Multiple objective optimal design for an electrically assisted bicycle under dynamic finite element analysis

References

• Akhyar, A., H. Husaini, I. Hasanuddin, and F. Ahmad. 2019. “Structural Simulations of Bicycle Frame Behaviour Under Various Load Conditions.” Materials Science Forum 961: 137–147. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.961.137.
   Google Scholar
• Ayşegül, T. I., and A. A. Esra. 2017. “The Decision-Making Approach Based on the Combination of Entropy and Rov Methods for the Apple Selection Problem.” European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3 (3): 80–86. doi:10.26417/ejis.v3i3.p81-86.
   Google Scholar
• Bulej, V., I. Kuric, M. Sága, M. Vaško, Z. Ságová, M. Bartoš, and S. Legutko. 2022. “Analysis of Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Loading Influence of the Full-Suspension Downhill Bicycle’s Frame on the Crack Failure Formation at a Critical Point During Different Driving Scenarios and Design Improvement.” Symmetry 14 (2): 255. doi:10.3390/sym14020255.
   Google Scholar
• Cahyono, S. I., M. Anwar, K. Diharjo, T. Triyono, A. Hapid, and S. Kaleg. 2017. “Finite Element Analysis of Electric Bicycle Frame Geometries.” AIP Conference Proceedings 1788: 030084. doi:10.1063/1.4968337.
   Google Scholar
• CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2017. EN 15194: 2017. Europe: European Committee for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. C., C. K. Lee, and M. T. Tsai. 2016. “Multi-Objective Optimization of an On-Road Bicycle Frame by Uniform Design and Compromise Programming.” Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8 (2): 1–15. doi:10.1177/1687814016632985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. C., and P. H. Wu. 2015. “Optimisation for Suspension System of a Railway Vehicle with a New Non-Linear Creep Model Developed by Uniform Design.” International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 22 (2): 157–191. doi:10.1504/IJHVS.2015.070451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausius, R. 1865. “Ueber Verschiedene für Die Anwendung Bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der Mechanischen Wärmetheorie.” Annalen der Physik 201 (7): 353–400. doi:10.1002/andp.18652010702.
   Google Scholar
• Covill, D., P. Allard, J. M. Drouet, and N. Emerson. 2016. “An Assessment of Bicycle Frame Behaviour Under Various Load Conditions Using Numerical Simulations.” Procedia Engineering 147: 665–670. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.269.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, J. L. 1982. “Control Problems of Grey Systems.” Systems and Control Letters 1 (5): 288–294. doi:10.1016/S0167-6911(82)80025-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, K. T., and Y. Wang. 1994. Number-Theoretic Methods in Statistics. London: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerle, F., and J. Sienz. 2013. “Decomposed Surrogate Based Optimization of Carbon-Fiber Bicycle Frames Using Optimum Latin Hypercubes for Constrained Design Spaces.” Computers and Structures 119: 48–59. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.11.014.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, R. S. 2020. “Sensitivity Analysis of Stress Distribution in Bicycle Frame.” Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 20 (4): 937–948. doi:10.1080/14484846.2020.1763546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenflo, C., I. Rios, L. Golab, and S. Keshav. 2017. “Usage Patterns of Electric Bicycles: An Analysis of the WeBike Project.” Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2017/3739505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, R., and G. V. R. S. Rao. 2016. “Analysis of Mountain Bike Frame by F.E.M.” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 13 (2): 60–71. doi:10.9790/1684-1302018994.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao, S. W., R. Q. Chen, and W. L. Leng. 2015. “Applying Riding-Posture Optimization on Bicycle Frame Design.” Applied Ergonomics 51: 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, S. W., H. H. Lin, and Y. C. Ko. 2017. “Application of Grey Relational Analysis to Decision-Making During Product Development.” EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education 13 (6): 2581–2600. doi:10.12973/eurasia.2017.01242a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y. L., and C. T. Lin. 2009. “Constructing Grey Relation Analysis Model Evaluation of Tourism Competitiveness.” Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 30 (6): 1129–1138. doi:10.1080/02522667.2009.10699931.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y. M., and K. J. Wang. 2007. “Optimization of Bicycle Frames Using Genetic Algorithm.” In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 4-7 September 2007: 325–334. Nevada, USA: ASME. doi: 10.1115/DETC2007-34918.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, Y., T. Yang, and G. W. Huang. 2008. “The Use of Grey Relational Analysis in Solving Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Problems.” Computers and Industrial Engineering 55 (1): 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2007.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, T. S., H. W. Zhang, J. S. Gao, and X. J. Dai. 2022. “Design and Optimized Simulation of Bicycle Frame Structure.” In 2020 IEEE Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering, Yunlin, Taiwan, 23-25 October 2020: 301–304. Yunlin, Taiwan: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ECICE50847.2020.9301921.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K., Y. C. Cheng, and C. P. Jiang. 2015. “Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Analysis and Uniform Design with Kriging Interpolation and Optimization to Improve an On-Road Bicycle Frame Undergoing Drop-Mass Impact Test.” Journal of the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers 36 (4): 353–361. doi:10.29979/JCSME.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y., S. M. Lin, J. J. Sheu, and Y. C. Cheng. 2010. Driving Mechanism for the Motorized Bicycle. US Patent 7,766,442 B2.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. C., S. J. Huang, and C. C. Liu. 2017. “Structural Analysis and Optimization of Bicycle Frame Designs.” Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9 (12): 1–10. doi:10.1177/1687814017739513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesic, E., A. Masic, E. Muratović, M. Delic, and S. Hasanbegovic. 2021. “Structural Analysis and Optimization of Electric Bike Front Drive with Bottom Bracket Electric Motor.” Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 15 (1): 273–282. doi:10.12913/22998624/132613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezer, M., A. J. Muminovic, E. Mesic, and N. Pervan. 2021. “Numerical Structural Analysis Using Combined Finite Elements: A Case Study of Electric Bicycle Design.” Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications 142: 539–553. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54765-3_38.
   Google Scholar
• Sandić, U., R. Tomić, A. Grbović, and A. Sedmak. 2020. “Failure Analysis of Bicycle Frame Composite Structure Based on Stacking Variant of Laminate Layers.” Structural Integrity and Life 20 (1): 69–76.
   Google Scholar
• Shelton, H., J. O. Sullivan, and K. Gall. 2004. “Analysis of the Fatigue Failure of a Mountain Bike Front Shock.” Engineering Failure Analysis 11 (3): 375–386. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2003.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, G., G. Xu, Y. Quan, Q. Yuan, and P. A. Davies. 2016. “Uniform Design for the Optimization of Al2O3 Nanofilms Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition.” Surface and Coatings Technology 286: 268–278. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.12.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppapitnarm, A., K. A. Seffen, G. T. Parks, A. M. Connor, and P. J. Clarkson. 1999. “Multiobjective Optimisation of Bicycle Frames Using Simulated Annealing.” In Proceedings of the 1st ASMO/ISSMO Conference on Engineering Design Optimization, Ilkley, UK, 1999: 357–364. UK: ASMO.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, J., H. Zhao, R. Yang, H. Liu, S. Li, and J. Liu. 2021. “An Entropy-Weighting Method for Efficient Power-Line Feature Evaluation and Extraction from LiDAR Point Clouds.” Remote Sensing 13 (17): 3446–24. doi:10.3390/rs13173446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uludamar, E., Ş. Yıldızhan, E. Tosun, and K. Aydın. 2016. “Finite Element Analysis of Electric Bike Rims Coupled with Hub Motor.” Advances in Automobile Engineering 5 (2): 1000142. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000142.
   Google Scholar
• Varghese, A. S., and N. K. Sreejith. 2015. “Structural Analysis of Bicycle Frame Using Composite Laminate.” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 28 (7): 321–327. doi:10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V28P262.
   Google Scholar
• Vatansever, K., and Y. Akgűl. 2018. “Performance Evaluation of Websites Using Entropy and Grey Relational Analysis Methods: The Case of Airline Companies.” Decision Science Letters 7: 119–130. doi:10.5267/j.dsl.2017.6.005.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. H., J. N. Zhao, Y. S. Zhao, Z. Wang, and D. L. Guo. 2010. “Simulation About Sports Bicycle Frame Based on the Experiments.” Applied Mechanics & Materials 37-38: 1142–1147. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.37-38.1142.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, D., X. Liu, W. Du, J. Wang, and T. He. 2012. “Application of Topology Optimization to Design an Electric Bicycle Main Frame.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 46 (6): 913–929. doi:10.1007/s00158-012-0803-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar