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Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law Volume 8, 1990 - Issue 1-4
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Original Articles

The EEC's Continental Shelf: a “Terra Incognita”

J. Enno Harders Assessor, LL.M. (Brit. Col.), Assistant at the Institut für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany.
Pages 263-279 | Published online: 08 Jun 2015

  • Longman Dictionary of the English Language (1984).
  • See F. Foders/R. Wolfrum et al, Meereswirtschaft in Europa: Rechtliche und ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Unternehmen (1989) (hereinafter: Meereswirtschaft); and M. Kuske, Gemeinsamer Offshore-Markt auf den Festlandsockeln der EG-Mitgliedstaaten (1987); M. Michael, L'applicabilité du Traité instituant la C.E.E. et du Droit dérivé au plateau continental des états membres (1984); E. Bernhard, Der Festlandsockel im Recht der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (1982).
  • J.E. Harders, “Handels- und Wirtschaftsdiskriminierung”, R. Wolfrum (ed.), Handbuch Vereinte Nationen, forthcoming; E.U. Petersmann, “Protektionismus als Rechts- und Ordnungsproblem”, (1983) 47 Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 478–501, at p. 499; see with regard to national practices contrary to the Treaty principles, Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2.
  • P.D. Cameron, Property Rights and Sovereign Rights: The Case of North Sea Oil (1983), at pp. 79, 76–80.
  • C.-O. Lenz, “The Court of Justice of the European Communities”, (1988) 2 Legal Issues of European Integration 1–14, at pp. 1, 2.
  • Article 1 Convention on the Continental Shelf (CSC), Geneva, April 29, 1958, 499 UNITS 311; Art. 76–85 UN-Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), Montego Bay, December 10, 1982, reprinted in: UN (ed.), The Law of the Sea (1983); see D.H. Anderson, “Some Recent Developments in the Law Relating to the Continental Shelf”, (1988) 2 J.E.R.L. 95–102, at pp. 95, 96.
  • Article 2 CSC, Article 77 LOSC.
  • Article 77 (2) LOSC.
  • Continental Shelf Cases, infra note 11 at p. 23.
  • Ibid.
  • Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1969, 3, at pp. 21, 31 et seq., contra Sep. Op. Ammoun. loc. cit., at pp. 101, 118; more precise Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment of December 19, 1978, ICJ Reports 1978, at pp. 3, 36.
  • See Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, supra note 11 at p. 36.
  • Cf. D. McMillan, “The Extent of the Continental Shelf”, (1985) 9 Marine Policy 148–156; D.P. O'Connell/I.A. Shearer, The International Law of the Sea (1982) vol. 2, at pp. 492–498.
  • Article 1 CSC, supra note 6.
  • Anderson, supra note 6, at p. 95.
  • Article 76(4)(5) LOSC, supra note 6.
  • Article 74, 83 LOSC.
  • See on recent ICJ case law, Anderson, supra note 6, at pp. 97–99; on the equitable solution formula, Francisco Orrego Vicuna, “The Contribution of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the Law of Maritime Delimitation”, (1988) 31 German Yearbook of International Law 120–137, at pp. 136, 137.
  • See Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 12–14.
  • Cf. O'Connell, supra note 13, at pp. 513 et seq.
  • Article 55–75 LOSC.
  • See R. Wolfrum, “The Emerging Customary Law of Marine Zones: State Practice and the Convention on the Law of the Sea”, (1987) 8 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 121–141; R.W. Smith, Exclusive Economic Zone Claims: An Analysis and Primary Documents (1986); R.R. Churchill, EEC Fisheries Law (1987), at p. 6.
  • Article 56(1)(a) LOSC.
  • K.P. Beauchamp, “The Management Function of Ocean Boundaries”, (1986) 23 San Diego Law Review 611–660, at pp. 614, 642.
  • Article 2(1) CSC.
  • L. Gündling, Die 200-Seemeilen-Wirtschaftszone (1983), at p. 193; D.J. Attard, The Exclusive Economic Zone in International Law (1987), at p. 40.
  • Beauchamp, supra note 24, at pp. 642, 643.
  • Article 77(2), 56(3), 60 LOSC.
  • O'Connell, supra note 13, vol. 1, at p. 552.
  • Article 56(3), 76–85 LOSC.
  • O'Connell, supra note 13, vol. 1, at pp. 579, 580; Barbara Kwiatkowska, The 200 Mile Exclusive Economic Zone in the New Law of the Sea (1989). at pp. 12–15; R. R. Churchill/A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (2nd ed. 1989), at p. 123.
  • Article 77(3) LOSC; Kwiatkowska, supra note 31, at p. 15.
  • Law of the Sea Bulletin (UN Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea) No. 11 (July 1988), at pp. 51, 52, 54, 55.
  • W. Vitzthum, “Die Europäische Gemeinschaft und das Internationale Seerecht”, (1986) 111 Archiv des Völkerrechts 33–62, at p. 37.
  • Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 1953, 43 U.S.C.. §§ 1331 et seq.
  • E. Bernhard, “Der Europäische Festlandsockel”, W.G. Vitzthum (ed.), Aspekte der Seerechtsentwicklung (1980), at pp. 33–75.
  • Supra note 11; U. Jenisch, “Zur Anwendung des Europäischen Rechts in dem Meeresraum der EG-Staaten”, (1979) 22 German Yearbook of International Law 239–254, at p. 243.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 15, 16.
  • M. Brouir, “Le Règlement de la Conseil de la CEE de 1970 sur les pêcheries”, (1973) 9 Cahier de Droit Européen 20–37; E.D. Brown, “Sea-Use Planning in the North Sea: The Legal Framework”, (1978) 12 Law of the Sea Institute Proceedings 436–480; P. Daillier, “Les Communautés Européenes et de Droit de la Mer”, (1979) 83 Revue Général de Droit International Public 417–473; D. Chr. Dicke, “Die Europäische Gemeinschaft und das Problem der seerechtlichen Wirtschaftszonen”, D. Wilke/H. Weber (eds.), Gedächtnisschrift für Friedrich Klein (1977), 65–85, at pp. 81–85; C.A. Fleischer, “L'accès aux lieux de pêche et le Traité de Rome”, (1971) 14 Revue du Marché Commun No. 141, 148–156; M. Hardy, “Regional Approaches to the Law of the Sea Problems: The European Community”, (1975) 25 International and Comparative Quarterly 336–348; H.P. Ipsen, “EWG über See: Zur seerechtlichen Orientierung des europäischen Gemeinschaftsrechts”, Ibid./K.H. Neeker (eds.), Recht über See: Festschrift für Rolf Städter (1979), 167–207; Jenisch, supra note 37; A.W. Koers, “The External Authority of the EEC in regard to Marine Fisheries”, (1977) 14 Common Market Law Review 269–301; H.R. Krämer, “Die Nordsee in der EWG”, (1978) 33 Europa Archiv 571–581; Ibid., “Zuständigkeiten der EG auf dem Gebiet der Nordseeverschmutzung”, Ibid., Die wirtschaftliche Nutzung der Nordsee und die Europäische Gemeinschaft (1979), at pp. 9–20; Y. van der Mensbrugghe, “La Mer et les Communautés Européenes”, (1969) 5 Revue Belge de Droit International 87–145; Ibid., “The Common Market Fisheries Policy and the Law of the Sea”, (1975) 6 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 199–228; Ibid., “La CEE et le plateau continental des états membres”, Mélanges Fernand Dehousse (1979), 311–317; M.D. Michael, “L'application du droit communautaire au plateau continental des états membres et les conséquences”, (1983) 26 Revue du Marché Commun 82–90; Vitzthum, supra note 14; D. Vignes, “The EEC and the Law of the Sea”, R.R. Churchill et al. (eds.), New Directions in the Law of the Sea, vol. 3, (1973), 335–347; A. Wenger, “La CEE et le plateau continental”, (1971) 4 Revue du Marché Commun 184–191; J.C. Woodliffe, “North Sea Oil and Gas: The European Community Connection”, (1975) 12 Common Market Law Review 7–26.
  • Joined Cases 3, 4, and 6/76, Officier van Justitie v. Kramer, (1976) ECR 1279, at p. 1309.
  • Doc.(SEC) 70/3095 Final; Bull, E.C. 11 (1970), at pp. 51, 52.
  • See Doc. 69/82/EEC, O.J. 1969 L 68.
  • But see Fleischer, supra note 39, at pp. 148, 151.
  • B. Beutler et al., Die Europäische Gemeinschaft: Rechtsordnung und Politik (1987), at p. 53; T.C. Daintith/S.F. Williams, The Legal Integration of Energy Markets (1987), at p. 20; Fleischer, supra note 39, at pp. 148, 151; H. McN. Henderson et al., Oil and Gas Law: The North Sea Exploitation, vol. 1 (1979), at p. 2.0002; Krämer 1978, supra note 39, at p. 576; M. Schweitzer/W. Hummer, Europarecht (1985), at p. 54; H. van der Groeben (ed.), Kommentar zum EWG-Vertrag (1983), § 33; Vignes, supra note 39, at p. 37; H. Smit/P.E. Herzog, The Law of the European Economic Community: A Commentary on the EEC Treaty (1984), §§ 52.07, 59.05, 227.03; Woodliffe, supra note 39, at p. 10.
  • Article 227(1) and Act of Accession, O.J. 1985 L 302/1.
  • L. Oppenheim/H. Lauterpacht, International Law: A Treatise, vol. 1 (1978), at p. 408.
  • Jenisch, supra note 37, at p. 244; D. Vaughan, Law of the European Communities (1986), vol. 1, at pp. 68, 69, vol. 2, at pp. 456, 457; contra Fleischer, supra note 39, at p. 571.
  • Krämer 1978 supra note 39, at p. 576.
  • Ipsen 1979, supra note 39, at pp. 199, 200.
  • Ibid.
  • Hardy, supra note 39, at pp. 366 et seq.; Brouir, supra note 39, at p. 30; D. Chr. Dicke, supra note 39, at p. 82; C. Maestripieri, “Freedom of Establishment and Freedom of Supply Services”, (1973) 10 Common Market Law Review 150–173, at pp. 161, 162; van der Mensbrugghe 1969, supra note 39, at pp. 131, 141, 142; Michael 1983, supra note 39, at p. 86; E. Peyroux, “Problèmes juridiques de la pêche dans la Marché Commun”, (1973) 9 Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Européen 46–64, at pp. 55, 56; Woodliffe, supra note 39, at pp. 8, 9.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 18.
  • Ipsen 1979, supra note 39, at p. 180; Vitzthum, supra note 34, at p. 45.
  • Supra note 44.
  • E.g. Reg. 100/76, 101/76, O.J. 1976 L 20/1, 19.
  • Reg. 802/68, O.J. 1968 L 148/1, Reg. 1318/71, O.J. 1971 L 139/6.
  • See Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 20, 21.
  • Supra note 38; Chr. W. Vedder, Die Auswärtige Gewalt des Europa der Neun (1980), at pp. 135 et seq.
  • Kramer, supra note 40, at pp. 1291, 1300.
  • Ibid., at pp. 1319, 1311.
  • Case 61/77, (1978) EC R 417.
  • Ibid., at p. 430; cf. Daintith 1987, supra note 44, at pp. 21, 22.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 22, 23.
  • Kramer, supra note 40, at p. 417; Jenisch, supra note 37, at p. 253.
  • E.g. Case 24/83, Gewiese and Mehlich v. Mackenzie, (1984) ECR 817; Case 63/83, R. v. Kirk, (1984) ECR 2689.
  • Case 141/78, (1979) ECR 2923b.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 23.
  • Case 81/79, (1979) 1 Common Market Law Reports 362.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 23, 24.
  • Daintith 1987, supra note 44, at p. 23; Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 24.
  • Kramer, supra note 40, at p. 1311, Commission v. Ireland, supra note 61, at p. 417.
  • Cf. Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 24, 25.
  • Cf. Churchill 1987, supra note 22, at p. 17.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, Art. 52, §§ 8–12; Vaughan, supra note 47, at pp. 465, 466.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, Art. 52, §§ 21, 1–12; Art. 54, § 6.
  • O.J. 1964 L 187/64.
  • O.J. 1969 L 68/4.
  • Kuske, supra note 2, at p. 65; Henderson, supra note 44, at pp. 2.0007–2.0010; Woodliffe, supra note 39, at pp. 16, 17.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, Art. 52, § 3; Vaughan, supra note 47, at pp. 464, 465.
  • Council of Ministers, General Programmes for the Abolition of Restrictions on Freedom of Establishment and on Freedom to Provide Services of 8 December 1961, O.J. 1962 L 36.
  • Case 197/84, Peter Steinhäuser v. City of Biarritz, (1985) ECR 1819.
  • Case 270/83, Commission v. French Republic, (1986) ECR 273.
  • A. Evans, “The Development of a Community Policy on Oil”, (1980) 17 Common Market Law Review 371–394, at p. 375.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 27.
  • Kuske, supra note 2, at p. 68.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, at Art. 30–37, § 1; Smit, supra note 44, at pp. 2–5.
  • O.J. 1968 L 238/1 as of O.J. 1985 L 302/23.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, at Art. 9, § 9.
  • Council Reg. 1496/68/EEC, supra note 87, as of 2151/84, O.J. 1984 L 197/1.
  • Ibid., § 12.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 29.
  • Article 3, Reg. 802/68, O.J. 1968 L 148/1.
  • Groeben, supra note 44, at Art. 9, § 12.
  • Bernhard 1980, supra note 36, at 60.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 30.
  • Dec. 64/503 EEC, O.J. 1964 L 137/2293, affirmed by Reg. 137/79, O.J. 1979 L 20/1.
  • Van der Mensbrugghe 1969, supra note 39, at p. 143; Michael 1983, supra note 39, at p. 88; Peyroux, supra note 50, at p. 56; E. Grabitz (ed.), Kommentar zum EWG-Vertrag (1987), at Art. 52, § 29; Wenger, supra note 39, at p. 191.
  • C.D. Ehlermann, “Das EG Meer—Die maritime Dimension des Gemeinsamen Marktes”, Minister für Wirtschaft und Verkehr des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (ed.), Meeressymposium Bonn 1985 (1985) 27–33, at p. 30.
  • Groeben, supra note §§, at Art. 30–37, §§ 31–36, 39, Art. 30, §§ 47–55.
  • Ibid., at Art. 34, §§ 16, 18.
  • Commission Dir. 70/50 EEC, O.J. 1970 L 13/29.
  • Grabitz, supra note 97, at art. 34, § 5.
  • Case 220/81, (1982) ECR 2349, at p. 2360; following the Dassonville formula, Case 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Benoit and Gustave Dassonville, (1974) ECR 837, at p. 852; and Cassis de Dijon, Case 120/78, Rewe Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, (1979) ECR 649, at p. 664; Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 31, 32.
  • Ibid.
  • Case 15/79, Groenveld v. Produktschap voor Vee and Vlees, (1979) ECR 3409, at 3415, reaffirmed in identical wording in Case 155/80, Oebel, (1981) ECR 1993, at p. 2009, and Case 141–143/81, Holdijk, (1982) ECR 1299, at p. 1313.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 32, 33; A.C. Evans, “European Community Law and the Problem of Oil Shortages”, (1982) 31 International and Comparative Quarterly 1–16, at pp. 12, 13; Daintith 1987, supra note 44, at pp. 58, 59 and see further at pp. 37–44.
  • O.J. L 61/23, applied by Comm. Dec 890/78, O.J. L 311/13; D. Vandermeersch, “Restrictions on the Movement of Oil In and Out of the European Community: The Campus Oil and Bulk Oil Cases”, (1987) 5 J.E.R.L. 31–54, at p. 34.
  • Article 2, 3 Counc. Dec.; Vandermeersch, supra note 107, at pp. 34–36, 52, 53; Henderson, supra note 44, at p. 20024–20026.
  • To this effect Commission answer to question No. 489/73, Lord O'Hagan, O.J. C 49/3.
  • Reg. 66/683 EEC, O.J. 1966 L 220/3748.
  • Commission answer to questions 568/72, 572/72, 671/72, 672/72, O.J. 1973 C 78/12.
  • Ehlermann, supra note 98, at p. 30.
  • See Kuske, supra note 2, at pp. 88, 89; Vaughan, supra note 47, at pp. 68, 69, 865, 866.
  • Cf. question to the Commission No. 237/78 of May 19, 1978, O.J. 1979 C 85/1; Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at pp. 33, 34.
  • Council Reg. 4055/86 - 4058/86, O.J. 1986 L 378/1, 4, 14, 21.
  • Case 167/73, Commission v. France (1974) ECR 369.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 34.
  • Case 61/77, Commission v. Ireland, (1978) ECR 417, at p. 451.
  • Beutler, supra note 44, at pp. 377 et seq.
  • Smit, supra note 44, at § 52.07; Grabitz, supra note 97, at art. 52, § 29.
  • Churchill 1987, supra note 22, at p. 17.
  • See Case 167/73, supra note 116, at pp. 369 et seq.; Grabitz, supra note 97, at Art. 52, § 29.
  • Cf. Vaughan, supra note 47, at p. 456.
  • Cf. Evans 1982, supra note 106, at p. 359.
  • C. Nonnenmacher, “Das EG-Fischereiregime als supranationale Ressourcenordnung”, (1989) 24 Europarecht 30–53, at p. 33.
  • B. Belassa, “The ‘New Protectionism’ and the International Economy”, (1978) 12 Journal of World Trade Law 409–436, at p. 418.
  • Daintith 1987, supra note 44, at p. 44.
  • Filby in the case of the United Kingdom, see supra notes 68, 69 and accompanying text, and Placid in the case of the Netherlands, see supra notes 111, 112 and accompanying text; Ehlermann, supra note 98, at pp. 27, 31, 32.
  • Ibid., at p. 32.
  • Cf. Evans 1982, supra note 106, at p. 368.
  • Meereswirtschaft, supra note 2, at p. 245; I. van Bael, Public Procurement and the Completion of the Internal Market: Law and Practice, (1989/1) Legal Issues of European Integration 21–48, at pp. 41, 42; L. Hancher, “A Single European Market for Oil and Gas—The Legal Obstacles”, (1990) 8 J.E.R.L. 77–104, at p. 77.
  • Commission of the EC, White Book on the Completion of the Internal Market, Com (85) 310, final: October 1985, cited by Hancher, supra note 131, at p. 83.
  • O.J. 1986, C241/1, cited by Hancher, supra note 131, at p. 77.
  • Ibid., at pp. 77, 83, 87.
  • Council Directive 77/62/EEC, O.J. 1977, L13/1, on public supplies as amended by Council Directive 88/295/EEC, O.J. 1988 L 127/1; F. Foders, “Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse im Europäischen Meeresbergbau”, (1982/2) Die Weltwirtschaft 94–103, at p. 101; Council Directive 89/440/EEC, O.J. 1989, L 210/1.
  • Council Directive 71/305/EEC, O.J., L 185/1, on purchases of works as amended by Council Directive 89/440/EEC, O.J. 1989, L 210/4; see Art. 4 (b), Ibid.
  • I. van Bael, surpa note 131, at pp. 37, 38, 41, 42; Commission of the EEC, Proposal for a Directive on the Procurement Procedures of Entities Providing Water, Energy and Transport Services, COM C88/377, final: October 11, 1988 O.J. 1988, C319, and Amended Commission Proposal for a Council Directive on the Procurement Procedures of Entities Operating in the Water, Energy, Transport and Telecommunications Sectors, COM (89) 380, final: August 31, 1989, O.J. 1989, C264.
  • COM (90) 297, final: July 30, 1990.
  • Council Directive 89/665/EEC, O.J. 1989, L 395/1.
  • Ibid., amending Council Directives 71/305/EEC, supra note 136, and 77/62/EEC, supra note 135.
  • Council Directive 89/665/EEC, supra note 139.
  • COM (89) 380, supra note 137, Arts. 2 (2), 25.
  • Ibid.
  • Supra note 135.
  • COM (90) 297, supra note 138., at p. 3.
  • Supra note 142.
  • Ibid., Art. 2 (2) (b) (i).
  • COM (90) 297, supra note 138, Art. 1; on the national laws under which entities are subject to the proposed Draft, see annex IV, Exploration for and exploitation of oil and gas.
  • Ibid., Art. 3, see Art. 11.
  • COM (90) 297, supra note 138.
  • Ibid., Art. 1

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