Challenges in managing immovable cultural heritage for tourism in Zambia

References

• Akama, S. J., and P. Sterry, eds. 2002. “Cultural Tourism in Africa: Strategies for the New Millennium”. Proceedings of the ATLAS Africa International Conference December 2000, Mombasa, Kenya. Arnhem: Association for Tourism and Leisure Education.
   Google Scholar
• Andereck, K. L., and C. A. Vogt. 2000. “The Relationship Between Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism and Tourism Development Options.” Journal of Travel Research 39 (August): 27–36. doi:10.1177/004728750003900104.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., and L. Robbins. Undated. “Tsodilo Hill, Botswana.” http://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/tsodiloa9.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael, D. L., J. Hubert, and B. Reeves, eds. 1994. Sacred Sites, Sacred Places. One World Archaeology. (Issue 23 of One World Archaeology). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chipote, C. 2003. “The Challenges of Heritage Management: The Case of Zambia.” Master of Philosophy in Archaeological Heritage Management Dissertation, University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. 1974. “Who is a Tourist’? A Conceptual Clarification.” Sociological Review 22 (4): 527–555. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1974.tb00507.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAterre, 2010. “Conservation of Immovable Cultural Heritage in sub-Saharan Africa.” Final report on the Implementation of the Africa 2009 programme, July, African Cultural Heritage Organization, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, ICCROM, CRAterre-ENSAG, EPA and CHDA.
   Google Scholar
• Csapó, J. 2012. “The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry.” In, Strategies for Tourism Industry – Micro and Macro Perspectives, edited by Murat Kasimoglu, Chapter 10. London: InTechOpen.
   Google Scholar
• Derricourt, R. 1985. Man on the Kafue. The Archaeology and History of the Itezhitezhi area of Zambia. London: Ethnographica, in association with the National Monuments Commission, Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Failte-Ireland. Undated. “Cultural Tourism, Making it Work for You. A New Strategy for Cultural Tourism in Ireland.” Dublin: National Tourism Development Authority. http://www.aoifeonline.com/uplds/cultural-tourism.pdf. Accessed, 5 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Frow, J., and M. Morris. 2000. “Cultural Studies.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin, and Y. S. Lincoln, 315–346. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Githitho, A. N. undated. “The Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests of Coastal Kenya and Biodiversity Conservation.” Session I, Presentations of Case Studies from Africa and Latin America. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.630.584&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 15 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 1979. ‘Third National Development Plan’. Lusaka: Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2002. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2006. ‘Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010’. Broad Based Wealth and Job Creation Through Citizenry Participation and Technological Advancement. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2008. Annual Visitors Arrivals Analytical Report. Lusaka: Government Republic of Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2009. Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for the Year 1^st January to 31^st December 2010. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2010a. Policy Statement in Support of the 2011 Budget Estimates for Head 68, by the Minister of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources. Lusaka: GRZ.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2010b. Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for the Year 1^st January to 31^st December 2011. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2011. ‘Sixth National Development Plan, 2011-2015’, Sustained Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2012. Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for the Year 1^st January to 31^st December 2013. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 2013. Budget Address by Minister of Finance and National Planning. Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). Undated. Tourism Policy for Zambia. Lusaka: Ministry of Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• ISCA (International Show Caves Association). undated. https://www.i-s-c-a.org/show-cave/21-cango-caves. Accessed 24 April 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Jopela, A. 2011. (Forthcoming). “Traditional Custodianship: A Useful Framework for Heritage Management in Southern Africa?” Special Issue of Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites on ‘Archaeological Site Management in Sub-Saharan Africa’. http://www.msu.ac.zw/elearning/material/1342696099JopelaTraditional_custodianship_%20of_rock_artSites.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Jopela, A. 2016. “The Traditional Custodianship System in Southern Africa.” Traditional Management Systems at Heritage Sites in Africa, African World Heritage Fund, pp.11-22. https://awhf.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AWHF-English-Book.compressed.pdf. Accessed, 14 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kates, W. R., T. M. Parris, and A. A. Leiserowitz. 2005. “What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 47 (Number 3): 8–21. doi:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444.
   Google Scholar
• Keesing, R. M. 1974. “Theories of Culture.” Annual Review of Anthropology 3: 73–97. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146annurev.an.03.100174.000445. Accessed, 12 January 2018. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.000445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H. 2013. “Influence Analysis of Community Resident Support for Sustainable Tourism Development.” Tourism Management 34: 37–46. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0261517712000520/1-s2.0-S0261517712000520-main.pdf. Accessed 9 January 2018. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, W. J. 1989. Interpreting for Park Visitors. Philadelphia: Eastern Acorn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mabulla, A. Z. P., and J. F. R. Bower. 2010. “Cultural Heritage Management in Tanzania’s Protected Areas: Challenges and Future Prospects.” CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 7 (1), Winter. https://www.nps.gov/CRMjournal/Winter2010/article1.html. Accessed 14 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Maksin, M. 2010. “Challenges, Responses and Partnership for Achieving Sustainable Tourism and Heritage Preservation.” SPATIUM International Review 22: 11–18. doi:10.2298/SPAT1022011M.
   Google Scholar
• Mourato, S., and M. Mazzanti. 2002. “Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage: Evidence and Prospects.” In Assessing the Value of Cultural Heritage: Research Reports, edited by Marta de la Torre, 51–76. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Munyima, K. M. 1993. “Heritage Protection and Development Planning.” (Master of Letters Thesis). James Cook University, Townsville.
   Google Scholar
• Ndoro, W. 2005. “The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe – Your Monument, Our Shrine.” In ICCROM Conservation Studies 80–81. Rome: International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property.
   Google Scholar
• NHCC. Undated. National Heritage Conservation Commission Register.
   Google Scholar
• Novelli, M. 2015. “Tourism and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, Current Issues and Local Realities.” In Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility. Abingdon: Routledge. https://books.google.co.zm/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yNCPCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Novelli,+M.+2015.+Tourism+and+Development+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa.+Abingdon:+Routledge.&ots. Accessed, 1 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson, D. W. 1972. National Monuments of Zambia. Livingstone: An Illustrated Guide. National Monuments Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Rivett-Carnac, K. 2011. ‘Cultural World Heritage Site Scan: Lessons from Four Sites’. Development Bank of Southern Africa, Development Planning Division. Working Paper Series No. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Saarinen, J., N. Moswete, and M. J. Monare. 2014. “Cultural Tourism: New Opportunities for Diversifying the Tourism Industry in Botswana.” Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series 26: 7–18. http://apcz.pl/czasopisma/index.php/BGSS/article/viewFile/4934/4749. Accessed 30 August 2016. doi:10.2478/bog-2014-0041.
   Google Scholar
• Saarinen, J., and C. M. Rogerson. 2015. “Setting Cultural Tourism in Southern Africa.” Nordic Journal of African Studies 24 (3&4): 207–220. http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol24num3-4/0_preface.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sichimwa, C., and F. A. Fairer-Wessels. 2016. “Sustained Economic Growth Through co-Management by SWOT Analysis in Zambia: The Case of Mukuni Village Craft Market.” African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Vol. 5 (3). SPECIAL EDITION. http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_2__vol_5__3_final.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, H. 1985. Zambia. A Country Study. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Snelson, P. D. 1974. Educational Development in Northern Rhodesia, 1883-1945. Second Edition. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer-Oatey, H. 2012. “What is Culture? A Compilation of Quotations.” GlobalPAD Core Concepts. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/globalpad/openhouse/interculturalskills/global_pad-what_is_culture.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Steyn, J. N., and J. P. Spencer. 2011. “South African Tourism: An Historic Evaluation of Macro Tourism Policies.” African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD) 17 (2): 178–200. doi:10.4314/ajpherd.v17i2.67659.
   Google Scholar
• Transtec. 1998. (Unpublished) Development Concept: Zambian Tourism Development Programme, 7ACT ZA 088.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 1970. “Protection of Mankind’s Cultural Heritage.” In Sites and Monuments. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 1972. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage adopted by the General Conference at its Seventeenth Session Paris, 16 November.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2005a. Basic Texts of the 1972 World Heritage Convention. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2005b. UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014. Paris: Education for Sustainable Development, Division for the Promotion of Quality Education.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). 2004. Community Based Tourism Mission to Zambia, December 1-11 2004 by WTO Consultant Carolyn Wild. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) and International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2008. 4th December 2008. Madrid: Agreement Between UNWTO and ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas-Sánchez, A., N. Porras-Bueno, and M. A. Plaza-Mejı´a. 2011. “Explaining Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism. Is a Universal Model Possible?” Annals of Tourism Research 38 (No. 2): 460–480. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0160738310001234/1-s2.0-S0160738310001234-main.pdf?_tid=2eeba1d4-f54a-11e7-be7d-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1515508642_56abb6454b603d292fc772cf042f22ed. Accessed, 9 January 2018. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, N. 2015. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/much-television-advertising-really-cost-58718.html. Accessed 27April 2015.
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). 1987. Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). 2011. Chapter 12 Act 2011. Lusaka: Government of the Republic of Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA). 1998. Act Chapter 12 of 1998. Lusaka: Government of the Republic of Zambia.
   Google Scholar