Reflections on transboundary water conflict and cooperation trends

References

• Agnew, J. (1994). The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory. Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692299408434268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht, T. R., Varady, R. G., Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., & Staddon, C. (2017). Governing a shared hidden resource: A review of governance mechanisms for transboundary groundwater security. Water Security, 2, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2017.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Arnell, N. W., Lowe, J. A., Brown, S., Gosling, S. N., Gottschalk, P., Hinkel, J., Lloyd-Hughes, B., Nicholls, R. J., Osborn, T. J., Osborne, T. M., Rose, G. A., Smith, P., & Warren, R. F. (2013). A global assessment of the effects of climate policy on the impacts of climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviram, R., Katz, D., & Shmueli, D. (2014). Desalination as a game-changer in transboundary hydro-politics. Water Policy, 16(4), 609. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnaby, W. (2009). Do nations go to war over water? Nature, 458(7236), 282–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/458282a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, L., Bernauer, T., Siegfried, T., & Böhmelt, T. (2014). Implications of hydro-political dependency for international water cooperation and conflict: Insights from new data. Political Geography, 42, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardo, R., & Gerlak, A. K. (2012). Conflict and cooperation along international rivers: Crafting a model of institutional effectiveness. Global Environmental Politics, 12(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernauer, T. (1997). Managing international rivers. In O. R. Young (Ed.), Global governance: Drawing insights from the environmental experience. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernauer, T., & Böhmelt, T. (2014). Basins at risk: Predicting international river basin conflict and cooperation. Global Environmental Politics, 14(4), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. P. (2019). (In)visible women: Representation and conceptualization of gender in water governance and management [ Master’s Thesis, Oregon State University].
   Google Scholar
• Boas, I., & Rothe, D. (2016). From conflict to resilience? Explaining recent changes in climate security discourse and practice. Environmental Politics, 25(4), 613–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1160479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borda, A. (2021, April 5). Vice president kamala harris warns of looming ’wars fought over water’—CBS san francisco. CBS Bay Area. https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/vice-president-kamala-harris-makes-first-bay-area-visit-since-election/
   Google Scholar
• Brochmann, M. (2012). Signing river treaties—Does it improve river cooperation? International Interactions, 38(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2012.657575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochmann, M., & Gleditsch, N. P. (2012). Shared rivers and conflict – A reconsideration. Political Geography, 31(8), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, J. W. (2021). Beyond internal conflict: The emergent practice of climate security. Journal of Peace Research, 58(1), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320971019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascão, A. E., & Zeitoun, M. (2010). Power, hegemony and critical hydropolitics. In A. Earle, A. Jagerskog, & J. Ojendal (Eds.), Transboundary water management (pp. 27–42). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, H., & Gleick, P. H. (2011). Climate-proofing transboundary water agreements. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(4), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.576651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruin, S. P., Schmeier, S., Van Beek, R., & Gulpen, M. (2023). Projecting conflict risk in transboundary river basins by 2050 following different ambition scenarios. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2023.2184650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne, C., & Fischhendler, I. (2013). Negotiating conflict resolution mechanisms for transboundary water treaties: A transaction cost approach. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1841–1851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne, C., Fischhendler, I., & Haftel, Y. Z. (2020). Design and change in transboundary freshwater agreements. Climatic Change, 162(2), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02768-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Silva, L., Veilleux, J. C., & Neal, M. J. (2018). The role of women in transboundary water dispute resolution. In C. Fröhlich, G. Gioli, R. Cremades, & H. Myrttinen (Eds.), Water security across the gender divide (pp. 211–230). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64046-4_11
   Google Scholar
• De Stefano, L., Duncan, J., Dinar, S., Stahl, K., Strzepek, K. M., & Wolf, A. T. (2012). Climate change and the institutional resilience of international river basins. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano, L., Petersen-Perlman, J. D., Sproles, E. A., Eynard, J., & Wolf, A. T. (2017). Assessment of transboundary river basins for potential hydro-political tensions. Global Environmental Change, 45, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Strasser, L., Lipponen, A., Howells, M., Stec, S., & Bréthaut, C. (2016). A methodology to assess the water energy food ecosystems nexus in transboundary river basins. Water, 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8020059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinar, S. (2009). Scarcity and cooperation along international rivers. Global Environmental Politics, 9(1), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.1.109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinar, S., Katz, D., De Stefano, L., & Blankespoor, B. (2019). Do treaties matter? Climate change, water variability, and cooperation along transboundary river basins. Political Geography, 69, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donchyts, G., Winsemius, H., Baart, F., Dahm, R., Schellekens, J., Gorelick, N., Iceland, C., & Schmeier, S. (2022). High-resolution surface water dynamics in Earth’s small and medium-sized reservoirs. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17074-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle, A., & Wouters, P. (2015). Implementing transboundary water cooperation through effective institutional mechanisms. The Journal of Water Law, 24, 100–114.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, Y., Ellison, A. M., Echeverría, H., & Abbott, J. K. (2023). Science and the legal rights of nature. Science, 380(6646), eadf4155. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf4155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers, M., Höllermann, B., Almoradie, A. D. S., Garcia Santos, G., & Taft, L. (2017). The pluralistic water research concept: A new human-water system research approach. Water, 9(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, A. J. (2018). More than women and men: A framework for gender and intersectionality research on environmental crisis and conflict. In C. Fröhlich, G. Gioli, R. Cremades, & H. Myrttinen (Eds.), Water security across the gender divide (pp. 35–58). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64046-4_3
   Google Scholar
• Gaard, G. (2001). Women, water, energy: An ecofeminist approach. Organization & Environment, 14(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026601142002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlak, A. K., Lautze, J., & Giordano, M. (2011). Water resources data and information exchange in transboundary water treaties. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 11(2), 179–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9144-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano, M., Drieschova, A., Duncan, J. A., Sayama, Y., De Stefano, L., & Wolf, A. T. (2013). A review of the evolution and state of transboundary freshwater treaties. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(3), 245–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano, M., Drieschova, A., Duncan, J. A., Sayama, Y., De Stefano, L., & Wolf, A. T. (2014). A review of the evolution and state of transboundary freshwater treaties. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-013-9211-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, N. P., Furlong, K., Hegre, H., Lacina, B., & Owen, T. (2006). Conflicts over shared rivers: Resource scarcity or fuzzy boundaries? Political Geography, 25(4), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, N. P., & Hamner, J. (2001). Shared rivers, conflict and cooperation. 42nd Annual Convention of the International Sudies Association, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Gleick, P. H. (1993). Water and conflict: Fresh water resources and international security. International Security, 18(1), 79–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamner, J., & Wolf, A. T. (1997). Water: I. Patterns in international water resource treaties: The transboundary freshwater dispute database. COLO J INT’L ENVTL LYB, 1997, 157–219.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L. M., & Alatout, S. (2010). Negotiating hydro-scales, forging states: Comparison of the upper Tigris/Euphrates and Jordan River basins. Political Geography, 29(3), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearns, G. S., Henshaw, T. W., & Paisley, R. K. (2014). Getting what you need: Designing institutional architecture for effective governance of international waters. Environmental Development, 11, 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1994). Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases. International Security, 19(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IGRAC & UNESCO-IHP. (2021). Transboundary aquifers of the world—update 2021. United Nations. https://www.un-igrac.org/resource/transboundary-aquifers-world-map-2021
   Google Scholar
• Kalbhenn, A. (2011). Liberal peace and shared resources – A fair-weather phenomenon? Journal of Peace Research, 48(6), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311420459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kåresdotter, E., Skoog, G., Pan, H., & Kalantari, Z. (2023). Water-related conflict and cooperation events worldwide: A new dataset on historical and change trends with potential drivers. Science of the Total Environment, 868, 161555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundzewicz, Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N. W., Döll, P., Jimenez, B., Miller, K., Oki, T., Şen, Z., & Shiklomanov, I. (2008). The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lautze, J., Holmatov, B., Saruchera, D., & Villholth, K. G. (2018). Conjunctive management of surface and groundwater in transboundary watercourses: A first assessment. Water Policy, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, P. M., Scheffran, J., & Ide, T. (2016). Conflict and cooperation in the water-security nexus: A global comparative analysis of river basins under climate change. WIREs Water, 3(4), 495–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1151
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, S. C. (2011). The international law commission’s flawed draft articles on the law of transboundary aquifers: The way forward. Water International, 36(5), 566–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, M., Caplan, A., Porta, E. L., Carlin, A., & Wolf, A. T. (Forthcoming). Trends in allocation: Introduction to the typology for transboundary water allocation.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken, M., & Wolf, A. T. (2019). Updating the register of international river basins of the world. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(5), 732–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2019.1572497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menga, F. (2016). Domestic and international dimensions of transboundary water politics. Water Alternatives, 9(3), 704–723. https://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol9/v9issue3/322-a9-3-17/file?auid=979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman, A., Bunclark, L., Conway, D., & Adger, W. N. (2013). Assessment of institutional capacity to adapt to climate change in transboundary river basins. Climatic Change, 121(4), 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0917-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirumachi, N. (2015). Transboundary water politics in the developing world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068380
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. M., & Hensel, P. R. (2007). International institutions and compliance with agreements. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 721–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00277.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. M., & Zawahri, N. A. (2015). The effectiveness of treaty design in addressing water disputes. Journal of Peace Research, 52(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314559623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munia, H., Guillaume, J. H. A., Mirumachi, N., Porkka, M., Wada, Y., & Kummu, M. (2016). Water stress in global transboundary river basins: Significance of upstream water use on downstream stress. Environmental Research Letters, 11(1), 014002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, E., Bakker, K., & Cook, C. (2012). Introduction to the themed section: Water governance and the politics of scale. Water Alternatives, 5(1), 10.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, E. S., & Bakker, K. (2009). Transgressing scales: Water governance across the Canada–U.S. Borderland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(1), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045600802317218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, E. L., & Wolf, A. T. (2021). Intrinsic and spiritual dimensions of water at the local scale, and the disconnect with international institutions. Sustainability, 13(16), 8948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, I. (2007). Women, water, and development. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32(1), 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041806.143704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum, Z. H., & Schmeier, S. (2022). Global wetland governance: Introducing the transboundary wetlands database. Water, 14(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadoff, C. W., & Grey, D. (2005). Cooperation on international rivers. Water International, 30(4), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060508691886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saruchera, D., & Lautze, J. (2016). Transboundary river basin organizations in Africa: Assessing the secretariat. Water Policy, 18(5), 1053–1069. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeier, S. (2013). Governing international watercourses: River basin organizations and the sustainable governance of internationally shared rivers and lakes. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Governing-International-Watercourses-River-Basin-Organizations-and-the/Schmeier/p/book/9780415623582
   Google Scholar
• Schmeier, S. (2017). Joint institutional arrangements for governing shared water resources: A comparative analysis of state practice. In A. Rieu-Clarke, A. Allan, & S. Hendry (Eds.), Routledge handbook of water law and policy (pp. 260–274). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeier, S., & Cuadrado Quesada, G. (2023). International water law and cooperating over shared freshwater resources: An introduction, and G. E. Eckstein (Ed.), World scientific handbook of transboundary water management (Vol. 1, pp. 41–66). World Scientific Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, S., & Schmeier, S. (2012). Governing environmental change in international river basins: The role of river basin organizations. International Journal of River Basin Management, 10(3), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.664820
   Google Scholar
• Sehring, J., Ter Horst, R., & Zwarteveen, M. (2022). (En)-gendering water diplomacy. In J. Sehring, R. Ter Horst, & M. Zwarteveen (Eds.), Gender dynamics in transboundary water governance: Feminist perspectives on water conflict and cooperation (1st ed., pp. 1–21). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003198918
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, R., Aureli, A., Dumont, A., Lipponen, A., Tiefenauer-Linardon, S., Fraser, C., Rivera, A., Puri, S., Burchi, S., Eckstein, G., Brethaut, C., Khayat, Z., Villholth, K., Witmer, L., Martin-Nagle, R., Milman, A., Sindico, F., & Dalton, J. (2022). Transboundary aquifers. In UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (Ed.), Groundwater making the invisible visible (pp. 171–179). UNESCO. https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/1640
   Google Scholar
• TFDD. (2023). Transboundary freshwater diplomacy database. College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University. https://transboundarywaters.science.oregonstate.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Tilleard, S., & Ford, J. (2016). Adaptation readiness and adaptive capacity of transboundary river basins. Climatic Change, 137(3), 575–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tir, J., & Stinnett, D. M. (2011). The institutional design of riparian treaties: The role of river issues. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(4), 606–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002710393917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tir, J., & Stinnett, D. M. (2012). Weathering climate change: Can institutions mitigate international water conflict? Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgul, A., Porta, E. L., McCracken, M., & Wolf, A. T. (Forthcoming). Changing values: Trends in international freshwater agreements. In N. A. Zawahri & S. Dinar (Eds.), World scientific handbook on transboundary water management. World Scientific Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• UN News. (2008, February 6). Ban Ki-moon warns that water shortages are increasingly driving conflicts. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/02/248092-ban-ki-moon-warns-water-shortages-are-increasingly-driving-conflicts
   Google Scholar
• UN Water. (Ed.). (2022). Groundwater making the invisible visible. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Walschot, M., & Katz, D. (2022). Desalination and transboundary water conflict and cooperation: A mixed-method empirical approach. Water, 14(12), 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz, K. N. (1959). Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, J. (2012). The struggle over Turkey’s Ilısu Dam: Domestic and international security linkages. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 12(3), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9178-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, J., Mirumachi, N., Farnum, R. L., Grandi, M., Menga, F., & Zeitoun, M. (2017). Transboundary ‘hydro-hegemony’: 10 years later. WIREs Water, 4(6), e1242. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1242
   Google Scholar
• Warner, J., & Zawahri, N. (2012). Hegemony and asymmetry: Multiple-chessboard games on transboundary rivers. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 12(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9177-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingqvist, G. Ö., & Nilsson, Å. (2015). Effectiveness of river basin organisations – An institutional review of three African RBOs. SIDA’s Helpdesk for Environment and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1046.0006
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, A. T. (1998). Conflict and cooperation along international waterways. Water Policy, 1(2), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-7017(98)00019-1
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, A. T. (2007). Shared waters: Conflict and cooperation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32(1), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041006.101434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, A. T., Stahl, K., & Macomber, M. F. (2003). Conflict and cooperation within international river basins: The importance of institutional capacity. Water Resources Update, 125(2), 31–40.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, A. T., Yoffe, S. B., & Giordano, M. (2003). International waters: Identifying basins at risk. Water Policy, 5(1), 29–60. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0002
   Google Scholar
• Yoffe, S. (2001). Basins at risk: Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources. Oregon State University. http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/handle/1957/9693
   Google Scholar
• Yoffe, S., Fiske, G., Giordano, M., Giordano, M., Larson, K., Stahl, K., & Wolf, A. T. (2004). Geography of international water conflict and cooperation: Data sets and applications: Geography of water conflict and cooperation. Water Resources Research, 40(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoffe, S., Wolf, A. T., & Giordano, M. (2003). Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources: Indicators of basins at risr. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(5), 1109–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawahri, N. A., & Mitchell, S. M. (2011). Fragmented governance of international rivers: Negotiating bilateral versus multilateral treaties. International Studies Quarterly, 55(3), 835–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00673.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitoun, M., & Mirumachi, N. (2008). Transboundary water interaction I: Reconsidering conflict and cooperation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 8(4), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-008-9083-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitoun, M., Mirumachi, N., & Warner, J. (2011). Transboundary water interaction II: The influence of ‘soft’ power. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 11(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-010-9134-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitoun, M., & Warner, J. (2006). Hydro-hegemony – A framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts. Water Policy, 8(5), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.054
   Google Scholar