- Energy in Denmark 2002 (Danish Energy Authority, November 2003), p 15. The Danish Energy Authority was established in 1976, and is an authority as of 27 November 2001 under the Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs (previously the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry for Environment and Energy).
- Danish Wind Industry Association, www.windpower.org.
- Energy Statistics 2002.
- Danish Energy Agency, Wind Power in Denmark—Technology, Policies and Results (1998), p 5.
- See www.nystedhavmoellepark.dk.
- Annual report of Danish Wind Industry Association, www.windpower.org, March 2004.
- Political Agreement of 29 March 2004 on wind energy, decentralised power and heat, etc (follow-up to the agreement of 19 June 2002), Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs.
- Danish Wind Industry Association, www.windpower.org.
- Ibid.
- For more details, see A Rønne, ‘Energy Law in Denmark’, Chapter 6, in Energy Law in Europe, National, EU and International Law and Institutions (M M Roggenkamp, A Rønne, C Redgwell and I Del Guayo eds, OUP, 2001).
- See alsoA Rønne, The Danish Way of Combating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Kyoto: From Prindples to Practice (P D Cameron and D Zillman eds, OUP, 2001).
- Renewable Energy—Danish Solutions, Background—Technology—Projects (Danish Energy Authority, September 2003).
- Danish Ministry of Energy, Energy 2000; A Plan of Action for Sustainable Development (1990).
- Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy, Energy 21: The Danish Government's Action Plan for Energy (1996).
- Ibid, at 39.
- For further details see A Rønne, Energy Law in Europe (M M Roggenkamp, A Rønne, C Redgwell and I del Guayo eds, 2001), pp 325–327.
- Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs, Liberalisation of the energy market—Report of 11 September 2002 and Background Report.
- See supra, n 12.
- Danish Government, Proposal for a Climate Strategy for Denmark (February 2003).
- Political Agreement of 9 May 2003 regarding the development of the Danish energy market and measures to improve the development of new energy technologies.
- Political Agreement of 29 March 2004 on wind energy, decentralised power and heat, etc (follow-up to the agreement of 19 June 2002).
- See supra, n 12; and Wind Energy in Denmark (Danish Energy Authority, April 2002), p 12.
- Political Agreement of 14 June 1993 and Adjustment of Biomass Agreement of 1 July 1997.
- Report on follow-up to the Directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, Economic and Business Affairs, 2002.
- Thus in 1985 an agreement was reached between the Government and the Danish electricity utilities, committing the utilities to installing 100 MW of wind turbines over a five-year period. This agreement was fully implemented by the end of 1992. A second 100 MW agreement between government and utilities, entered in 1990, was finally implemented in 1996. According to an Executive Order from the Government, a third utility phase of an additional 200 MW was to be installed by 2000.
- The 40 MW project at Middelgrunden 2 km outside the Copenhagen harbour in shallow water (3–5 m) was put into operation at the beginning of 2001. The farm comprises 20 Bonus wind turbines, each of 2 MW. The total projected power production per year is 89 million kWh with a net production cost of 0.32 DKK/kWh. After a run-in period the wind farm was set on full power from the end of March 2001 and, according to owners’ reports, production has been slightly higher than anticipated for 2001; see Wind Energy tn Denmark (Danish Energy Authority, April 2002), p 8 and www.middelgrunden.dk.
- Horns Rev, approximately 40 km west of Esbjerg, began producing electricity in autumn 2002. The wind farm comprises 80 2 MW Vestas V80 wind turbines in place on foundations of drilled monopiles. The wind farm covers an area of about 20 km2 and is located about 14–20 km from the shore. Water depths vary between 6 and 14 m. With average wind conditions the wind farm will produce about 600 GWh a year, providing electricity consumption for the equivalent of 150,000 households; see also www.hornsrev.dk.
- Nysted Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand is located about 10 km south of Nysted and 13 km west of Gedser in the Baltic Sea. The wind farm comprises eight rows of nine turbines, with some 10 km from land to the turbines closest to the shore. The 72 turbines will generate sufficient electricity to supply 145,000 single family houses with renewable energy. The tower is 69 m high. Each blade is more than 41 m long. The tip of the blade peaks at 110 m. Each wind turbine has a maximum production of 2.3 MW. The offshore wind farm's total output is 165.6 MW; see www.nystedhavmoellepark.dk.
- One million tonnes oil equivalent = 41,868 PJ.
- Political Agreement of 1 July 1997 on Adjustment of the Bio-mass Agreement.
- See supra, n 12.
- See www.ens.dk.
- Act No 375 of 2 June 1999, cf Consolidated Act No 151 of 10 March 2003 as amended.
- Act No 2 of 2 January 1981. For the present Act, see Consolidated Act No 692 of 25 August 1999 as amended.
- See Act No 302 of 16 May 1990, s 10a (these rules were later abandoned again) and the still valid Order No 270 of 2 May 1991 on Type Approval and Certification of Wind Turbines.
- The set of rules has been drawn up and described in ‘Technical Criteria for the Danish Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines’ including recommendations and rules for household turbines. All documents related to the approval scheme can be found on the website: www.vindmoellegodkendelse.dk. For a description of the different types of approval, see also Wind Power in Denmark—Technology, Policies and Results.
- Wind Energy in Denmark (Danish Energy Authority, April 2002), p 8.
- The first tender procedure on pre-qualification for an offshore wind farm at Horns Rev in the North Sea was published on 16July 2004 and a second will follow, see Press Release 16 July 2004; Tender for offshore wind farm concession and DK-Copenhagen: Offshore wind farm concession, Public Works Concession, Works contract.
- See www.ens.dk/swl0858.asp.
- The four applicants are: Energi E2, Elsam Kraft, DONG VIND A/S and Konsortiet Horns Rev II. The latter is a consortium consisting of a broad range of investment companies and energy companies.
- Wind Energy in Denmark (Danish Energy Authority, April 2002), p 5.
- Report on follow-up to the Directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, Economic and Business Affairs, 2002.
- Energy policy statement 2004, by the Minister for Economic and Business Affairs.
Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law
Volume 23, 2005 - Issue 2: Renewables