Publication Cover
International Interactions
Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations
Volume 50, 2024 - Issue 1
121
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Do Safety Expectations Affect the Location Strategies of Large Service Delivery INGOs?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 64-93 | Received 10 Mar 2023, Accepted 23 Oct 2023, Published online: 27 Nov 2023

References

  • Amnesty International. 2020. 2020 Global Financial Report. London: Amnesty International.
  • Avant, Deborah, and Virginia Haufler. 2012. “Transnational Organisations and Security.” Global Crime 13 (4): 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2012.715392
  • Banks, Nicola, David Hulme, and Michael Edwards. 2015. “NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?” World Development 66 (February): 707–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.028
  • Barry, Colin, Sam R. Bell, K. Chad Clay, Michael Flynn, and Amanda Murdie. 2015. “Choosing the Best House in a Bad Neighborhood: Location Strategies of Human Rights INGOs in the Non-Western World.” International Studies Quarterly 59 (1): 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12172
  • Bell, Sam R., Patricia Blocksome, Kevin P. Brown, and Amanda Murdie. 2019. “Help or Hinderance? The Role of Humanitarian Military Interventions in Human Security NGO Operations.” International Political Science Review 40 (2): 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117724588
  • Boli, John, and George M. Thomas. 1999. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Böhmelt, Tobias. 2014. “Political Opportunity Structures in Dictatorships? Explaining ENGO Existence in Autocratic Regimes.” The Journal of Environment & Development 23 (4): 446–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496514536396
  • Bugnion, François. 1997. “17 December 1996: Six ICRC Delegates Assassinated in Chechnya.” International Review of the Red Cross 37 (317): 140–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400085065
  • Campbell, Susanna, Matthew DiGiuseppe, and Amanda Murdie. 2019. “International Development NGOs and Bureaucratic Capacity: Facilitator or Destroyer?” Political Research Quarterly 72 (1): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918772941
  • Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. 2021. “EM-DAT Database.” Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Accessed February 12, 2022. https://www.emdat.be/.
  • Chaudhry, Suparna. 2022. “The Assault on Civil Society: Explaining State Crackdown on NGOs.” International Organization 76 (3): 549–590. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000473.
  • Christensen, Darin, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2013. “Defunding Dissent: Restrictions on Aid to NGOs.” Journal of Democracy 24 (2): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2013.0026
  • Cingranelli, D. L., and D. L. Richards. 2010. “The Cingranelli and Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project.” Human Rights Quarterly 32 (2): 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.0.0141
  • Cingranelli, David L., David L. Richards, and K. Chad Clay. 2014. “The CIRI Human Rights Dataset.” CIRI Human Rights Project. Accessed October 30, 2021. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/cirihumanrightsdata.
  • CIVICUS. 2018. “Pakistan Shuts down and Kicks out 18 International NGOs, with 20 Others Facing Expulsion.” CIVICUS Media Releases, 13 December. https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/media-releases/3670-pakistan-shuts-down-and-kicks-out-18-international-ngos-with-20-others-facing-expulsion-2.
  • Cochrane, Logan, and John-Michael Davis. 2020. “Scaling the INGO: What the Development and Expansion of Canadian INGOs Tells Us.” Social Sciences 9 (8): 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9080140
  • Cooley, Alexander. 2015. “Authoritarianism Goes Global: Countering Democratic Norms.” Journal of Democracy 26 (3): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0049
  • Cooley, Alexander, and James Ron. 2002. “The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action.” International Security 27 (1): 5–39. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228802320231217
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Steffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Juraj Medzihorsky, et al. 2021. V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V11.1. Gothenberg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Steffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and David Altman. 2022. V-Dem Codebook V12. Gothenburg: V-Dem Project.
  • de Torrenté, Nicolas. 2004. “Humanitarian Action under Attack: Reflections on the Iraq War.” Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 (1): 1–29.
  • Dietrich, Simone, and Amanda Murdie. 2017. “Human Rights Shaming through INGOs and Foreign Aid Delivery.” The Review of International Organizations 12 (1): 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-015-9242-8
  • Donno, Daniela, Sara Fox, and Joshua Kaasik. 2022. “International Incentives for Women’s Rights in Dictatorships.” Comparative Political Studies 55 (3): 451–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211024306
  • Dupuy, Kendra E., James Ron, and Aseem Prakash. 2015. “Who Survived? Ethiopia’s Regulatory Crackdown on Foreign-Funded NGOs.” Review of International Political Economy 22 (2): 419–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2014.903854
  • Dupuy, Kendra, James Ron, and Aseem Prakash. 2016. “Hands off My Regime! Governments’ Restrictions on Foreign Aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in Poor and Middle-Income Countries.” World Development 84 (C): 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.02.001
  • Gibson, Terry. 2019. Making Aid Agencies Work: Reconnecting INGOs with the People They Serve. Bingley: Emerald.
  • Gilbert, Leah, and Payam Mohseni. 2018. “Disabling Dissent: The Colour Revolutions, Autocratic Linkages, and Civil Society Regulations in Hybrid Regimes.” Contemporary Politics 24 (4): 454–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2018.1471645
  • Gleditsch, Nils Peter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Håvard Strand. 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343302039005007
  • Hadden, Jennifer, and Sarah Sunn Bush. 2021. “What’s Different about the Environment? Environmental INGOs in Comparative Perspective.” Environmental Politics 30 (1-2): 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1799643
  • Heiss, Andrew, and Judith Kelley. 2017. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: International NGOs and the Dual Pressures of Donors and Host Governments.” The Journal of Politics 79 (2): 732–741. https://doi.org/10.1086/691218
  • Hendrix, Cullen S., and Wendy H. Wong. 2014. “Knowing Your Audience: How the Structure of International Relations and Organizational Choices Affect Amnesty International’s Advocacy.” The Review of International Organizations 9 (1): 29–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-013-9175-z
  • Hodwitz, Omi. 2019. “NGO Intervention in Jihadist Conflicts: A Closer Look at Afghanistan and Somalia.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 11 (2): 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1454973
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. 2020. ICRC Annual Report 2020. Geneva: ICRC.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. 2021. ICRC Annual Report 2021: Facts and Figures. Geneva: ICRC.
  • Kim, Dongwook. 2016. “International Non-Governmental Organizations and the Abolition of the Death Penalty.” European Journal of International Relations 22 (3): 596–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066115595705
  • Koo, Jeong-Woo, and Amanda Murdie. 2022. “Do NGO Restrictions Limit Terrorism? Smear Campaigns or Counterterrorism Tools.” Journal of Global Security Studies 7 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogab035
  • LaFree, Gary, and Laura Dugan. 2007. “Introducing the Global Terrorism Database.” Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (2): 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550701246817
  • Lambert, Kathryn. 2018. “Assessing the Impact of the Political Environment on INGO Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack.” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 9 (4): 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12145
  • Lind, Jeremy, and Jude Howell. 2010. “Counter-Terrorism and the Politics of Aid: Civil Society Responses in Kenya.” Development and Change 41 (2): 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01637.x
  • Marshall, Monty, and Keith Jaggers. 2007. “Polity IV Project.” Center for Systemic Peace. Accessed October 20, 2021. https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html.
  • Mathews, Jessica T. 1997. “Power Shift: The Rise of Global Civil Society.” Foreign Affairs 76 (1): 50–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/20047909
  • Metcalfe, Victoria, Ellen Martin, and Sara Pantuliano. 2011. Risk in Humanitarian Action: Towards a Common Approach. London: Humanitarian Policy Group.
  • Murdie, Amanda. 2014. Help or Harm: The Human Security Effects of International NGOs. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Murdie, Amanda, and Alexander Hicks. 2013. “Can International Nongovernmental Organizations Boost Government Services? The Case of Health.” International Organization 67 (3): 541–573. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000143
  • Murdie, Amanda Marie, and Jakub Kakietek. 2012. “Do Development INGOs Really Work? The Impact of International Development NGOs on Human Capital and Economic Growth.” Journal of Sustainable Society 1 (1): 1–10.
  • Murdie, Amanda, and Craig S. Stapley. 2014. “Why Target the ‘Good Guys’? The Determinants of Terrorism against NGOs.” International Interactions 40 (1): 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.863192
  • Murdie, Amanda, and Johannes Urpelainen. 2015. “Why Pick on Us? Environmental INGOs and State Shaming as a Strategic Substitute.” Political Studies 63 (2): 353–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12101
  • Musila, Godfrey M. 2019. “Freedoms Under Threat: The Spread of Anti-NGO Measures in Africa.” Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/05132019_UPDATED_FINAL_Africa_Special_Brief_Freedoms_Under_Threat.pdf.
  • Narang, Neil, and Jessica A. Stanton. 2017. “A Strategic Logic of Attacking Aid Workers: Evidence from Violence in Afghanistan.” International Studies Quarterly 61 (1): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw053
  • NGO Advisor. 2015. “Top 500 World.” NGO Advisor. Accessed February 10, 2015. https://www.ngoadvisor.net/top-500-world/.
  • Orbis. 2021a. “Country Program.” Orbis International. Accessed December 14, 2021. https://orbis.org/en/what-we-do/country-programs.
  • Orbis. 2021b. “Flying Eye Hospital.” Orbis International. Accessed December 14, 2021. https://orbis.org/what-we-do/flying-eye-hospital.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2021. “Net ODA.” OECD. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://data.oecd.org/oda/net-oda.htm.
  • Oxfam. 2018. “Oxfam America Annual Report 2018.” Oxfam. Accessed October 24, 2021. https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/static/media/files/2018_Oxfam_America_Annual_Report.pdf.
  • Oxfam America. 2004. “What Oxfam is Doing.” Oxfam America. Accessed October 24, 2021. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/whatwedo/emergencies/asian_floods_2004/what_oxfam_is_doing.
  • Pacheco-Vega, Raul, and Amanda Murdie. 2021. “When Do Environmental NGOs Work? A Test of the Conditional Effectiveness of Environmental Advocacy.” Environmental Politics 30 (1-2): 180–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1785261
  • Reinsberg, Bernhard, Daniel O. Shaw, and Louis Bujnoch. 2022. “Revisiting the Security-Development Nexus: Human Security and the Effects of IMF Adjustment Programmes.” Conflict Management and Peace Science: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/07388942221111064
  • Ron, James, Howard Ramos, and Kathleen Rodgers. 2005. “Transnational Information Politics: NGO Human Rights Reporting, 1986–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (3): 557–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00377.x
  • Santos Silva, Joao, and Silvana Tenreyro. 2011. “Further Simulation Evidence on the Performance of the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator.” Economics Letters 112 (2): 220–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.05.008
  • Save the Children. 2021. “Vietnam.” Save the Children. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://www.savethechildren.org/us/where-we-work/vietnam.
  • Save the Children Vietnam. 2021. “Contact Us.” Save the Children Vietnam. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://vietnam.savethechildren.net/contact-us.
  • Sayeed, Saad. 2018. “Pakistan Tells 18 International NGOs to Leave: AcitonAid.” Reuters. October 4. Accessed October 20, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-ngos/pakistan-tells-18-international-ngos-to-leave-actionaid-idUSKCN1ME1N3/#:∼:text=ISLAMABAD%20(Reuters)%20.%2D%20Pakistan%20has,move%20against%20foreign%2Dfunded%20groups.
  • Schafer, Mark J. 1999. “International Nongovernmental Organizations and Third World Education in 1990: A Cross-National Study.” Sociology of Education 72 (2): 69–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673177
  • Scott, Emily K. M. 2022. “Compromising Aid to Protect International Staff: The Politics of Humanitarian Threat Perception after the Arab Uprisings.” Journal of Global Security Studies 7 (1): ogab024.
  • Shandra, John M., Bruce London, Owen P. Whooley, and John B. Williamson. 2004. “International Nongovernmental Organizations and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis.” Sociological Inquiry 74 (4): 520–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00103.x
  • Stobb, Maureen. 2019. “A Shield in Battle: The Contingent Value of Human Rights Treaties to INGOs in Autocracies.” The International Journal of Human Rights 23 (4): 555–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1513401
  • Stoddard, Abby, Adele Harmer, and Victoria DiDomenico. 2009. Providing Aid in Insecure Environments. London: Humanitarian Outcomes.
  • Stroup, Sarah S., and Wendy H. Wong. 2016. “The Agency and Authority of International IGOs.” Perspectives on Politics 14 (1): 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759271500328X
  • Taylor, Mi Ae, and Mark E. Manyin. 2011. “Non-Governmental Organizations’ Activities in North Korea.” 7–5700. Congressional Research Service. March 25. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R41749.pdf.
  • Terry, Fiona. 2013. “Violence against Health Care: Insights from Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” International Review of the Red Cross 95 (889): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383113000581
  • Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, and Christine Min Wotipka. 2004. “Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations.” Social Forces 83 (2): 587–620. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0022
  • UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2021. “Integrated Civil Society Organization Systems.” UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/.
  • Van der Heijden, Hein-Anton. 1999. “Environmental Movements, Ecological Modernisation and Political Opportunity Structures.” Environmental Politics 8 (1): 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019908414444
  • Watson, Scott, and Regan Burles. 2018. “Regulating NGO Funding: Securitizing the Political.” International Relations 32 (4): 430–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117818782604
  • Wille, Christina, and Larissa Fast. 2010. Is Terrorism an Issue for Humanitarian Agencies? Geneva: Security Management Initiative.
  • Witesman, Eva, and Andrew Heiss. 2017. “Nonprofit Collaboration and the Resurrection of Market Failure: How a Resource-Sharing Environment Can Suppress Objectives.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations (4) 28: 1500–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9684-5
  • World Bank. 2021. “World Development Indicators (WDI): Data Catalogue.” World Bank. Accessed October 30, 2021. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712.
  • World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations. 2021. “Worldwide NGO Directory.” Worldwide-Association of Non-Governmental Organizations. Accessed October 20, 2021. https://www.wango.org/resources/.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.