Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) cake as sustainable dietary additive in slow-growing broilers: effects on performance, meat quality, oxidative stability and gut health

References

• Golzar Adabi S, Hajibabaei A, Casey NH, Bayraktaroglu AG. 2016. The effect of various dietary vegetable oil sources on villi morphology and liver aldehydes in young layers. SA J An Sci. 46(1):63–69. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v46i1.8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunović Z, Šalavardić ŽK, Steiner Z, Đidara M, Ćavar S, Ronta M, Šabić AM, Pavić V, Novoselec J. 2021. The influence of hempseed cake on production traits, metabolic profile and antioxidant status of Merino landschaf lambs. Ann Anim Sci. 21(3):991–1006. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AOAC. 2005. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
   Google Scholar
• Arango S, Guzzo N, Raffrenato E, Bailoni L. 2022. Effect of dietary hemp cake inclusion on the in vivo and post mortem performances of holstein veal calves. Animals. 12(21):2922. doi: 10.3390/ani12212922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atalay S, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Skrzydlewska E. 2019. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. Antioxidants. 9(1):21. doi: 10.3390/antiox9010021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkirane C, Ben Moumen A, Fauconnier M-L, Belhaj K, Abid M, Caid HS, Elamrani A, Mansouri F. 2022. Bioactive compounds from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds: optimization of phenolic antioxidant extraction using simplex lattice mixture design and HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS analysis. RSC Adv. 12(39):25764–25777. doi: 10.1039/d2ra04081f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bou R, Codony R, Tres A, Decker EA, Guardiola F. 2009. Dietary strategies to improve nutritional value, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of poultry products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 49(9):800–822. doi: 10.1080/10408390902911108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway JC. 2004. Hempseed as a nutritional resource: an overview. Euphytica. 140(1–2):65–72. doi: 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanon JI. 2007. History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds. Poult Sci. 86(11):2466–2471. doi: 10.3382/ps.2007-00249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cencic A, Chingwaru W. 2010. The role of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements in intestinal health. Nutrients. 2(6):611–625. doi: 10.3390/nu2060611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, He J, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang H, Hao J, Li L. 2012. The isolation and identification of two compounds with predominant radical scavenging activity in hempseed (seed of Cannabis sativa L.). Food Chem. 134(2):1030–1037. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng CW, Bian ZX, Zhu LX, Wu JC, Sung JJ. 2011. Efficacy of a Chinese herbal proprietary medicine (Hemp seed pill) for functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 106(1):120–129. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie WW. 1982. A simple procedure for rapid transmethylation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters. J Lipid Res. 23(7):1072–1075. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38081-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correddu F, Lunesu MF, Buffa G, Atzori AS, Nudda A, Battacone G, Pulina G. 2020. Can agro-industrial by-products rich in polyphenols be advantageously used in the feeding and nutrition of dairy small ruminants? Animals. 10(1):131. doi: 10.3390/ani10010131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culling CFA, Allison RT, Barr WT. 1985. Cellular pathology technique, Butterworth London.
   Google Scholar
• Da Porto C, Decorti D, Tubaro F. 2012. Fatty acid composition and oxidation stability of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind Crops Prod. 36(1):401–404. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.09.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker EA, Park Y. 2010. Healthier meat products as functional foods. Meat Sci. 86(1):49–55. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Rocca G, Di Salvo A. 2020. Hemp in veterinary medicine: from feed to drug. Front Vet Sci. 7:387. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies). 2009. Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from European Commission related to labeling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EFSA J. 8:1461.
   Google Scholar
• Engberg RM, Lauridsen C, Jensen SK, Jakobsen K. 1996. Inclusion of oxidized vegetable oil in broiler diets. Its influence on nutrient balance and on the antioxidative status of broilers. Poult Sci. 75(8):1003–1011. doi: 10.3382/ps.0751003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson M, Wall H. 2012. Hemp seed cake in organic broiler diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 171(2–4):205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farinon B, Molinari R, Costantini L, Merendino N. 2020. 2020. The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): nutritional quality and potential functionality for human health and nutrition. Nutrients. 12(7):1935. doi: 10.3390/nu12071935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226(1):497–509. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg ML, Sebokova F, Thomson BR, Clandinin MT. 1988. 6-Desaturase activity in liver microsomes of rats fed diets enriched with cholesterol and/or W-3 fatty acids. Biochem J. 249(2):351–356. doi: 10.1042/bj2490351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory MK, Geier MS, Gibson RA, James MJ. 2013. Functional characterization of the chicken fatty acid elongases. J Nutr. 143(1):12–16. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.170290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson AJ, Grimaldi M, Lolic M, Wink D, Rosenthal R, Axelrod J. 2000. Neuroprotective antioxidants from marijuana. Ann New York Acad Sci. 899(1):274–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06193.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haug A, Eich-Greatorex S, Bernhoft A, Wold JP, Hetland H, Christophersen OA, Sogn T. 2007. Effect of dietary selenium and omega-3 fatty acids on muscle composition and quality in broilers. Lipids Health Dis. 6(1):29. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-6-29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howe PRC, Downing JA, Grenyer BFS, Grigonis-Deane EM, Bryden WL. 2002. Tuna fishmeal as a source of DHA for n-3 PUFA enrichment of pork, chicken, and eggs. Lipids. 37(11):1067–1076. doi: 10.1007/s11745-002-1002-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iji PA, Saki A, Tivey DR. 2001. Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development. Br Poult Sci. 42(4):505–513. doi: 10.1080/00071660120073151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN. 2001. γ-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nutr. 74(6):714–722. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing M, Zhao S, House JD. 2017. Performance and tissue fatty acid profile of broiler chickens and laying hens fed hemp oil and HempOmega TM. Poult Sci. 96(6):1809–1819. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juodka R, Juska R, Juskiene V, Leikus R, Stankeviciene D, Nainiene R. 2018. The effect of feeding with hemp and Camelina cakes on the fatty acid profile of duck muscles. Arch Anim Breed. 61(3):293–303. doi: 10.5194/aab-61-293-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurgoński A, Opyd PM, Fotschki B. 2020. Effects of native or partially defatted hemp seeds on hindgut function, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese rats. J Funct Foods. 72:104071. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahraman R, Özpınar H, Abas İ, Kutay HC, Eseceli H, Grashorn M. 2004. Effects of different dietary oil sources on fatty acid composition and malondialdehyde levels of thigh meat in broiler chickens.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmendal R. 2008. Hemp seed cake fed to broilers [master’s thesis]. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Animal Nutrition and Management.
   Google Scholar
• Kanbur G. 2022. Growth-depressing effect of dietary hempseed oil on broiler performance in the starting period and alterations in meat oxidation, serum parameters and abdominal fatty acids. Animal Sci Papers Rep. 40(2):203–216.
   Google Scholar
• Kasapidou E, Sossidou E, Mitlianga P. 2015. Fruit and vegetable co-products as functional feed ingredients in farm animal nutrition for improved product quality. Agriculture. 5(4):1020–1034. doi: 10.3390/agriculture5041020.
   Google Scholar
• Kasula R, Solis F, Shaffer B, Connett F, Barrett C, Cocker R, Willinghan E. 2021. Characterization of the nutritional and safety properties of hemp seed cake as animal feed ingredient. Int J Livestock Product. 12(2):53–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kaushal N, Dhadwal S, Kaur P. 2020. Ameliorative effects of hempseed (Cannabis sativa) against hypercholesterolemia associated cardiovascular changes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 30(2):330–338. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan RU, Durrani FR, Chand N, Anwar H, Naz S, Farooqi MF, Manzoor MN. 2009. Effect of Cannabis sativa fortified feed on muscle growth and visceral organs of broiler chicks. Inter J Biol Biotech. 4(1):79–81.
   Google Scholar
• Khan RU, Durrani FR, Chand N, Anwar H. 2010. Influence of feed supplementation with Cannabis sativa on quality of broilers carcass. Pakistan Veterinary J. 30:34–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klir Ž, Novoselec J, Antunović Z. 2019. An overview on the use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in animal nutrition. Poljoprivreda (Online). 25(2):52–61. doi: 10.18047/poljo.25.2.8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konca Y, Yalcin H, Karabacak M, Kaliber M, Durmuscelebi FZ. 2014. Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Br Poult Sci. 55(6):785–794. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudadio V, Passantino L, Perillo A, Lopresti G, Passantino A, Khan RU, Tufarelli V. 2012. Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels. Poult Sci. 91(1):265–270. doi: 10.3382/ps.2011-01675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang J, Appukuttan AA, Chary A, Thiyam‐Holländer U. 2015. Hemp seed oil: minor components and oil quality. Lipid Tech. 27(10):231–233. – doi: 10.1002/lite.201500050.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoudi M, Farhoomand P, Nourmohammadi R. 2015. Effects of different levels of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and dextran oligosaccharide on growth performance and antibody titer response of broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci. 14:114–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick P, Muduli K, Biswal JN, Pumwa J. 2020. Broiler poultry feed cost optimization using linear programming technique. J Operations Strategic Plan. 3(1):31–57. doi: 10.1177/2516600X19896910.
   Google Scholar
• Mcdonald RE, Hultin HO. 1987. Some characteristics of the enzymic lipid peroxidation system in the microsomal fraction of flounder skeletal muscle. J Food Sci. 52(1):15–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb13964.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mierlita D. 2019. Fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of eggs from laying hens fed diets containing hemp seed and hempseed cake. South African J Animal Sci. 49(2):310–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moccia S, Siano F, Russo GL, Volpe MG, La Cara F, Pacifico S, Piccolella S, Picariello G.,. 2020. Antiproliferative and antioxidant effect of polar hemp extracts (Cannabis sativa L., Fedora cv.) in human colorectal cell lines. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 71(4):410–423. doi: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1666804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng JM, Azuma K, Kelley C, Pencek R, Radikova Z, Laymon C, Price J, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE. 2012. PET imaging reveals distinctive roles for different regional adipose tissue depots in systemic glucose metabolism in non-obese humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 303:1134–1141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev. ed. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver CN, Ahn BW, Moerman EJ, Goldstein S, Stadtman ER. 1987. Age-related changes in oxidized proteins. J Biol Chem. 262(12):5488–5491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomah BD, Busson M, Godfrey DV, Drover JC. 2002. Characteristics of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil. Food Chem. 76(1):33–43. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00245-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opyd PM, Jurgoński A, Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J. 2020. Dietary hemp seeds more effectively attenuate disorders in genetically obese rats than their lipid fraction. J Nutr. 150(6):1425–1433. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prociuk MA, Edel AL, Richard MN, Gavel NT, Ander BP, Dupasquier CM, Pierce GN. 2008. Cholesterol-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation is prevented by a hempseed-enriched diet. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 86(4):153–159. doi: 10.1139/Y08-011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubchem. 2015. National center for biotechnology information. [online]. Publisher Chemical Compound Database. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2543.
   Google Scholar
• Rehman M, Fahad S, Du G, Cheng X, Yang Y, Tang K, Liu L, Liu F-H, Deng G.,. 2021. Evaluation of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an industrial crop: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 28(38):52832–52843. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16264-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezvankhah A, Emam-Djomeh Z, Safari M, Askari G, Salami M. 2018. Investigation on the extraction yield, quality, and thermal properties of hempseed oil during ultrasound-assisted extraction: a comparative study. J Food Process Preserv. 42(10):e13766. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio LA. 2019. Possibilities of early life programming in broiler chickens via intestinal microbiota modulation. Poult Sci. 98(2):695–706. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantha NC, Decker EA. 1994. Rapid, sensitive, iron-based spectrophotometric methods for determination of peroxide values of food lipids. J AOAC Int. 77(2):421–424. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/77.2.421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata AA, Attia Y, Khafaga AF, Farooq MZ, El-Seedi HR, Eisenreich W, Tellez-Isaias G. 2022. Restoring healthy gut microbiome in poultry using alternative feed additives with particular attention to phytogenic substances: challenges and prospects. Ger J Vet Res. 2(3):32–42. doi: 10.51585/gjvr.2022.3.0047.
   Google Scholar
• Siano F, Moccia S, Picariello G, Russo GL, Sorrentino G, Di Stasio M, La Cara F, Volpe MG. 2018. Comparative study of chemical, biochemical characteristic and ATR-FTIR analysis of seeds, oil and flour of the edible Fedora cultivar hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Molecules. 24(1):83. doi: 10.3390/molecules24010083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiba G, Poławska E, Sobol M, Raj S, Weremko D. 2015. Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids metabolism pathways in the body of pigs fed diets with different sources of fatty acids. Arch Anim Nutr. 69(1):1–16. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2014.992173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skřivan M, Englmaierová M, Taubner T, Skřivanová E. 2020. Effects of dietary hemp seed and flaxseed on growth performance, meat fatty acid compositions, liver tocopherol concentration and bone strength of cockerels. Animals. 10(3):458. doi: 10.3390/ani10030458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher H. 2000. Metabolism of highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1486(2–3):219–231. doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00077-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambouli H, El Bouri A, Bouayoun T, Bellimam A. 2006. Seed oil characterization of Cannabis sativa L. cultivated in Northern Morocco. Ann Toxicol Anal. 18(2):119–125. doi: 10.1051/ata:2006004.
   Google Scholar
• Šťastník O, Jůzl M, Karásek F, Fernandová D, Mrkvicová E, Pavlata L, Nedomová Š, Vyhnánek T, Trojan V, Doležal P. 2019. The effect of hempseed expellers on selected quality indicators of broiler chicken’s meat. Acta Vet Brno. 88(1):121–128. doi: 10.2754/avb201988010121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stastnik O, Karasek F, Stenclová H, Trojan V, Vyhnanek T, Pavlata L, Mrkvicova E. 2015. The effect of hempseed cakes on broiler chickens performance parameters. MendelNet 2015: Proceedings of International PhD Students Conference. Brno. p. 157–160.
   Google Scholar
• Stillhart C, Vučićević K, Augustijns P, Basit AW, Batchelor H, Flanagan TR, Gesquiere I, Greupink R, Keszthelyi D, Koskinen M. 2020. Impact of gastrointestinal physiology on drug absorption in special populations–an UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci. 147:10528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiharto S. 2016. Role of nutraceuticals in gut health and growth performance of poultry. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 15(2):99–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Taaifi Y, Belhaj K, Mansouri F, Rbah Y, Melhaoui R, Houmy N, Ben Moumen A, Azeroual E, Addi M, Elamrani A, et al. 2023. The effect of feeding laying hens with nonindustrial hemp seed on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol level, and tocopherol composition of egg yolk. Int J Food Sci. 2023:1360276–1360215. doi: 10.1155/2023/1360276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taubner T, Skřivan M, Englmaierová M, Malá L. 2023. Effects of hemp seed and flaxseed on enzyme activity in the broiler chicken digestive tract. Animal. 17(4):100765. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanabalan A, Kiarie EG. 2021. Influence of feeding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to broiler breeders on indices of immunocompetence, gastrointestinal, and skeletal development in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci. 8:653152. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufarelli V, Passantino L, Zupa R, Crupi P, Laudadio V. 2022. Suitability of dried olive pulp in slow-growing broilers: performance, meat quality, oxidation products, and intestinal mucosa features. Poult Sci. 101(12):102230. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner N, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, Bruce CR. 2014. Fatty acid metabolism, energy expenditure and insulin resistance in muscle. J Endocrinol. 220(2):T61–T79. doi: 10.1530/JOE-13-0397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulbricht TLV, Southgate DAT. 1991. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet. 338(8773):985–992. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Klis JD, Fledderus J. 2007. Evaluation of raw materials for poultry: what’s up? Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Strasbourg, France: World Poultry Science Association.
   Google Scholar
• Vercellotti JR, St. Angelo AJ, Spanier AM. 1992. Lipid oxidation in foods. In: Lipid Oxidation in Food. Vol. 500. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; p. 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Vispute MM, Sharma D, Mandal AB, Rokade JJ, Tyagi PK, Yadav AS. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation of hemp (Cannabis sativa) and dill seed (Anethum graveolens) on performance, serum biochemicals and gut health of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 103(2):525–533. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Xiong YK. 2019. Processing, nutrition, and functionality of hempseed protein: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 18(4):936–952. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XS, Tang CH, Yang XQ, Gao WR. 2008. Characterization, amino acid composition and in vitro digestibility of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) proteins. Food Chem. 107(1):11–18. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: Report of the joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 916 (TRS 916). http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publication.
   Google Scholar
• Wu YB, Ravindran V, Thomas DG, Birtles MJ, Hendriks WH. 2004. Influence of phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, on performance, apparent metabolizable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology in broilers fed wheat‐based diets containing adequate level of phosphorus. Br Poult Sci. 45(1):76–84. doi: 10.1080/00071660410001668897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu ZR, Hu CH, Xia MS, Zhan XA, Wang MQ. 2003. Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora, and morphology of male broilers. Poult Sci. 82(6):1030–1036. doi: 10.1093/ps/82.6.1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar