REFERENCES
- Adachi , M. , Kousaka , Y. and Okuyama , K. 1985 . Unipolar and Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 16 : 109 – 113 .
- Adachi , M. , Romay , F. J. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1992 . High-Efficiency Unipolar Aerosol Charger Using a Radioactive Alpha Source . J. Aerosol Sci. , 23 : 123 – 137 .
- Alguacil , F. J. and Alonso , M. 2006 . Multiple Charging of Ultrafine Particles in a Corona Charger . J. Aerosol Sci. , 37 : 875 – 884 .
- Alonso , M. , Martin , M. I. and Alguacil , F. J. 2006 . The Measurement of Charging Efficiencies and Losses of Aerosol Nanoparticles in a Corona Charger . J. Electrostatics , 64 : 203 – 214 .
- Awano , Y. , Sato , S. , Kondo , D. , Ohfuti , M. , Kawabata , A. , Nihei , M. and Yokoyama , N. 2006 . Carbon Nanotube via Interconnect Technologies: Size–classified Catalyst Nanoparticles and Low–Resistance Ohmic Contact Formation . Physica Status Solidi A , 203 : 3611 – 3616 .
- Baron , P. A. and Willeke , K. 1993 . Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
- Biskos , G. , Reavell , K. and Collings , N. 2005 . Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Regime . J. Aerosol Sci. , 36 : 247 – 265 .
- Burko , L. M. 2002 . Self Interaction Near Dielectrics . Physical Review E , 65 046618(5)
- Burtscher , H. , Scherrer , L. , Siegmann , H. C. , Schmidt-Ott , A. and Federer , B. 1982 . Probing Aerosols by Photoelectric Charging . J. Appl. Phys. , 53 : 3787 – 3791 .
- Büscher , P. , Schmidt-Ott , A. and Wiedensohler , A. 1994 . Performance of a Unipolar Square Wave Diffusion Charger with Variable Nt-Product . J. Aerosol Sci. , 25 : 651 – 663 .
- Chen , D.–R. , Pui , D. Y. H. , Hummes , D. , Fissan , H. , Quant , F. R. and Sem , G. J. 1998 . Design and Evaluation of a Nanometer Aerosol Differential Mobility Analyzer (Nano-DMA) . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 497 – 509 .
- Chen , D.-R. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1999 . A High Efficiency, High Throughput Unipolar Aerosol Charger for Nanoparticles . J. Nanopart. Res. , 1 : 115 – 126 .
- Davison , W. and Gentry , J. W. 1985 . Differences in Diffusion Charging of Dielectric and Conducting Ultrafine Aerosols . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 4 : 157 – 163 .
- Fowler , R. H. 1931 . The Analysis of Photoelectric Sensitivity Curves for Clean Metals at Various Temperatures . Phys. Rev. , 38 : 45 – 56 .
- Fuchs , N. A. 1963 . On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere . Geophysica Pura e Applicata , 56 : 185 – 193 .
- Han , B. , Shimada , M. , Choi , M. and Okuyama , K. 2003 . Unipolar Charging of Nanosized Aerosol Particles Using Soft X-Ray Photoionization . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 330 – 341 .
- Hoppel , W. A. and Frick , G. M. 1986 . Ion-Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Steady-State Charge Distribution on Aerosols in a Bipolar Ion Environment . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 5 : 1 – 21 .
- Hontañón , E. and Kruis , F. E. 2007 . A Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) for Size Selection of Nanoparticles at High Flow Rates . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , Submitted to
- Jiang , J. , Lee , M.-H. and Biswas , P. 2007a . Model for Nanoparticle Charging by Diffusion, Direct Photoionization and Thermoionization Mechanisms . J. Electrostatics , 65 : 209 – 220 .
- Jiang , J. , Hogan , C. J. and Biswas , P. 2007b . Aerosol Charging and Capture in the Nanoparticle Size Range (6–15 nm) by Direct Photoionization and Diffusion Mechanisms . J. Appl. Phys. , 102 034904 (7 pages)
- Jung , Th. , Burtscher , H. and Schmidt-Ott , A. 1988 . Multiple Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles by Aerosol Photoemission (APE) . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 485 – 490 .
- Kim , S. H. and Zachariah , M. R. 2007 . Gas-Phase Growth of Diameter-Controlled Carbon Nanotubes . Materials Letters , 61 : 2079 – 2083 .
- Kruis , F. E. , Fissan , H. and Peled , A. 1998 . Synthesis of Nanoparticles in the Gas Phase for Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Applications—A Review . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 511 – 535 .
- Kruis , F. E. and Fissan , H. 2001 . Nanoparticle Charging in a Twin Hewitt Charger . J. Nanopart. Res. , 3 : 39 – 50 .
- Lee , H. M. , Kim , C. S. , Shimada , M. and Okuyama , K. 2005 . Bipolar Diffusion Charging for Aerosol Nanoparticle Measurement Using a Soft X-ray Photoionizer . J. Aerosol Sci. , 36 : 813 – 829 .
- Liu , B. Y. H. and Pui , D. Y. H. 1977 . On Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosols in the Continuum Regime . J. Coll. Interface Sci. , 58 : 142 – 149 .
- Maisels , A. , Kruis , F. E. and Fissan , H. 2002a . Mixing Selectivity in Bicomponent, Bipolar Aggregation . J. Aerosol Sci. , 33 : 35 – 49 .
- Maisels , A. , Jordan , F. and Fissan , H. 2002b . Dynamics of the Aerosol Particle Photocharging Process . J. Appl. Phys. , 91 : 3377 – 3383 .
- Maisels , A. , Jordan , F. and Fissan , H. 2003 . On the Effect of Charge Recombination on the Aerosol Charge Distribution in Photocharging Systems . J. Aerosol Sci. , 34 : 117 – 132 .
- Malet , J. , Alloul , L. , Michielsen , N. , Boulaud , D. and Renoux , A. 2000 . Deposition of Nanosized Particles in Cylindrical Tubes under Laminar and Turbulent Flow Conditions . J. Aerosol Sci. , 31 : 335 – 348 .
- Matter , D. , Mohr , M. , Fendel , W. , Schmidt-Ott , A. and Burtscher , H. 1995 . Multiple Wavelength Aerosol Photoemission by Excimer Lamps . J. Aerosol Sci. , 26 : 1101 – 1115 .
- Messina , R. 2002 . Image Charges in Spherical Geometry: Application to Colloidal Systems . J. Chem. Phys. , 117 : 11062 – 11074 .
- Mohr , M. , Matter , D. and Burtscher , H. 1996 . Efficient Multple Charging of Diesel Particles by Photoemission . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 24 : 14 – 20 .
- Mohr , M. and Burtscher , H. 1997 . Photoelectric Aerosol Charging at High Particle Concentrations . J. Aerosol Sci. , 28 : 613 – 621 .
- Müller , U. , Schmidt-Ott , A. and Burtscher , H. 1988 . Photoelectric Quantum Yield of Free Silver Particles near Threshold . Z. Physics B—Condensed Matter , 73 : 103 – 106 .
- Nasibulin , A. G. , Moisala , A. , Brown , D. P. , Jiang , H. and Kauppinen , E. I. 2005 . A Novel Aerosol Method for Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 402 : 227 – 232 .
- Rinke , P. , Delaney , K. , García-González , P. and Godby , R. W. 2004 . Image States in Metal Clusters . Physical Review A , 70 063201(5)
- Schmidt-Ott , A. , Schurtenberger , P. and Siegmann , H. C. 1980 . Enormous Yield of Photoelectrons from Small Particles . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 45 : 1284 – 1287 .
- Shimada , M. , Han , B. , Okuyama , K. and Otani , Y. 2002 . Bipolar Charging of Aerosol Nanoparticles by a Soft X-Ray Photoionizer . J. Chem. Engineer. , 35 : 786 – 793 .
- Schleicher , B. , Burtscher , H. and Siegmann , H. C. 1993 . Photoelectric Quantum Yield of Nanometer Metal Particles . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 63 : 1191 – 1193 .
- Wegner , K. , Barborini , E. , Piseri , P. and Milani , P. 2006 . Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanostructured Particulate Films . KONA Powder and Particle , 24 : 54 – 69 .
- Wiedensohler , A. 1988 . An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 387 – 389 .
- Wiedensohler , A. , Büscher , P. , Hansson , H. C. , Martinsson , B. G. , Stratmann , F. , Ferron , G. and Busch , B. 1994 . A Novel Unipolar Charger for Ultrafine Aerosol Particles with Minimal Particle Losses . J. Aerosol Sci. , 17 : 413 – 416 .
- Wood , D. M. 1981 . Classical Size Dependence of the Work Function of Small Metallic Particles . Physical Review Letters , 46 : 749