263
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe paradigm: it depends on which task is used

Pages 217-231 | Received 20 Apr 2023, Accepted 29 Oct 2023, Published online: 21 Nov 2023

References

  • Ansorge, U., & Heumann, M. (2004). Peripheral cuing by abrupt-onset cues: The influence of color in S–R corresponding conditions. Acta Psychologica, 116(2), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.01.001
  • Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
  • Baum, C., Schneider, R., Keogh, E., & Lautenbacher, S. (2013). Different stages in attentional processing of facial expressions of pain: A dot-probe task modification. The Journal of Pain, 14(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.001
  • Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108(3), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624
  • Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., Bonham-Carter, C., Fergusson, E., Jenkins, J., & Parr, M. (1997). Attentional biases for emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion, 11(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999397380014
  • Brosch, T., Sander, D., Pourtois, G., & Scherer, K. R. (2008). Beyond fear: Rapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli. Psychological Science, 19(4), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02094.x
  • Cooper, R. M., & Langton, S. R. H. (2006). Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task? It depends when you look for it. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1321–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.004
  • Duthoo, W., Abrahamse, E. L., Braem, S., Boehler, C. N., & Notebaert, W. (2014). The heterogeneous world of congruency sequence effects: An update. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 9, Article 1001. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01001
  • Egner, T. (2007). Congruency sequence effects and cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.7.4.380
  • Eimer, M., & Schlaghecken, F. (1998). Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24(6), 1737–1747. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1737
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
  • Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 681–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
  • Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2008). Trial-by-trial effects in the affective priming paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 128(2), 318–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.004
  • Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(4), 480–506. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.121.4.480
  • Gronchi, G., Righi, S., Pierguidi, L., Giovannelli, F., Murasecco, I., & Viggiano, M. P. (2018). Automatic and controlled attentional orienting in the elderly: A dual-process view of the positivity effect. Acta Psychologica, 185, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.02.008
  • Holmes, A., Green, S., & Vuilleumier, P. (2005). The involvement of distinct visual channels in rapid attention towards fearful facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 19(6), 899–922. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000454
  • Hommel, B., Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K.-P. L. (2004). A feature-integration account of sequential effects in the Simon task. Psychological Research, 68(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-003-0132-y
  • Imhoff, R., Lange, J., & Germar, M. (2019). Identification and location tasks rely on different mental processes: A diffusion model account of validity effects in spatial cueing paradigms with emotional stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 33(2), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1443433
  • Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind’s eye’s movement. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX (pp. 187–203). Erlbaum.
  • Klein, R. M. (2000). Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(4), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01452-2
  • Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2009). Examination of vigilance and disengagement of threat in social anxiety with a probe detection task. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 22(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802449602
  • Lupianez, J., & Milliken, B. (1999). Inhibition of return and the attentional set for integrating versus differentiating information. The Journal of General Psychology, 126(4), 392–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309909595373
  • Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999a). Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition & Emotion, 13(6), 713–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379050
  • Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999b). Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: A replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(6), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00158-2
  • Morys-Carter, W. L. (2021, May 18). ScreenScale [Computer software]. Pavlovia. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8FHQK
  • Müller, H. J., & Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: Time course of activation and resistance to interruption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(2), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.15.2.315
  • Notebaert, W., & Verguts, T. (2007). Dissociating conflict adaptation from feature integration: A multiple regression approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(5), 1256–1260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1256
  • Orgeta, V. (2011). Avoiding threat in late adulthood: Testing two life span theories of emotion. Experimental Aging Research, 37(4), 449–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2011.590759
  • Peirce, J. W., Hirst, R. J., & MacAskill, M. R. (2022). Building experiments in PsychPy (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Petrova, K., Wentura, D., & Bermeitinger, C. (2013). What happens during the stimulus onset asynchrony in the dot-probe task? Exploring the role of eye movements in the assessment of attentional biases. PLoS One, 8(10), e76335. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076335
  • Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248231
  • Posner, M. I., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control of language processes (pp. 531–556). Erlbaum.
  • Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109(2), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.109.2.160
  • Pourtois, G., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2004). Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cerebral Cortex, 14(6), 619–633. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh023
  • Puls, S., & Rothermund, K. (2017). Attending to emotional expressions: No evidence for automatic capture in the dot-probe task. Cognition and Emotion, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1314932
  • Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035194
  • Samuel, A. G., & Kat, D. (2003). Inhibition of return: A graphical meta-analysis of its time course and an empirical test of its temporal and spatial properties. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(4), 897–906. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196550
  • Schmidt, F., Haberkamp, A., & Schmidt, T. (2011). Dos and don’ts in response priming research. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 7(-1), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10053-008-0092-2
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2011). Eye movement assessment in individuals with social phobia: Differential usefulness for varying presentation times? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.001
  • Stormark, K. M., & Hugdahl, K. (1997). Conditioned emotional cueing of spatial attentional shifts in a go/no-go RT task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27(3), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00065-2
  • Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., Marcus, D. J., Westerlund, A., Casey, B. J., & Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168(3), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
  • Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley.
  • Vorberg, D., Mattler, U., Heinecke, A., Schmidt, T., & Schwarzbach, J. (2003). Different time courses for visual perception and action priming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(10), 6275–6280. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0931489100
  • Weierich, M. R., Treat, T. A., & Hollingworth, A. (2008). Theories and measurement of visual attentional processing in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 22(6), 985–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701597601
  • Wentura, D., & Degner, J. (2010). A practical guide to sequential priming and related tasks. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 95–116). Guilford.
  • Wirth, B. E., & Wentura, D. (2018a). Attentional bias to threat in the general population is contingent on target competition, not on attentional control settings. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 975–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307864
  • Wirth, B. E., & Wentura, D. (2018b). Furious snarling: Teeth-exposure and anxiety-related attentional bias towards angry faces. PLoS One, 13(11), 14, Article e0207695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207695
  • Wirth, B. E., & Wentura, D. (2019). Attentional bias towards angry faces is moderated by the activation of a social processing mode in the general population. Cognition and Emotion, 33(7), 1317–1329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1561423
  • Wirth, B. E., & Wentura, D. (2020). It occurs after all: Attentional bias towards happy faces in the dot-probe task. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82(5), 2463–2481. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02017-y

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.