Do Moral Values Moderate the Relationship Between Immigrant-School Concentration and Violent Offending? A Cross-Level Interaction Analysis of Self-Reported Violence in Sweden

References

• Abell, E. and V. Gecas. 1997. “Guilt, Shame, and Family Socialization: A Retrospective Study.” Journal of Family Issues 18(2):99–123. doi:10.1177/019251397018002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson, G. 2020. “Migrants and Crime in Sweden in the Twenty-First Century.” Society 57(1):9–21. doi:10.1007/s12115-019-00436-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agirdag, O. 2010. “Exploring Bilingualism in a Monolingual School System: Insights from Turkish and Native Students from Belgian Schools.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 31(3):307–21. doi:10.1080/01425691003700540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akers, R. L. and W. G. Jennings. 2019. “The Social Learning Theory of Crime and Deviance”. pp. 113–29 in Handbook on Crime and Deviance, Cham:Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_6.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, B. and S. Machin. 2013. “Immigrant Enclaves and Crime.” Journal of Regional Science 53(1):118–41. doi:10.1111/jors.12003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, S. B., D. J. Deming, and J. Rockoff. 2014. “School Segregation, Educational Attainment, and Crime: Evidence from the End of Busing in Charlotte-Mecklenburg.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(1):435–76. doi:10.1093/qje/qjt026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, S., D. Wilson, and R. Lupton. 2005. “Parallel Lives? Ethnic Segregation in Schools and Neighbourhoods.” Urban Studies 42(7):1027–56. doi:10.1080/00420980500120741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, Stephanie, Lee Slocum, and Finn-Aage Esbensen. 2015. “School Climate and Violence.” Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice 13(4):299–322. doi:10.1177/1541204014547589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkin, F. and G. Handel. 1989. The Child and Society: The Process of Socialization. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild, A. J. and S. D. McQuillin. 2010. “Evaluating Mediation and Moderation Effects in School Psychology: A Presentation of Methods and Review of Current Practice.” Journal of School Psychology 48(1):53–84. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmeyer, B. 2010. “The Effects of Racial/Ethnic Segregation on Latino and Black Homicide.” The Sociological Quarterly 51(4):600–23. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganzach, Y., I. Saporta, and Y. Weber. 2000. “Interaction in Linear versus Logistic Models: A Substantive Illustration Using the Relationship Between Motivation, Ability, and Performance.” Organizational Research Methods 3(3):237–53. doi:10.1177/109442810033002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groß, E. M., A. Hövermann, and S. F. Messner. 2018. “Marketized Mentality, Competitive/Egoistic School Culture and Delinquent Attitudes and Behavior: An Application of Institutional Anomie Theory.” Criminology 56(2):333–69. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, K. and J. E. Gustafsson. 2016. “Causes of Educational Segregation in Sweden – School Choice or Residential Segregation.” Educational Research & Evaluation 22(1–2):23–44. doi:10.1080/13803611.2016.1178589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heisig, J. and P. M. Schaeffer. 2019. “Why You Should Always Include a Random Slope for the Lower-Level Variable Involved in a Cross-Level Interaction.” European Sociological Review 35(2):258–79. doi:10.1093/esr/jcy053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helbling, M., S. Stephan, and D. S. Schmid. 2020. “Restricting Immigration to Foster Migrant Integration? A Comparative Study Across 22 European Countries.” Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies 46(13):2603–24. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1727316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennerdal, P., B. Malmberg, and E.-K. Andersson. 2020. “Competition and School Performance: Swedish School Leavers from 1991–2012.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 64(1):70–86. doi:10.1080/00313831.2018.1490814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfield, P. J. 2018. “Schools and Crime.” Annual Review of Criminology 1(1):149–69. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: Univ. Calif. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kafafian, M., E. V. Botchkovar, and I. H. Marshall. 2022. “Moral Rules, Self-Control, and School Context: Additional Evidence on Situational Action Theory from 28 Countries.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 38(4):861–89. doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09503-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krivo, L. J., R. D. Peterson, and D. C. Kuhl. 2009. “Segregation, Racial Structure, and Neighborhood Violent Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 114(6):1765–802. doi:10.1086/597285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneberg, C., I. Heintze, and G. Mehlkop. 2010. “The Interplay of Moral Norms and Instrumental Incentives in Crime Causation.” Criminology 48(1):259–94. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00187.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H. and R. J. Sampson. 2003. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Light, M. T. and T. Miller. 2018. “Does Undocumented Immigration Increase Violent Crime?” Criminology 56(2):370–401. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, C. J., M. B. Vélez, and W. A. Santoro. 2013. “Neighborhood Immigration, Violence, and City-Level Immigrant Political Opportunities.” American Sociological Review 78(4):604–32. doi:10.1177/0003122413491964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manski, C. F. 2013. Public Policy in an Uncertain World: Analysis and Decisions. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Megens, K. C. I. M. and F. M. Weerman. 2012. “The Social Transmission of Delinquent Effects of Peer Attitudes and Behavior Revisited.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49(3):420–43. doi:10.1177/0022427811408432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mood, C. 2010. “Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It.” European Sociological Review 26(1):67–82. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. S. and H. T. Andersen. 2019. “Ethnic School Segregation in Copenhagen: A Step in the Right Direction?” Urban Studies 56(15):3234–50. doi:10.1177/0042098019847625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberwittler, D. 2007. “The Effects of Neighborhood Poverty on Adolescent Problem Behaviors: A Multi-Level Analysis Differentiated by Gender and Ethnicity.” Housing Studies 22(5):781–803. doi:10.1080/02673030701474727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Op de Beeck, H. O., L. J. Pauwels, and J. Put. 2012. “Schools, Strain and Offending: Testing a School Contextual Version of General Strain Theory.” European Journal of Criminology 9(1):52–72. doi:10.1177/1477370811421646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östh, J., W. A. V. Clark, and S. Malmberg. 2015. “Measuring the Scale of Segregation Using K-Nearest Neighbor Aggregates.” Geographical Analysis 47:34–49. doi:10.1111/gean.12053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousey, G. C. and C. E. Kubrin. 2018. “Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Contentious Issue.” Annual Review of Criminology 1:63–84. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. 2008. “Geweld In Groepsverband Onder Antwerpse Jongeren: De Rol Van Schoolcontext En Leefstijl.” Tijdschrift Voor Criminologie 50(1):3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. 2011. “Adolescent Offending and the Segregation of Poverty in Urban Neighbourhoods and Schools: An Assessment of Contextual Effects from the Standpoint of Situational Action Theory.” Urban Studies Research 2011:1–17. ID 659768. doi:10.1155/2011/659768.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, Lieven J. R. and R. Svensson. 2015. “Schools and Child Antisocial Behavior: In Search for Mediator Effects of School-Level Disadvantage.” SAGE Open 5(2):2. doi:10.1177/2158244015592936.
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels, L. and R. Svensson. 2009. “Adolescent Lifestyle Risk by Gender and Ethnic Background: Findings from Two Urban Samples.” European Journal of Criminology 6(1):5–23. doi:10.1177/1477370808098102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peguero, A. A., Y. Irizarry, J. A. Iwama, J. L. Dunning-Lozano, J. Sung Hong, and S. King. 2021. “Context of Reception and School Violence: Exploring the Nexus of Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, Place, and School Crime.” Sociology of Race & Ethnicity 7(3):420–49. doi:10.1177/2332649220980492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. D. and L. J. Krivo. 2009. “Segregated Spatial Locations, Race-Ethnic Composition, and Neighborhood Violent Crime.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 623(1):93–107. doi:10.1177/0002716208330490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. and W. B. Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94(4):774–802. doi:10.1086/229068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandahl, J. 2021. “Hope, Trust and Segregation in Schools: An Analysis of Contextual Effects on Violent and General Offending.” British Journal of Criminology 61(5):1261–81. doi:10.1093/bjc/azab024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, C. R. and H. D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skardhamar, T., M. Aaltonen, and M. Lehti. 2014. “Immigrant Crime in Norway and Finland.” Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 15(2):107–27. doi:10.1080/14043858.2014.926062.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, E. H. 1947. Principles of Criminology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson, R. and D. Oberwittler. 2021. “Changing Routine Activities and the Decline of Youth Crime: A Repeated Cross‐Sectional Analysis of Self‐Reported Delinquency in Sweden, 1999–2017.” Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 59(2):351–86. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szulkin, R. and J. O. Jonsson. 2007. Immigration, Ethnic Segregation and Educational Outcomes: A Multilevel Analysis of Swedish Comprehensive Schools. SULCIS Working Paper 2007:2. The Stockholm University Linneaus Center for Integration Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Trumberg, A. and S. Urban. 2021. “School Choice and Its Long-Term Impact on Social Mobility in Sweden.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 65(4):569–83. doi:10.1080/00313831.2020.1739129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer, J. T., C. T. Harris, and D. Steffensmeier. 2012. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons.” Social Science Quarterly 93(3):799–819. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasiljevic, Z., R. Svensson, and D. Shannon. 2020. “Immigration and Crime: A Time-Trend Analysis of Self-Reported Crime in Sweden, 1999–2017.” Nordic Journal of Criminology 21(1):1–10. doi:10.1080/2578983X.2019.1688955.
   Google Scholar
• Vervoort, M. H., R. H. Scholte, and G. Overbeek. 2010. “Bullying and Victimization Among Adolescents: The Role of Ethnicity and Ethnic Composition of School Class.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39(1):1–11. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9355-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. 2006. “Individuals, Settings and Acts of Crime. Situational Mechanisms and the Explanation of Crime”. in The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms and Development, in P.-O. Wikström and J. Sampson Robert edited by. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489341.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, P.-O. H., D., Oberwittler, K., Treiber, and Hardie, B. 2012. Breaking Rules: The Social and Situational Dynamics of Young People’s Urban Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wikström, Per-Olof H. and K. Treiber. 2019. “The Dynamics of Change. Criminogenic Interactions and Life-Course Patterns of Crime”. Pp. 271–94 in The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, in D. P. Farrington, L. Kazemian, and A. Piquero edited by, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190201371.013.34.
   Google Scholar