2,737
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Psychedelic Science, Contemplative Practices, and Indigenous and Other Traditional Knowledge Systems: Towards Integrative Community-Based Approaches in Global Health

, MD, PhDORCID Icon, , MD, MScORCID Icon, , PhramD, , MD, MSN, , PhD, , MD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, MPH, , MD, PhD, , PhD & , DrPH, MPH, MA show all
Pages 523-538 | Received 21 Mar 2023, Accepted 09 Sep 2023, Published online: 25 Sep 2023

References

  • Abimbola, S., and M. Pai. 2020. Will global health survive its decolonisation? The Lancet 396 (10263):1627–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32417-X.
  • Agin-Liebes, G., T. F. Haas, R. Lancelotta, M. V. Uthaug, J. G. Ramaekers, and A. K. Davis. 2021. Naturalistic use of mescaline is associated with self-reported psychiatric improvements and enduring positive life changes. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science 4 (2):543–52. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00018.
  • Agin-Liebes, G. I., T. Malone, M. M. Yalch, S. E. Mennenga, K. Linnae Ponté, J. Guss, A. P. Bossis, J. Grigsby, S. Fischer, and S. Ross. 2020. Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 34 (2):155–66. doi:10.1177/0269881119897615.
  • Albert, G.-R., R. R. Griffiths, and M. W. Johnson. 2014. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 7 (3):157–64. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107121331.
  • Ameli, R., N. Sinaii, M. J. Luna, J. Cheringal, B. Gril, and A. Berger. 2018. The National Institutes of Health Measure of Healing Experience of All Life Stressors (NIH-HEALS): Factor analysis and validation. PLoS ONE 13 (12):e0207820. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207820.
  • Andersen, K. A. A., R. Carhart-Harris, D. J. Nutt, and D. Erritzoe. 2021. Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 143 (2):101–18. doi:10.1111/acps.13249.
  • Anderson, B. T., A. Danforth, P. Robert Daroff, C. Stauffer, E. Ekman, G. Agin-Liebes, A. Trope, M. T. Boden, P. J. Dilley, and J. Mitchell, et al. 2020. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility Pilot study. EClinicalMedicine 27:100538. October. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538.
  • Andritzky, W. 1989. Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in amazonia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1):77–89. doi:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472145.
  • Belouin, S. J., L. A. Averill, J. E. Henningfield, S. N. Xenakis, I. Donato, C. S. Grob, A. Berger, V. Magar, A. L. Danforth, and B. T. Anderson. 2022. Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines. Neuropharmacology 219 (November):109214. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214.
  • Belouin, S. J., and J. E. Henningfield. 2018. Psychedelics: Where we are Now, why we got here, what we must do. Neuropharmacology 142:7–19. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018.
  • Black, D. S., and G. M. Slavich. 2016. Mindfulness meditation and the Immune System: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373 (1):13–24. doi:10.1111/nyas.12998.
  • Bolier, L., M. Haverman, G. J. Westerhof, H. Riper, F. Smit, and E. Bohlmeijer. 2013. Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health 13 (1):119. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-119.
  • Bonson, K. R. 2018. Regulation of human research with LSD in the United States (1949-1987). Psychopharmacology 235 (2):591–604. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4777-4.
  • Bouso, J. C., and C. Sánchez-Avilés. 2020. Traditional healing practices involving psychoactive plants and the global mental health agenda. Health and Human Rights 22 (1):145–50.
  • Brady, M. J., A. H. Peterman, G. Fitchett, M. May, and D. Cella. 1999. A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social & Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer 8 (5):417–28. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199909/10)8:5<417:AID-PON398>3.0.CO;2-4.
  • Brewer, J., and J. Kabat-Zinn. 2017. The craving mind: From cigarettes to smartphones to love – why we get hooked and how we can break bad habits. 1st ed. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/9780300227604.
  • Calabrese, J. D. 1994. Reflexivity and transformation symbolism in the Navajo peyote meeting. Ethos 22 (4):494–527. doi:10.1525/eth.1994.22.4.02a00040.
  • Calabrese, J. D. 2013. A different medicine: Postcolonial healing in the Native American church. Oxford University Press.
  • Carbonaro, T. M., M. P. Bradstreet, F. S. Barrett, K. A. MacLean, R. Jesse, M. W. Johnson, and R. R. Griffiths. 2016. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30 (12):1268–78. doi:10.1177/0269881116662634.
  • Carbonaro, T. M., M. W. Johnson, and R. R. Griffiths. 2020. Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: A double-blind comparison of psilocybin and Dextromethorphan. Psychopharmacology 237 (8):2293–304. doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05533-9.
  • Castillo, E. G., R. Ijadi-Maghsoodi, S. Shadravan, E. Moore, M. O. Mensah, M. Docherty, M. Gabriela Aguilera Nunez, N. Barcelo, N. Goodsmith, L. E. Halpin et al. 2019. Community interventions to promote mental health and social equity. Current Psychiatry Reports. 21(5):35. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1017-0.
  • Caulfield, A., D. Vatansever, G. Lambert, and T. Van Bortel. 2019. WHO guidance on mental health training: A systematic review of the progress for non-specialist health workers. British Medical Journal Open 9 (1):e024059. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024059.
  • Celidwen, Y., N. Redvers, C. Githaiga, J. Calambás, K. Añaños, M. Evanjuanoy Chindoy, R. Vitale, J. N. Rojas, D. Mondragón, Y. V. Rosalío, et al. 2023. Ethical principles of traditional indigenous medicine to guide Western psychedelic Research and practice. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 18(February):100410. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410.
  • Cramer, H., R. Lauche, J. Langhorst, and G. Dobos. 2013. Yoga for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety 30 (11):1068–83. doi:10.1002/da.22166.
  • Creswell, J. D. 2017. Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology 68 (1):491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139.
  • Creswell, J. D., L. E. Pacilio, E. K. Lindsay, and K. Warren Brown. 2014. Brief mindfulness meditation training alters psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 44 (June):1–12. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.007.
  • Dahl, C. J., A. Lutz, and R. J. Davidson. 2015. Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19 (9):515–23. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001.
  • Dan, X., A. Berger, D. Shurtleff, F. Z. Zia, and S. Belouin. 2023. National institutes of health psilocybin research speaker series: State of the science, regulatory and policy landscape, research gaps, and opportunities. Neuropharmacology, February 109467:109467. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109467.
  • Danforth, A. L., C. S. Grob, C. Struble, A. A. Feduccia, N. Walker, L. Jerome, B. Yazar-Klosinski, and A. Emerson. 2018. Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-Assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology 235 (11):3137–48. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9.
  • Daniels, N., S. Charvel, A. H. Gelpi, T. Porteny, and J. Urrutia. 2015. Role of the courts in the progressive realization of the right to health: Between the threat and the promise of judicialization in Mexico. Health Systems and Reform 1 (3):229–34. doi:10.1080/23288604.2014.1002705.
  • Daniels, N., T. Porteny, and J. Urrutia. 2016. Expanded HTA: Enhancing fairness and legitimacy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 5 (1):1. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.187.
  • David, B., and D. J. Hellerstein. 2022. Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: A clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research. Psychopharmacology 239 (6):1907–32. doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6.
  • Davidson, R. J., and C. J. Dahl. 2017. Varieties of contemplative practice. JAMA Psychiatry 74 (2):121–23. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3469.
  • Davidson, R., J. Kabat-Zinn, J. Schumacher, M. Rosenkranz, D. Muller, S. Santorelli, F. Urbanowski, A. Harrington, K. Bonus, and J. Sheridan. 2003. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (4):564–70. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3.
  • Davis, A. K., F. S. Barrett, S. Sara, N. Gukasyan, T. C. Swift, and R. R. Griffiths. 2021. Development of the psychological insight questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 35 (4):437–46. doi:10.1177/0269881120967878.
  • De Araújo, D. B., L. F. Tófoli, S. Rehen, and S. Ribeiro. 2021. Biological and psychological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic use of ayahuasca. In Handbook of medical hallucinogens, ed. C. S. Grob and G. Jim, 277–93. Guilford Press.
  • Dittrich, A. 1998. The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 31 (S 2):80–84. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979351.
  • Dupuis, H. M. 2000. Professional autonomy: A stumbling block for good medical practice. An analysis and interpretation. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 21 (5):493–502. doi:10.1023/A:1009929523944.
  • Ede, F., P. Bokor, and M. J. Winkelman. 2016. The therapeutic potentials of ayahuasca: Possible effects against various diseases of civilization. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7:35. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035.
  • Fotiou, E. 2020. The role of indigenous knowledges in psychedelic science. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4 (1):16–23. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.031.
  • GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. 2022. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry 9 (2):137–50. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3.
  • Goleman, D. 1996. The meditative mind: The varieties of meditative experience. Subsequent ed. LosAngeles, Calif: TarcherPerigee.
  • Goodwin, G. M., S. T. Aaronson, O. Alvarez, P. C. Arden, A. Baker, J. C. Bennett, C. Bird, R. E. Blom, C. Brennan, D. Brusch et al. 2022. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. New England Journal of Medicine. 387(18):1637–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206443.
  • Grabski, M., A. McAndrew, W. Lawn, B. Marsh, L. Raymen, T. Stevens, L. Hardy, F. Warren, M. Bloomfield, A. Borissova et al. 2022. Adjunctive ketamine with relapse prevention–based psychological therapy in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 179(2):152–62. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21030277.
  • Grant, K. L., M. Bender Simmons, and C. G. Davey. 2018. Three nontraditional approaches to improving the capacity, accessibility, and quality of mental health services: An overview. Psychiatric Services 69 (5):508–16. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700292.
  • Griffiths, R. R., E. S. Hurwitz, A. K. Davis, M. W. Johnson, and R. Jesse. 2019. Survey of subjective ‘god encounter experiences’: Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT. PLOS ONE 14 (4):e0214377. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214377.
  • Griffiths, R. R., W. A. Richards, M. W. Johnson, U. D. McCann, and R. Jesse. 2008. Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 Months Later. Journal of Psychopharmacology 22 (6):621–32. doi:10.1177/0269881108094300.
  • Griffiths, R. R., W. A. Richards, U. McCann, and R. Jesse. 2006. Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology 187 (3):268–83. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5.
  • Griffiths, R. Roland, M. W. Johnson, A. Michael, Carducci, A. Umbricht, A. William, Richards, B. D. Richards, M. P. Cosimano, et al. 2016. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 30 (12):1181–97. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513.
  • Griffiths, R. Roland, M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, B. D. Richards, R. Jesse, A. Katherine, MacLean, F. S. Barrett, M. P. Cosimano, et al. 2018. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32 (1):49–69. doi:10.1177/0269881117731279.
  • Grob, C. S. 2000. Deconstructing ecstasy: The politics of MDMA research. Addiction Research 8 (6):549–88. doi:10.3109/16066350008998989.
  • Henningfield, J. E., M. A. Coe, R. R. Griffiths, S. J. Belouin, A. Berger, A. R. Coker, S. D. Comer, D. J. Heal, P. S. Hendricks, and C. D. Nichols. 2022. Psychedelic drug abuse potential assessment research for new drug applications and controlled substances act scheduling. Neuropharmacology 218:109220. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109220.
  • Hoeft, T. J., J. C. Fortney, V. Patel, and J. Unützer. 2018. Task sharing approaches to improve mental health care in rural and other low resource settings: A systematic review. The Journal of Rural Health: Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association 34 (1):48–62. doi:10.1111/jrh.12229.
  • Hoge, E. A., E. Bui, S. A. Palitz, N. R. Schwarz, M. E. Owens, J. M. Johnston, M. H. Pollack, and N. M. Simon. 2018. The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research 262:328–32. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.006.
  • Hood Jr, R. W., N. Ghorbani, P. J. Watson, A. Framarz Ghramaleki, M. N. Bing, H. Kristl Davison, R. J. Morris, and W. Paul Williamson. 2001. Dimensions of the mysticism scale: Confirming the Three-Factor Structure in the United States and Iran. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (4):691–705. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00085.
  • Innes, K. E., C. Bourguignon, and A. Gill Taylor. 2005. Risk indices associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and possible protection with yoga: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 18 (6):491–519. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491.
  • Intarakamhang, U., A. Macaskill, and P. Prasittichok. 2020. Mindfulness interventions reduce blood pressure in patients with non-communicable diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 6 (4):e03834. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03834.
  • Jiwa, A., L. Kelly, and N. Pierre-Hansen. 2008. Healing the community to heal the individual. Canadian Family Physician 54 (7):1000–1000.e7.
  • Johnson, M. W., W. A. Richards, and R. R. Griffiths. 2008. Human hallucinogen research: Guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 22 (6):603–20. doi:10.1177/0269881108093587.
  • Jones, G. M., and M. K. Nock. 2022. Lifetime use of MDMA/Ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Journal of Psychopharmacology 36 (1):57–65. doi:10.1177/02698811211066714.
  • Joyce, S., F. Shand, J. Tighe, S. J. Laurent, R. A. Bryant, and S. B. Harvey. 2018. Road to resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis of resilience training programmes and interventions. British Medical Journal Open 8 (6):e017858. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017858.
  • Kettner, H., F. E. Rosas, C. Timmermann, L. Kärtner, R. L. Carhart-Harris, and L. Roseman. 2021. Psychedelic communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.623985.
  • Khan, M., S. Abimbola, T. Aloudat, E. Capobianco, S. Hawkes, and A. Rahman-Shepherd. 2021. Decolonising global health in 2021: A roadmap to move from rhetoric to reform. BMJ Global Health 6 (3):e005604. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005604.
  • Kissane, D. W., S. Wein, A. Love, X. Qing Lee, P. Lee Kee, and D. M. Clarke. 2004. The demoralization scale: A report of its development and preliminary validation. Journal of Palliative Care 20 (4):269–76. doi:10.1177/082585970402000402.
  • Köck, P., K. Frölich, M. Walter, U. Lang, and K. M. Dürsteler. December 2021. A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 138:108717. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717.
  • Krebs, T. S., and P.-Ø. Johansen. 2013. Psychedelics and mental health: A population study. PloS One 8 (8):e63972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063972.
  • Labate, B. C. 2020. Psychedelic scientists should honor indigenous plants and traditions. Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines. https://chacruna.net/psychedelic-scientists-indigenous-plants/.
  • Labate, B. C. 2023. Opening remarks – psychedelic science 2023. Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines. https://chacruna.net/opening-remarks-psychedelic-science-2023/.
  • Labate, B. C., and C. Cavnar. 2014. Ayahuasca shamanism in the amazon and beyond. Oxford Ritual Studies. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199341191.001.0001.
  • Labate, B. C., C. Cavnar, B. C. Labate, and C. Cavnar. 2018. Plant medicines, healing and psychedelic science: Cultural perspectives. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8.
  • Lamkin, M. 2022. Prescription psychedelics: The road from FDA approval to clinical practice. The American Journal of Medicine 135 (1):15–16. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.033.
  • Lin, C. Y., A. Loyola-Sanchez, E. Boyling, and C. Barnabe. 2020. Community engagement approaches for indigenous health research: Recommendations based on an integrative review. British Medical Journal Open 10 (11):e039736. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039736.
  • Ludwig, D. S., and J. Kabat-Zinn. 2008. Mindfulness in medicine. JAMA 300 (11):1350–52. doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1350.
  • Lukasz, S., M. Kometer, M. Scheidegger, R. Krähenmann, T. Huber, and F. X. Vollenweider. 2019. Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat. Scientific Reports 9 (1):14914. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3.
  • Luna, L. E. 2011. Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca: An overview. The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca 2:01–21.
  • MacLean, K. A., J.-M. S. Leoutsakos, M. W. Johnson, and R. R. Griffiths. 2012. Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51 (4):721–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x.
  • Malik, K., D. Michelson, A. M. Doyle, H. A. Weiss, G. Greco, R. Sahu, J. E. J, et al. 2021. Effectiveness and costs associated with a lay counselor–delivered, brief problem-solving mental health intervention for adolescents in urban, low-income schools in India: 12-month outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Medicine 18 (9):e1003778. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003778.
  • Marcus, O. 2022 June. ‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: Ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 1–20. doi:10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201.
  • Marks, M. 2017. Psychedelic medicine for mental illness and substance use disorders: Overcoming social and legal obstacles. In SSRN scholarly paper, Vol. 3065035. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3065035.
  • Marseille, E. 2023. Group sessions can make psychedelic treatment more accessible: Empirical evidence. Denver, Colorado: MAPS.
  • Maslow, A. H. 1994. Religions, values, and peak-experiences. New York: Penguin Arkana.
  • Mitchell, J. M., M. Bogenschutz, A. Lilienstein, C. Harrison, S. Kleiman, K. Parker-Guilbert, G. Marcela Ot’alora, et al. 2021. MDMA-Assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine. 27(6):1025–33. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3.
  • Monroy, M., and D. Keltner. August, 2022. Awe as a pathway to mental and physical health. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 18(2):309–20. doi: 10.1177/17456916221094856.
  • Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. 2007. “The medical history of psychedelic drugs.” University of Cambridge. 13 January 2023. https://maps.org/images/pdf/history_of_psychedelics.pdf.
  • Muttoni, S., M. Ardissino, and C. John. 2019. Classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 258 (November):11–24. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.076.
  • National Governors Association. 2022. “Supporting and sustaining access to harm reduction services for people who use drugs.” August 11, 2022. https://www.nga.org/publications/supporting-and-sustaining-access-to-harm-reduction-services-for-people-who-use-drugs/.
  • Nichols, D. E., and C. S. Grob. 2018. Is LSD toxic? Forensic Science International 284:141–45. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.006.
  • Norman, D., and J. E. Sabin. 2008. Setting limits fairly: Learning to share resources for health. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nutt, D. J., L. A. King, and L. D. Phillips. 2010. Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet 376 (9752):1558–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
  • Ona, G., A. Berrada, and J. Carlos Bouso. 2022. Communalistic use of psychoactive plants as a bridge between traditional healing practices and Western medicine: A new path for the global mental health movement. Transcultural Psychiatry 59 (5):638–51. doi:10.1177/13634615211038416.
  • Orley, J., and W. Kuyken ed.1994. The development of the World Health Organization quality of life assessment instrument (the WHOQOL). In Quality of life assessment: International perspectives 41–57. Berlin, Heidelberg:Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007/978-3-642-79123-9_4.
  • Palhano-Fontes, F., M.-R. Sergio, B. Labao-Soares, N. Galvao-Coelho, Maia-Oliveira, and P. Jao. 2020. Recent evidence on the antidepressant effects of ayahuasca. In Ayahuasca healing and science, ed. B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 21–41. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55688-4_2
  • Patel, V., and S. Saxena. 2019. Achieving universal health coverage for mental disorders. BMJ 366:l4516. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4516.
  • Patel, V., S. Saxena, C. Lund, G. Thornicroft, F. Baingana, P. Bolton, D. Chisholm, P. Y. Collins, J. L. Cooper, J. Eaton et al. 2018. The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet. 392(10157):1553–98. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X.
  • Piff, P. K., P. Dietze, M. Feinberg, D. M. Stancato, and D. Keltner. 2015. Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108 (6):883–99. doi:10.1037/pspi0000018.
  • Ponomarenko, Polina, F. Seragnoli, A. Calder, P. Oehen, and G. Hasler. 2023. Can psychedelics enhance group psychotherapy? A discussion on the therapeutic factors. In Journal of psychopharmacology, Oxford, England:February 2698811231155117. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231155117.
  • Qiu, T. T., and J. Paul Minda. 2023. Psychedelic experiences and mindfulness are associated with improved wellbeing. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 55 (2):123–33. doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2060773.
  • Raison, C. L., G. Sanacora, J. Woolley, K. Heinzerling, B. W. Dunlop, R. T. Brown, R. Kakar, M. Hassman, R. P. Trivedi, R. Robison, et al. 2023. Single-dose psilocybin treatment for major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 330(9):843–53. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.14530.
  • Reiff, C. M., E. E. Richman, C. B. Nemeroff, L. L. Carpenter, A. S. Widge, C. I. Rodriguez, N. H. Kalin, and W. M. McDonald. 2020. Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry 177 (5):391–410. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035.
  • Rodrigues, L. S., G. Novak Rossi, J. Mendes Rocha, F. L. Osório, J. Carlos Bouso, J. E. Cecílio Hallak, and R. G. Dos Santos. 2022. Effects of ayahuasca and its alkaloids on substance use disorders: An updated (2016-2020) systematic review of preclinical and human studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 272 (4):541–56. doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01267-7.
  • Rosenblat, J. D., M. Ishrat Husain, Y. Lee, R. S. McIntyre, R. B. Mansur, D. Castle, H. Offman, et al. 2022. The Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) task force report: Serotonergic psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 68:5–21. August. doi:10.1177/07067437221111371.
  • Rosenfeld, B., H. Pessin, C. Lewis, J. Abbey, M. Olden, E. Sachs, L. Amakawa, E. Kolva, R. Brescia, and W. Breitbart. 2011. Assessing hopelessness in terminally Ill cancer patients: Development of the hopelessness assessment in illness questionnaire. Psychological Assessment 23 (2):325. doi:10.1037/a0021767.
  • Ross, S., A. Bossis, J. Guss, G. Agin-Liebes, T. Malone, B. Cohen, S. E. Mennenga, A. Belser, K. Kalliontzi, J. Babb et al. 2016. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 30(12):1165–80. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512.
  • Rush, B., O. Marcus, S. García, A. Loizaga-Velder, G. Loewinger, A. Spitalier, and F. Mendive. 2021. Protocol for outcome evaluation of ayahuasca-assisted addiction treatment: The case of takiwasi center. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.659644.
  • Santos, C., Henrique, and J. G. Marques. 2021. What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review. Porto Biomedical Journal 6 (1):e128. doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128.
  • Santos, R. G. D., F. L. Osório, J. A. S. Crippa, J. Riba, A. W. Zuardi, and J. E. C. Hallak. 2016. Antidepressive, Anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): A systematic review of clinical trials published in the Last 25 Years. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 6 (3):193–213. doi:10.1177/2045125316638008.
  • Schindler, E. A. D. 2022. Psychedelics as preventive treatment in headache and chronic pain disorders. Neuropharmacology 215 (September):109166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109166.
  • Schlag, A. K., J. Aday, I. Salam, J. C. Neill, and D. J. Nutt. 2022. Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Journal of Psychopharmacology 36 (3):258–72. doi:10.1177/02698811211069100.
  • Schultes, R. E., A. Hofmann, and C. Ratsch. 2001. Plants of the gods: Their sacred, healing, and hallucinogenic powers. Second ed. Lucerne, Switzerland: Healing Arts Press.
  • Segal, Z. V., J. M. G. Williams, J. D. Teasdale, and J. Kabat-Zinn. 2012. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Second Edition ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Sexton, J. D., C. D. Nichols, and P. S. Hendricks. 2020. Population survey data informing the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10:896. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00896.
  • Shiota, M. N., D. Keltner, and A. Mossman. 2007. The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion 21 (5):944–63. doi:10.1080/02699930600923668.
  • Shnayder, Sarah, R. Ameli, N. Sinaii, A. Berger, and M. Agrawal. 2023. Psilocybin-assisted therapy improves psycho-social-spiritual well-being in cancer patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 323 (February):592–97. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.046.
  • Siegel, A. N., S. Meshkat, K. Benitah, O. Lipsitz, H. Gill, L. M. W. Lui, K. M. Teopiz, R. S. McIntyre, and J. D. Rosenblat. 2021. Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 139 (July):71–81. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019.
  • Stellar, J. E., A. Gordon, C. L. Anderson, P. K. Piff, G. D. McNeil, and D. Keltner. 2018. Awe and humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114 (2):258–69. doi:10.1037/pspi0000109.
  • Strassman, R. J., C. R. Qualls, E. H. Uhlenhuth, and R. Kellner. 1994. Dose-response study of N, N-Dimethyltryptamine in humans: II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (2):98–108. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002.
  • Tang, Y.-Y., M. Yinghua, J. Wang, Y. Fan, S. Feng, L. Qilin, Y. Qingbao, et al. 2007. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104(43):17152–56. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707678104.
  • Templer, D. I. 1970. The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of General Psychology 82 (2):165–77. doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634.
  • UNHRC. 2021. “A/HRC/47/40: Arbitrary detention relating to drug policies study of the working group on arbitrary detention.” https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc4740-arbitrary-detention-relating-drug-policies-study-working-group.
  • United Nations. 2007. “United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples A/RES/61/295.” http://www.un-documents.net/a61r295.htm.
  • United Nations. 2015. “Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development A/RES/70/1.” https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf.
  • United Nations. 2019. “Permanent forum on Indigenous Issues: Report on the 18th session (22 April-3 May 2019) E/2019/43.” New York: United Nations. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/144/80/PDF/N1914480.pdf?OpenElement.
  • Urrutia, J., T. Porteny, and N. Daniels. 2016. What does it mean to put new hepatitis C drugs on a list of essential medicines? BMJ (Clinical Research Ed) 353:i2035. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2035.
  • Vago, D., and S. David. 2012. Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6:6. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296.
  • Vandecreek, L., and C. Nye. 1993. Testing the death transcendence scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32 (3):279–83. doi:10.2307/1386666.
  • Weng, H. Y., A. S. Fox, A. J. Shackman, D. E. Stodola, J. Z. K. Caldwell, M. C. Olson, G. M. Rogers, and R. J. Davidson. May, 2013a. Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering:. Psychological Science 24(7):1171–80. doi: 10.1177/0956797612469537.
  • Weng, H. Y., A. S. Fox, A. J. Shackman, D. E. Stodola, J. Z. K. Caldwell, M. C. Olson, G. M. Rogers, and R. J. Davidson. 2013b. Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering. Psychological Science 24 (7):1171–80. doi:10.1177/0956797612469537.
  • WHO. 1998. The WHO health promotion glossary (WHO/HPR/HEP/98.1). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HPR-HEP-98.1.
  • WHO. 2007. Task shifting: Rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: Global recommendations and guidelines. Geneve: World Health Organisation. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43821/9789?sequence=1.
  • WHO. 2012. “What is health policy and systems research.” 2012. https://ahpsr.who.int/what-we-do/what-is-health-policy-and-systems-research-(hpsr).
  • WHO. 2014. Making fair choices on the path to universal health coverage: Final report of the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and universal health coverage. Geneve: World Health Organisation. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112671
  • WHO. 2019. “WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019.” WHO global report CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312342/9789241515436-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • WHO. 2021. Mental health atlas 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240036703.
  • WHO. 2022. World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
  • WHO. 2023a. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 23rd list-2023 WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. Geneca: World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.02.
  • WHO. 2023b. “WHO traditional medicine global summit 2023 meeting report: Gujarat declaration.” Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-traditional-medicine-summit-2023-meeting-report–gujarat-declaration.
  • Wielgosz, J., S. B. Goldberg, T. R. A. Kral, J. D. Dunne, and R. J. Davidson. 2019. Mindfulness meditation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15:285–316. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423.
  • Winkelman, M. J. 2007. Shamanic guidelines for psychedelic medicine. Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments 2:143–67.
  • Winkelman, M. J. 2010. Shamanism: A biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  • Winkelman, M. J. 2014. Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: Evaluating treatments with LSD, peyote, ibogaine and ayahuasca. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 7 (2):101–16. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107120011.
  • Winkelman, M. J. 2021. Anthropology, Shamanism, and hallucinogens. In Handbook of medical hallucinogens, 29–45. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Yaden, D. B., J. Haidt, R. W. Hood, D. R. Vago, and A. B. Newberg. 2017. The varieties of self-transcendent experience. Review of General Psychology 21 (2):143–60. doi:10.1037/gpr0000102.
  • Yaden, D.B, Y. Zhao, K. Peng, and A. B. Newberg. 2020. Rituals and practices in world religions: Cross-cultural scholarship to inform research and clinical contexts Editors David Bryce Yaden, Yukun Zhao, Kaiping Peng, Andrew B, Newberg, religion, spirituality and health  Springer:Cham, Switzerland Vol. 5.
  • Zia, F. Z., M. H. Baumann, S. J. Belouin, R. H. Dworkin, M. H. Ghauri, P. S. Hendricks, J. E. Henningfield, R. K. Lanier, S. Ross, and A. Berger. 2023. Are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain? Preliminary findings and research needs. Neuropharmacology 233 (August):109528. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528.