Investigating engineering identity development and stability amongst first-year engineering students: a person-centred approach

References

• Albarello, F., E. Crocetti, and M. Rubini. 2017. “I and us: A Longitudinal Study on the Interplay of Personal and Social Identity in Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47: 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0791-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araque, F., C. Roldán, and A. Salguero. 2009. “Factors Influencing University Drop out Rates.” Computers & Education 53 (3): 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, T., O. Pierrakos, J. Constantz, A. Johri, and R. Anderson. 2009, June. Preliminary Findings on Freshmen Engineering Students’ Professional Identity: Implications for Recruitment and Retention [Paper Presentation]. Annual Conference & Exposition, Austin, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, B., D. Verdin, J. A. Rohde, H. Brown, R. Baker, A. Thielmeyer, and A. Godwin. 2019. “An Early Adaptation of Identity Trajectory to Understand the Identities of Undergraduate Engineering Students.” 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2019 IEEE, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE43999.2019.9028365.
   Google Scholar
• Besterfield-Sacre, M., M. Moreno, L. Shuman, and C. Atman. 2001. “Gender and Ethnicity Differences in Freshmen Engineering Student Attitudes: A Cross-Institutional Study.” Journal of Engineering Education, 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2001.tb00629.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bosma, H. A., and E. S. Kunnen. 2008. “Identity-in-Context is not yet Identity Development-in-Context.” Journal of Adolescence 31: 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, B. D., R. A. Hall, and J. V. Ernst. 2017. “Calculus Eligibility as an at-Risk Predictor for Degree Completion in Undergraduate Engineering.” Technology Interface International Journal 17 (3): 74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, B. D., J. L. M. Wilkins, and J. V. Ernst. 2019. “How Calculus Eligibility and at-Risk Status Relate to Graduation Rate in Engineering Degree Programs.” Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research 19 (5): 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Branje, S., L. Laninga-Wijnen, R. Yu, and W. Meeus. 2014. “Associations among School and Friendship Identity in Adolescence and Romantic Relationships and Work in Emerging Adulthood.” Emerging Adulthood 2: 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813515851.
   Google Scholar
• Budny, D., W. LeBold, and G. Bjedov. 1998. “Assessment of the Impact of Freshman Engineering Courses.” Journal of Engineering Education 87 (4): 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00372.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bussey, T. J., M. Orgill, and K. J. Crippen. 2013. “Variation Theory: A Theory of Learning and a Useful Theoretical Framework for Chemical Education Research.” Chemistry Education Research and Practice 14: 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RP20145C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlone, H. B., and A. Johnson. 2007. “Understanding the Science Experiences of Successful Women of Color: Science Identity as an Analytic Lens.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 44 (8): 1187–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda-Babarro, A., A. Arbillaga-Etxarri, B. Gutierrez-Santamaría, and A. Coca. 2020. “Physical Activity Changes During COVID-19 Confinement.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (18).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, J., Y. Ji, Y. Li, H. Pan, and P. Su. 2021. “Prevalence of Anxiety Symptom and Depressive Symptom among College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders 292: 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemers, M. M., M. Syed, B. K. Goza, E. L. Zurbriggen, S. Bearman, F. J. Crosby, and E. M. Morgan. 2010. The role of self-efficacy and identity in mediating the effects of science support programs (No. 5). Technical Report.
   Google Scholar
• Chemers, M. M., E. L. Zurbriggen, M. Syed, B. K. Goza, and S. Bearman. 2011. “The Role of Efficacy and Identity in Science Career Commitment Among Underrepresented Minority Students.” Journal of Social Issues 67: 469–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01710.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, S. L. 2010. Mixture modeling with behavioral data. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] University of California, Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley, K. E., H. Le, S. R. Silva, and A. Wilks. 2021. “Anxiety is Associated with Appetitive Traits in University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Nutrition Journal 20 (45).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, L., and S. Lanza. 2010. Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Czeisler, M., R. I. Lane, E. Petrosky, J. F. Wiley, A. Christensen, R. Njai, et al. 2020. “Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69 (32): 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryburgh, H. 1999. “Work Hard, Play Hard: Women and Professionalization in Engineering—Adapting to the Culture.” Gender & Society 13 (5): 664–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124399013005006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J. S., and B. L. Barber. 1999. “Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band.” Journal of Adolescent Research 14: 10–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558499141003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. 1959. Identity and the Life Cycle. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. 1968. Identity, Youth, and Crisis. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, W. 2007. “Nuts and Bolts and People’ Gender-Troubled Engineering Identities.” Social Studies of Science 37 (3): 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706072175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca, J. R., and M. G. Cardoso. 2007. “Mixture-model Cluster Analysis Using Information Theoretical Criteria.” Intelligent Data Analysis 11: 155–173. https://doi.org/10.3233/IDA-2007-11204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, B. F., J. C. Immekus, and W. C. Oakes. 2005. “An Examination of Indicators of Engineering Students’ Success and Persistence.” Journal of Engineering Education 94 (4): 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2005.tb00869.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruehwirth, J. C., S. Biswas, and K. M. Perreira. 2021. “The Covid-19 Pandemic and Mental Health of First-Year College Students: Examining the Effect of Covid-19 Stressors Using Longitudinal Data.” PLoS One 16 (3): e0247999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gárcia-Ros, R., F. Pérez-González, F. Cavas-Martínez, and J. M. Tomás. 2019. “Effects of pre-College Variables and First-Year Engineering Students’ Experiences on Academic Achievement and Retention: A Structural Model.” International Journal of Technology and Design Education 29: 915–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-018-9466-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee, J. P. 2000. “Identity as an Analytic Lens for Research in Education.” Review of Research in Education 25: 99–125.
   Google Scholar
• Godwin, A. 2016. “The Development of a Measure of Engineering Identity. [Paper Presentation].” ASEE 123rd Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, June 26-29.
   Google Scholar
• Godwin, A., and G. Potvin. 2017. “Pushing and Pulling Sara: A Case Study of the Contrasting Influences of High School and University Experiences on Engineering Agency, Identity, and Participation.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 54 (4): 439–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godwin, A., G. Potvin, Z. Hazari, and R. Lock. 2013. “Understanding Engineering Identity Through Structural Equation Modeling. [Paper Presentation].” IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Oklahoma City.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, J., A. Tayebi, and C. Delgado. 2022. “Factors That Influence Career Choice in Engineering Students in Spain: A Gender Perspective.” IEEE Transactions on Education 65 (1): 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2021.3093655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. W., P. J. Kauffmann, K. L. Wuensch, W. E. Swart, K. A. DeUrquidi, O. H. Griffin, and C. S. Duncan. 2015. “Aptitude and Personality Traits in Retention of Engineering Students.” Journal of Engineering Education 104: 167–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlet, L. C., A. Roy, G. Scalone, R. Lee, C. Poleacovschi, and J. Kaminsky. 2020. “Gender and Engineering Identity among Upper-Division Undergraduate Students.” Journal of Management in Engineering 37 (2), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewlett, B. L. 2013. Adolescent Identity: Evolutionary, Cultural and Developmental Perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, L. A. 2011. Bridging Cultural and Developmental Approaches to Psychology: New Syntheses in Theory, Research, and Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, T., and K. A. S. Wickrama. 2008. “An Introduction to Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2 (1): 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, P. 1999. A Handbook of Psychological Testing. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lam, P., D. Doverspike, and R. Mawasha. 1999. “Predicting Success in a Minority Engineering Program.” Journal of Engineering Education 88: 265–2267. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.1999.Tb00445.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, J., and J. Wyckoff. 1988. “Effective Advising: Identifying Students Most Likely to Persist and Succeed in Engineering.” Engineering Education 78: 178–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. A., and D. B. Rubin. 1987. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Litzler, E., and J. Young. 2012. “Understanding the Risk of Attrition in Undergraduate Engineering: Results from the Project to Assess Climate in Engineering.” Journal of Engineering Education 101: 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00052.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart, M. E. 2021. A Potential Fix for the Leaky STEM Pipeline: Development and Validation of the SciID Scale. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/193142.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Moreno, M., M. T. I. Lopez, M. Miguel, and M. Garces-Rimon. 2020. “Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from COVID-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population.” Nutrients 12 (11): 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., S. J. Schwartz, L. Goossens, B. Soenens, and W. Beyers. 2008b. “Developmental Typologies of Identity Formation and Adjustment in Female Emerging Adults: A Latent Class Growth Analysis Approach.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 18: 595–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00573.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E., A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, and J. I. Orlofsky. 1993. Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychosocial Research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• McCave, E. J., J. Gilmore, and K. Burg. 2014. Engineering and Science Student Preparedness for Research: Exploring the Connections Between Student Identity and Readiness for Research [Paper Presentation]. American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, K. C., and M. Syed, eds. 2015. The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936564.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, K. C., M. Syed, and H. Shucard. 2016. “Bringing Identity Content to the Fore: Links to Identity Development Processes.” Emerging Adulthood 4: 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815626820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., R. Van de Schoot, L. Keijsers, S. J. Schwartz, and S. Branje. 2012. “Identity Statuses as Developmental Trajectories: A Five-Wave Longitudinal Study in Early-to-Middle and Middle-to-Late Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41: 1008–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9730-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo, J. M., B. Benedict, R. Clements, H. Perkins, and A. Godwin. 2020. “See me as an Engineer: Understanding the Role of Language and Multiple Role Identities on Engineering Students’ Identity Trajectory.” IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274017.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, K. L., M. W. Ohland, A. L. Pawley, S. E. Silliman, and K. A. Smith. 2012. “Factors Relating to Engineering Identity.” Global Journal of Engineering Education 14 (1): 119–131.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. 2021 February 28. Using Mplus to do latent transition analysis and random intercept latent transition analysis [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/c/MplusVideos.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, B., and T. Asparouhov. 2022. “Latent Transition Analysis with Random Intercepts (RI-LTA). Psychological Methods.” Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000370.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998-2021. Mplus User’s Guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. 2007. Rising Above the Gathering Storm. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Science Foundation. 2021. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21321/report/field-of-degree-minorities.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, G. 2010. “Likert Scales, Levels of Measurement and the “Laws” of Statistics.” Advances in Health Sciences Education 15(5): 625–632. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10459-010-9222-y#citeas.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund, K. L. 2007. Latent Transition Analysis: Modeling Extensions and an Application to Peer Victimization (Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles). Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/download/nylunddis.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Orgill, M. 2012. “Variation Theory.” In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, edited by N. M. Seel, 3391–3393. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, C., and D. Rolfes. 2015. Communication Class Size and Professional Identity [Paper Presentation]. Seattle, WA: American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Pierrakos, O., T. K. Beam, J. Constantz, A. Johri, and R. Anderson. 2009, October. On the Development of a Professional Identity: Engineering Persisters vs Engineering Switchers [Paper Presentation]. Frontiers in Education Conference, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Ramaswamy, V., W. S. DeSarbo, D. J. Reibstein, and W. T. Robinson. 1993. “An Empirical Pooling Approach for Estimating Marketing mix Elasticities with PIMS Data.” Marketing Science 12: 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.12.1.103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelo, R. A., J. Omitoyin, M. Cardona, R. Nazempour, and H. Darabi. 2019. Engineering Identity Profiles of low-SES, High Achieving Incoming Engineering Students [Paper Presentation]. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), Cincinnati, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. A., T. Perez, J. H. Carmel, and L. Linnenbrink-Garcia. 2019. “Science Identity Development Trajectories in a Gateway College Chemistry Course: Predictors and Relations to Achievement and STEM Pursuit.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 56: 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. A., T. Perez, A. K. Nuttall, C. J. Roseth, and L. Linnenbrink-Garcia. 2018. “From Science Student to Scientist: Predictors and Outcomes of Heterogeneous Science Identity Trajectories in College.” Developmental Psychology 54 (10): 1977–1992. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, S. L., C. Lu, and M. Bartlett. 2018. “Engineering Identity Development: A Review of the Higher Education Literature.” International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 6 (3): 254–265. https://doi.org/10.18404/ijemst.428182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryoo, J. H., C. Wang, S. M. Swearer, M. Hull, and D. Shi. 2018. “Longitudinal Model Building Using Latent Transition Analysis: An Example Using School Bullying Data.” Frontiers in Psychology 9), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. J., K. Luyckx, and V. L. Vignoles. 2011. Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411409427.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, E., and N. M. Hewitt. 1997. Talking About Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaby, N., and W. D. Vedder. 2020. “Science Identity Trajectories Throughout School Visits to a Science Museum.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 57 (5): 733–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan, L., W. E. Copeland, C. M. Worthman, A. Erkanli, A. Angold, and E. J. Costello. 2013. “Sex-differentiated Changes in C-Reactive Protein from Ages 9 to 21: The Contributions of BMI and Physical/Sexual Maturation.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38 (10): 2209–2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard, S., A. L. Antonio, S. R. Brunhaver, and S. K. Gilmartin. 2015. Studying the Career Pathways of Engineers: An Illustration with two Data Sets. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139013451.020.
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp. 2021. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, R., K. O’Connor, and L. Garrison. 2005. “Engineering Student Identities in the Navigation of the Undergraduate Curriculum.” In Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, 1–8. Reston, VA: ASCE.
   Google Scholar
• Stryker, S., and P. J. Burke. 2000. “The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63: 284–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, G., and A. R. Artino Jr. 2013. “Analyzing and Interpreting Data from Likert-Type Scales.” Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5 (4): 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-5-4-18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 2004. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Political Psychology: Key Readings, edited by J. T. Jost, and J. Sidanius, 276–293. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tonso, K. L. 2014. “Engineering Identity.” In Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research, edited by A. Johri, and B. Olds, 267–282. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trytten, D. A., R. Pan, R. L. Shehab, and S. E. Walden. 2015. Inclusion or Exclusion? The Impact of the Intersection of Team Culture and Student Identity and Pathway on Team Diversity [Paper Presentation]. Seattle, WA: American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Y. Zhang, K. Bennell, D. K. White, J. Wei, Z. Wu, H. He, et al. 2020. “Physical Distancing Measures and Walking Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Residents in Changsha, China, During the COVID-19 Epidemic Period: Longitudinal Observational Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Was, C. A., I. Al-Harthy, M. Stack-Oden, and R. M. Isaacson. 2009. “Academic Identity Status and the Relationship to Achievement Goal Orientation.” Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology 7 (2): 627–652.
   Google Scholar