The limits of framing effects: citizen perceptions of councilor compensation

References

• Aaroe, L. 2012. “When Citizens Go Against Elite Directions: Partisan Cues and Contrast Effects on citizens’ Attitudes.” Party Politics 18 (2): 215–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarøe, L. 2011. “Investigating Frame Strength: The Case of Episodic and Thematic Frames.” Political Communication 28 (2): 207–226. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.568041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amira, K., J. C. Wright, and D. Goya-Tocchetto. 2021. “In-Group Love versus Out-Group Hate: Which is More Important to Partisans and When?” Political Behavior 43 (2): 473–494. doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09557-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, M. A., D. J. Hopkins, and T. Rogers. 2016. “Unresponsive and Unpersuaded: The Unintended Consequences of a Voter Persuasion Effort.” Political Behavior 38 (3): 713–746. doi:10.1007/s11109-016-9338-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrows, S., M. Henderson, P. E. Peterson, and M. R. West. 2016. “Relative Performance Information and Perceptions of Public Service Quality: Evidence from American School Districts.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26 (3): 571–583. doi:10.1093/jopart/muw028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglio, R. P., Jr., P. Belardinelli, N. Bellé, and P. Cantarelli. 2019. “Behavioral Public Administration Ad Fontes: A Synthesis of Research on Bounded Rationality, Cognitive Biases, and Nudging in Public Organizations.” Public Administration Review 79 (3): 304–320. doi:10.1111/puar.12994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtel, M. M., J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, and M. Helbling. 2015. “Reality Bites: The Limits of Framing Effects for Salient and Contested Policy Issues.” Political Science Research and Methods 3 (3): 683–695. doi:10.1017/psrm.2014.39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsen, T., J. N. Druckman, and F. L. Cook. 2014. “The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion.” Political Behavior 36 (2): 235–262. doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, P. R. 2003. “Values, Political Knowledge, and Public Opinion About Gay Rights: A Framing-Based Account.” Public Opinion Quarterly 67 (2): 173–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, P., and K. Gross. 2005. “Values, Framing, and citizens’ Thoughts About Policy Issues: Effects on Content and Quantity.” Political Psychology 26 (6): 929–948. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00451.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, B. 2019. “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Suggested Members of Congress Should Get Paid More, but a Majority of Americans Want the Complete Opposite.” Business Insider, March 21. https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-disagree-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-congress-pay-increase-poll-2019-3
   Google Scholar
• Carmines, E. G., and J. A. Stimson. 1980. “The Two Faces of Issue Voting.” The American Political Science Review 74 (1): 78–91. doi:10.2307/1955648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonneau, É., and G. G. Van Ryzin. 2015. “Benchmarks and Citizen Judgments of Local Government Performance: Findings from a Survey Experiment.” Public Management Review 17 (2): 288–304. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.798027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, D., and J. Druckman. 2007a. “Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies.” The American Political Science Review 101 (4): 637–655. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, D., and J. Druckman. 2007b. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10 (1): 103–126. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, edited by D. Apter, 206–261. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm.
   Google Scholar
• Deslatte, A. 2020. “To Shop or Shelter? Issue Framing Effects and Social-Distancing Preferences in the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Behavioral Public Administration 3 (1). doi:10.30636/jbpa.31.158.
   Google Scholar
• Dotray, M. 2020. “Lubbock Council Eyeing Pay, Term Limits in 2021.” Lubbock Avalanche-Journal.
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N. 2004. “Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir) Relevance of Framing Effects.” The American Political Science Review 98 (4): 671–686. doi:10.1017/S0003055404041413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N., and T. J. Leeper. 2012. “Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (4): 875–896. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N., E. Peterson, and R. Slothuus. 2013. “How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation.” The American Political Science Review 107 (1): 57–79. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraz, C., and F. Finan. 2009. “Motivating politicians: The impacts of monetary incentives on quality and performance (No. w14906).” National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, H. R. 1998. “Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change.” Administrative science quarterly 43 (1): 58–86. doi:10.2307/2393591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, C., J. Merolla, and S. Ramakrishnan. 2016. Framing Immigrants: News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbing, J. R., and E. Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs About How Government Should Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M., and E. Lyons. 2013. “Do Higher Salaries Lead to Higher Performance? Evidence from State Politicians.” Rotman School of Management Working Paper, (2345085).
   Google Scholar
• Hood, C., and B. G. Peters, edited by. 1994. Rewards at the Top: A Comparative Study of High Public Office. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Indy.Gov. 2020. “City-County Council.” http://www.indy.gov/eGov/Council/Pages/home.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., G. Sood, and Y. Lelkes. 2012. “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (3): 405–431. doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, W. G. 2000. “Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 750–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, O., et al. 20202020. Behavioral Public Performance: How People Make Sense of Government Metrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• John, P., M. Sanders, and J. Wang. 2019. “A Panacea for Improving Citizen Behaviors? Introduction to the Symposium on the Use of Social Norms in Public Administration.” Journal of Behavioral Public Administration 2 (2). doi:10.30636/jbpa.22.119.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kiatpongsan, S., and M. I. Norton. 2014. “How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9 (6): 587–593. doi:10.1177/1745691614549773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killough, A. C. 2019. “Pay Raises for Congressional House Member Salaries Face Bipartisan Opposition - CNNPolitics.” CNN, June 16. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/16/politics/congress-pay-raise/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H. 2002. “Individual Opinion Formation in a Direct Democratic Campaign.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (1): 171–185. doi:10.1017/S0007123402210078.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, R. R., and D. P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 951–971. doi:10.2307/2669334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I. P., and G. J. Gaeth. 1988. “How Consumers are Affected by the Framing of Attribute Information Before and After Consuming the Product.” The Journal of Consumer Research 15 (3): 374–378. doi:10.1086/209174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinthal, D., and J. G. March. 1981. “A Model of Adaptive Organizational Search.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2 (4): 307–333. doi:10.1016/0167-2681(81)90012-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge, M., and R. Hamill. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” The American Political Science Review 80 (2): 505–519. doi:10.2307/1958271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge, M., and C. S. Taber. 2013. The Rationalizing Voter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lupia, A. 1994. “Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” The American Political Science Review 88 (1): 63–76. doi:10.2307/2944882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia, A. 2016. Uninformed: Why People Know so Little About Politics and What We Can Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mause, K. 2014. “Self-Serving Legislators? An Analysis of the Salary-Setting Institutions of 27 EU Parliaments.” Constitutional Political Economy 25 (2): 154–176. doi:10.1007/s10602-013-9150-y.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt, C. C., and A. Rutherford. 2020. Indianapolis-Marion County City-County Council: A Study of Council Effectiveness. Indiana University Public Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau, R., R. G. Niemi, and J. Levine. 1993. “Innumeracy About Minority Populations.” Public Opinion Quarterly 57 (3): 332–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. E., and D. R. Kinder. 1996. “Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion.” The Journal of Politics 58 (4): 1055–1078. doi:10.2307/2960149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T., Z. Oxley, and R. Clawson. 1997. “Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects.” Political Behavior 19 (3): 221–246. doi:10.1023/A:1024834831093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, S. P. 2011. “Dominating Cues and the Limits of Elite Influence.” The Journal of Politics 73 (4): 1165–1177. doi:10.1017/S002238161100082X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, P. A., and D. P. Moynihan. 2017. “How Do Politicians Attribute Bureaucratic Responsibility for Performance? Negativity Bias and Interest Group Advocacy.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27 (2): 269–283. doi:10.1093/jopart/muw060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., C. R. Ebersole, A. C. DeHaven, and D. T. Mellor. 2018. “The Preregistration Revolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (11): 2600–2606. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708274114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, A. L. 2017. “Compared to What? How Social and Historical Reference Points Affect citizens’ Performance Evaluations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27 (4): 562–580. doi:10.1093/jopart/mux023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottati, V. C. 1990. “Determinants of Political Judgments: The Joint Influence of Normative and Heuristic Rules of Inference.” Political Behavior 12 (2): 159–179. doi:10.1007/BF00992467.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, R. T., K. J. Hansen, and L. H. Pedersen. 2022. “Citizens’ Aversion to Pay Raises for Politicians: The Risk of Self-Interest Matter More Than the Promise of Competence.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 34 (1): edab034. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edab034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, R. T., and L. H. Pedersen. 2020. “Citizen Attitudes on politicians’ Pay: Trust Issues are Not Solved by Delegation.” Political studies 68 (2): 389–407. doi:10.1177/0032321719850073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2017. “Public Trust in Government Remains Near Historic Lows as Partisan Attitude Shift.” https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2017/05/03/public-trust-in-government-remains-near-historic-lows-as-partisan-attitudes-shift/
   Google Scholar
• Pham, J., D. Rivoli, and S. Schwartz. 2016. “Salaries for Elected Officials.” Gotham Gazette. https://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/archives/3273-salaries-for-elected-officials
   Google Scholar
• Piotrowski, S., S. Grimmelikhuijsen, and F. Deat. 2019. “Numbers Over Narratives? How Government Message Strategies Affect citizens’ Attitudes.” Public Performance and Management Review 42 (5): 1005–1028. doi:10.1080/15309576.2017.1400992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porumbescu, G. A., M. Cucciniello, and J. R. Gil-Garcia. 2020. “Accounting for Citizens When Explaining Open Government Effectiveness.” Government Information Quarterly 37 (2): 10145. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2019.101451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitch, H. V., R. K. Vogel, and L. Ye. 2009. “Louisville transformed but hardly changed: A survey of a city before and after merger.” In Governing Metropolitan Regions in the 21st Century, edited by D. Phares, 164–184. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Sides, J. 2016. “Stories or Science? Facts, Frames, and Policy Attitudes.” American Politics Research 44 (3): 387–414. doi:10.1177/1532673X15610190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. A. 1957. Models of Man; Social and Rational.
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman, P. M., R. A. Brody, and P. E. Tetlock. 1993. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Webeck, S., and S. Nicholson-Crotty. 2019. “How Historical and Social Comparisons Influence Bureaucratic Decision Making: A Survey Experiment of Managers.” International Public Management Journal 20 (6): 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Wiest, S., L. Raymond, and R. Clawson. 2015. “Framing, Partisan Predispositions, and Public Opinion on Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change 31: 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withrow, E. 2021. “Some Question Proposed Pay Raises for Charlotte City Council Members, Mayor.” Fox 46 Charlotte.
   Google Scholar
• Zale, K. 2018. “Compensating City Councils.” Stanford Law Review 70: 839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar