abe Era”: Radical Transformation or Evolutionary Shift?” Texas National Security Review 1 (3): 8–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom, C. E. 1959. “The Science of Muddling-Through.” Public Administration Review 19 (2): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/973677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainichi Shinbun. 2021. “Jimin sōsai-sen, tsuyomaru Abe-shi no eikyōryoku Kishida-shi, Kōno-shi mo hosu apeiru.” September 9. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20210909/k00/00 m/010/239000c.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, S., and C. Wirth, eds. 2021. Crisis Narratives, Institutional Change, and the Transformation of the Japanese State. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, Ra. 2014. Japan's Relations with North Korea and the Recalibration of Risk. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Midford, P. 2011. Rethinking Japanese Public Opinion and Security: From Pacifism to Realism? Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Defense. 2022. National Defense Strategy. December 16. https://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/agenda/guideline/strategy/pdf/strategy_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2007. Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the North Atlantic Council ‘Japan and NATO: Toward Further Collaboration’. January 12, https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/pmv0701/nato.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2023. Additional Assistance for Recovery and Reconstruction in Ukraine. March 30. https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press1e_000403.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Justice. 2024. Todo-fu-ken-betsu Ukuraina hinanmin zairyū-sha sū. January 10. https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001373694.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Murakami, S., and K. Sugiyama. 2023. “NATO, Japan Pledge to Strengthen Ties in Face of ‘Historic’ Security Threat’. Reuters, January 31. https://www.reuters.com/world/nato-strengthen-partnership-with-japan-says-secretary-general-stoltenberg-2023-01-31/.
   Google Scholar
• Muramatsu, M., and E. S. Krauss. 1984. “Bureaucrats and Politicians in Policymaking: The Case of Japan.” American Political Science Review 78 (1): 126–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1961253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakakita, K. 2014. Jimintō seiji no henyō. Tokyo: NHK Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nakano, K. 2015. Ukeika suru Nihon seiji. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
   Google Scholar
• National Security Council. 2022. National Security Strategy of Japan. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/221216anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nemoto, R. 2022. “Ukraine Conflict: 77% in Japan Fear Taiwan Spillover.” Nikkei Asia, February 28. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Ukraine-conflict-77-in-Japan-fear-Taiwan-spillover.
   Google Scholar
• NHK World. 2022. “Late PM Abe: Only Deterrence can Protect Taiwan.” December 31, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/2175/.
   Google Scholar
• Oros, A. L. 2008. Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity, and the Evolution of Security Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oros, A. L. 2017. Japan’s Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Shea, P. 2021. “"Failure” and “Crises” in Japanese Foreign Policy: The Democratic Party of Japan's Rule 2009–2012.” In Crisis Narratives, Institutional Change, and the Transformation of the Japanese State, edited by S. Maslow, and C. Wirth, 191–214. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Shea, P., and S. Maslow. 2021. ““Making the Alliance Even Greater”: (Mis-) Managing US-Japan Relations in the Age of Trump.” Asian Security 17 (2): 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2020.1838486.
   Google Scholar
• Ōzawa, I. 1993. Nihon kaizō keikaku. Tokyo: Kodansha.
   Google Scholar
• Patalano, A. 2020. “Shinzo Abe and Japan’s Strategic Reset: The Rise of the Kantei and Why It Matters to the UK Integrated Review.” Policy Exchange. https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Shinzo-Abe-and-Japans-Strategic-Reset.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pekkanen, R., and E. S. Krauss. 2005. “Japan's “Coalition of the Willing” on Security Policies.” Orbis 49 (3): 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2005.04.002.
   Google Scholar
• Prime Minister’s Office of Japan. 2014. “Japan and NATO As “Natural Partners”- Speech by Prime Minister Abe.” May 6. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201405/nato.html.
   Google Scholar
• Prime Minister’s Office of Japan. 2022a. Keynote Address by Prime Minister KISHIDA Fumio at the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue. June 10. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/101_kishida/statement/202206/_00002.html.
   Google Scholar
• Prime Minister’s Office of Japan. 2022b. Kishida Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kisha Kaiken. February 25, 2022. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/101_kishida/statement/2022/0225kaiken2.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pugliese, P. 2023. “In It Together: Taiwan’s and Japan’s Security Are Linked.” In Perspectives on Taiwan: Insights from the 2023 Taiwan-U.S. Policy Program, edited by B. Glaser, 38–43. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Pugliese, G., and S. Maslow. 2020. “Japan 2019: Inaugurating a New Era?” Asia Maior 30: 125–161.
   Google Scholar
• Pugliese, G., and A. Patalano. 2020. “Diplomatic and Security Practice Under Abe Shinzō: The Case for Realpolitik Japan.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 74 (6): 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2020.1781790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purrington, C. 1992. “Tokyo's Policy Responses During the Gulf War and the Impact of the “Iraqi Shock” on Japan.” Pacific Affairs 65 (2): 161–181. https://doi.org/10.2307/2760167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle, K. B. 2018. “Japan’s Return to Great Power Politics: Abe’s Restoration.” Asia Policy 13 (2): 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2018.0026.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, T. R. 1991. “Japan’s New Frustation.” Washington Post, March 17. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/17/japans-new-frustration/e5ea50e0-56f1-4380-a8f0-5e6b009b44a8/.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2022. “Ukraine Plight Could be Replicated in East Asia, Japan's Kishida Warns.” May 6. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/peace-stability-taiwan-strait-is-critical-japanese-pm-2022-05-05/.
   Google Scholar
• Sakaki, A. 2023. “A New Course for Japan's Security Policy: The Historic Decision on Military Armament, SWP Comment, No. 13/2023, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin.” https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/269242/1/1838174702.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sakaki, A., and S. Maslow. 2020. “Japan’s New Arms Export Policies: Strategic Aspirations and Domestic Constraints.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 74 (6): 649–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2020.1781789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, R. J. 2007. Securing Japan: Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sasagawa, S. 2023. “Japan to Provide $5 Million in Aid to Ukraine After Dam Breach.” Asahi Shinbun, June 20. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14937127.
   Google Scholar
• Shinoda, T. 2005. “Japan's Cabinet Secretariat and its Emergence as Core Executive.” Asian Survey 45 (5): 800–821. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.5.800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B. 2015. Japan’s Security Identity: From a Peace State to an International State. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, B. 2020. Reconstructing Japan's Security: The Role of Military Crises. Edinburgh: Edingburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soeya, Y., and D. Welch, eds. 2011. Japan as a ‘Normal Country’? A Nation in Search of its Place in the World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sugimoto, R. 2022. “Abe Interview: Japan Needs ‘Taboo-Free Discussion’ on Nuclear Sharing.” Diamond Online, September 14. https://diamond.jp/articles/-/309303.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H. 2023. “Roshia mokunin wa chushokoku shinryaku no kyoyō ‘jikoku no sekai chitsujo’ ga hajimaru.” Mainchi Shinbun, August 16. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20220814/k00/00 m/040/070000c.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, S., and C. Wallace. 2018. “Explaining Japan's Response to Geopolitical Vulnerability.” International Affairs 94 (4): 711–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatsumi, Y. 2023a. “Japan’s Shift to a More Robust Self-Defense Policy.” Arms Control Today, June 2023, Arms Control Association. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-06/features/japans-shift-more-robust-self-defense-policy.
   Google Scholar
• Tatsumi, Y. 2023b. “How Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Changed Japan’s Security Policy.” The Diplomat, March 29. https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/how-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-changed-japans-security-policy/.
   Google Scholar
• Topaloff, L. K. 2016. “How Putin Outplayed Abe in Japan: In This Diplomatic Sparring Match, There Was Only One Winner.’ The Diplomat, December 23. https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/how-putin-outplayed-abe-in-japan/.
   Google Scholar
• True, J. L., B. D. Jones, and F. R. Baumgartner. 2007. “Punctuated-equilibrium Theory: Explaining Stability and Change in Public Policymaking.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by P. A. Sabatier, 155–187. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuruoka, M. 2019. Japan and Europe as Strategic Partners: Opportunities and Challenges. Center for Strategic and International Studies, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/180402_Strategic_Japan_Michito_Tsuruoka_paper%20%28final%29.pdf?pSmCsB3IImuyNihdw.JUiAz4vTI9of8d.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuruoka, M. 2023. “Tokyo’s Awakening: Japan in the Indo-Pacific After Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine.’ DIIS Comment, January 4. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www.diis.dk/en/research/tokyos-awakening-japan-in-the-indo-pacific-after-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, C. 2019. “Japan’s Strategic Contrast: Continuing Influence Despite Relative Power Decline in Southeast Asia.” Pacific Review 32 (5): 863–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1569115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, R., and Y. Koshino. 2023. “Japan Steps Up: Security and Defense Policy Under Kishida.” In Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment 2023: Key Developments and Trends, edited by T. in Huxley, and L. Kuok, 116–137. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Watanbe, T. 2023. “What’s New in Japan's Three Strategic Documents.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, February 13. https://www.csis.org/analysis/whats-new-japans-three-strategic-documents.
   Google Scholar
• Weitz, R. 2021. Assessing Chinese-Russian Military Exercises: Past Progress and Future Trends. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, J. 1992. “The Gulf War and the Transformation of Japanese Constitutional Politics.” Journal of Japanese Studies 18 (1): 155–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, M. 2023. “Japan Pledges $4.5B More in Aid for Ukraine, Including $1B in Humanitarian Funds.” Reuters, January 7. https://apnews.com/article/japan-ukraine-support-humanitarian-aid-g7-ac26f0224efbdcdfd75fbfdfbf6c9da8.
   Google Scholar
• Yennie-Lindgren, W. 2018. “New Dynamics in Japan–Russia Energy Relations 2011–2017.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 9 (2): 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.06.002.
   Google Scholar