The “Social Europe” effect: Does southern foreign direct investment in Europe improve labor rights in the Global South?

References

• Adolph, C., V. Quince, and A. Prakash. 2017. “The Shanghai Effect: Do Exports to China Affect Labor Practices in Africa?” World Development 89: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlquist, J. S., and L. Mosley. 2021. “Firm Participation in Voluntary Regulatory Initiatives: The Accord, Alliance, and US Garment Importers from Bangladesh.” The Review of International Organizations 16 (2): 317–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09376-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alesina, A. F., E. L. Glaeser, and B. Sacerdote. 2006. “Work and Leisure in the United States and Europe: Why So Different?” In Vol 20 of NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2005, edited by M. Gertler and K. Rogoff, 1–64. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/ma.20.3585411
   Google Scholar
• Aronow, P. M., and C. Samii. 2016. “Does Regression Produce Representative Estimates of Causal Effects?” American Journal of Political Science 60 (1): 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, C. M., D. L. Cingranelli, and K. C. Clay. 2022. “Labor Rights in Comparative Perspective: The WorkR Dataset.” International Interactions 48 (2): 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2022.2040495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley, T., and C. Child. 2014. “Shaming the Corporation: The Social Production of Targets and the Anti-Sweatshop Movement.” American Sociological Review 79 (4): 653–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414540653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battiati, C., C. Jona-Lasinio, E. Marvasi, and S. Sopranzetti. 2021. “Market Power and Productivity Trends in the European Economies: A Macroeconomic Perspective.” Working Paper 1/2021. Rome: Luiss, School of European Political Economy. https://leap.luiss.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/WP1.21-Market-power-and-productivity-trends-in-the-European-economies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bian, S., and O. Emons. 2017. “Chinese Investments in Germany: Increasing in Line with Chinese Industrial Policy.” In Chinese Investment in Europe: Corporate Strategies and Labour Relations, edited by J. Drahokoupil, 157–177. Brussels: ETUI.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, N., and J. Van Reenen. 2010. “Why Do Management Practices Differ across Firms and Countries?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 (1): 203–224. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.1.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluhm, K. 2001. “Exporting or Abandoning the ‘German Model’?: Labor Politics of German Manufacturing Firms in Central Europe.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 7 (2): 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968010172004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BusinessEurope. 2015. “A Trade Policy for the 21st Century.” Position Paper (July). Brussels: BusinessEurope. https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/imported/2015-00591-E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cao, X., B. Greenhill, and A. Prakash. 2013. “Where is the Tipping Point? Bilateral Trade and the Diffusion of Human Rights.” British Journal of Political Science 43 (1): 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341200018X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkel, J. T. 2005. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization 59 (04): 801–826. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopoulou, R., and P. Vermeulen. 2008. “Markups in the Euro Area and the US over the Period 1981-2004: A Comparison of 50 Sectors.” Working Paper Series No 856 (January). Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp856.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cliffe, J. 2019. “Britons don’t Grasp the EU’s Essential Motivation – A Quest for the Quiet Life.” The Guardian, January 27, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/27/britonsdo-not-grasp-the-eu-essential-motivation-a-quest-for-the-quiet-life
   Google Scholar
• CNQ-CUT (Confederação Nacional do Ramo Químico da CUT) and FES (Fundação Friedrich Ebert). 2011. “Redes de Trabalhadores/as do Ramo Químico da CUT: Solidariedade e Igualdade de Oportunidades.” (English: Networks of Workers in the Chemical Branch of CUT: Solidarity and Equal Opportunities) October. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/brasilien/08588.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Coutinho, L., C. Hiratuka, and R. Sabatini. 2008. “O Investimento Direto No Exterior Como Alavanca Dinamizadora da Economia Brasileira.” (English: Direct Investment Abroad as a Dynamizing Lever for the Brazilian Economy) In Brasil Globalizado, edited by O. Barros and F. Giambiagi, 63–88. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, L., K. E. Meyer, and H. W. Hu. 2014. “What Drives Firms’ Intent to Seek Strategic Assets by Foreign Direct Investment? A Study of Emerging Economy Firms.” Journal of World Business 49 (4): 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2013.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa, H. 2016. “Redes Sindicales de Trabajadores: Desafios Globales y Locales.” (English: Workers Union Networks: Global and Local Challenges) Nueva Sociedad 264: 111–124. https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/7._TC_DaCosta_264.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Demirbag, M., E. Tatoglu, and K. W. Glaister. 2009. “Equity-Based Entry Modes of Emerging Country Multinationals: Lessons from Turkey.” Journal of World Business 44 (4): 445–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2008.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, P., and M. Yang. 2015. “Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions by Emerging Market Firms: A Comparative Investigation.” International Business Review 24 (1): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distelhorst, G., and R. M. Locke. 2018. “Does Compliance Pay? Social Standards and Firm-Level Trade.” American Journal of Political Science 62 (3): 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donno, D., and M. Neureiter. 2018. “Can Human Rights Conditionality Reduce Repression? Examining the European Union’s Economic Agreements.” The Review of International Organizations 13 (3): 335–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-017-9283-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden, L., and S. R. Miller. 2004. “Distance Matters: Liability of Foreignness, Institutional Distance and Ownership Strategy.” In Theories of the Multinational Enterprise: Diversity, Complexity and Relevance, edited by M. A. Hitt, 187–221. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. 2018. “How Many Hours Do Europeans Work per Week?” (January 25). Accessed September 16, 2022. European Commission, Statistical Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20180125-1?inheritRedirect=true
   Google Scholar
• Fiaschi, D., E. Giuliani, and F. Nieri. 2017. “Overcoming the Liability of Origin by Doing No-Harm: Emerging Country Firms’ Social Irresponsibility as They Go Global.” Journal of World Business 52 (4): 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIESP (Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo). 2015a. “Simpósio internacional na FIESP discute sustentabilidade.” Agência FIESP de Notícias. (English: International symposium at FIESP discusses sustainability) Accessed October 21, 2022. https://www.fiesp.com.br/noticias/simposio-internacional-na-fiesp-discute-sustentabilidade/
   Google Scholar
• FIESP (Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo). 2015b. “‘Sustentabilidade não pode ser um projeto, e, sim, um processo’, diz na FIESP Presidente da Eurocamaras.” (English: ‘Sustainability cannot be a project, but it is a process’, says at FIESP President of Eurocamaras) Agência FIESP de Notícias. Accessed October 21, 2022. https://www.fiesp.com.br/noticias/sustentabilidade-nao-pode-ser-um-projeto-e-sim-um-processo-diz-na-fiesp-presidente-da-eurocamaras/
   Google Scholar
• Fransen, L., and B. Burgoon. 2012. “A Market for Worker Rights: Explaining Business Support for International Private Labour Regulation.” Review of International Political Economy 19 (2): 236–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2011.552788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani, E., S. Gorgoni, C. Günther, and R. Rabellotti. 2014. “Emerging versus Advanced Country MNEs Investing in Europe: A Typology of Subsidiary Global-Local Connections.” International Business Review 23 (4): 680–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görg, H., A. Hanley, S. Hoffmann, and A. Seric. 2017. “When Do Multinational Companies Consider Corporate Social Responsibility? A Multi-Country Study in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Business and Society Review 122 (2): 191–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12115
   Google Scholar
• Greenhill, B., L. Mosley, and A. Prakash. 2009. “Trade-Based Diffusion of Labor Rights: A Panel Study, 1986–2002.” American Political Science Review 103 (4): 669–690. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, J., and M. J. Hiscox. 2015. “The Socially Conscious Consumer? Field Experimental Tests of Consumer Support for Fair Labor Standards.” Working Paper. MIT Political Science Department Research Paper No. 2012-15. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2062435 https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hiscox/files/socially_conscious_consumer.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P., and D. Soskice, eds. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmeister, O. 2020. “Development Status as a Measure of Development.” Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36 (4): 1095–1128. https://doi.org/10.3233/SJI-200680
   Google Scholar
• Huber, E., and J. D. Stephens. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huberman, M., and C. Minn. 2007. “The Times They Are Not Changin’: Days and Hours of Work in Old and New Worlds, 1870–2000.” Explorations in Economic History 44 (4): 538–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2007.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, P. J. 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. 2012. “Ex Ante Due Diligence: Formation of PTAs and Protection of Labor Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (4): 704–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00758.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D., and D. Rueda. 2008. “Cheap Labor: The New Politics of ‘Bread and Roses’ in Industrial Democracies.” Perspectives on Politics 6 (2): 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592708080614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittel, B. 2002. “EMU, EU Enlargement, and the European Social Model: Trends, Challenges, and Questions.” MPIfG Working Paper 02/1 (February). Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies. https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1234679/component/file_3315642/content
   Google Scholar
• Kucera, D., and D. Sari. 2019. “New Labour Rights Indicators: Method and Trends for 2000-2015.” International Labour Review 158 (3): 419–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Y., A. Giroud, and A. Rygh. 2021. “Emerging Multinationals’ Strategic Asset-Seeking M&As: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Emerging Markets 16 (7): 1348–1372. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2019-1059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou, R.-S., M. C.-h. Chao, and A. Ellstrand. 2017. “Unpacking Institutional Distance: Addressing Human Capital Development and Emerging‐Market Firms’ Ownership Strategy in an Advanced Economy.” Thunderbird International Business Review 59 (3): 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21839
   Google Scholar
• Liu, M., A. Marshall, and P. McColgan. 2021. “Foreign Direct Investments: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility.” Journal of Multinational Financial Management 59 (March): 100663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2020.100663
   Google Scholar
• Locke, R. 2013. The Promise and Limits of Private Power: Promoting Labor Standards in a Global Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madhok, A., and M. Keyhani. 2012. “Acquisitions as Entrepreneurship: Asymmetries, Opportunities, and the Internationalization of Multinationals from Emerging Economies.” Global Strategy Journal 2 (1): 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malesky, E. J., and L. Mosley. 2018. “Chains of Love? Global Production and the Firm-Level Diffusion of Labor Standards.” American Journal of Political Science 62 (3): 712–728. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malesky, E. J., and L. Mosley. 2021. “Labor Upgrading and Export Market Opportunities: Evidence from Vietnam.” Economics & Politics 33 (3): 483–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manners, I. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (2): 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, P., and K. Sisson. 2004. European Integration and Industrial Relations: Multi-Level Governance in the Making. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, A., J. Soares, and W. Van Acker. 2015. “The Protection of International Labour Rights: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Protection of the Rights of Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining over 30 Years in 73 Countries.” In Global Governance of Labour Rights, edited by A. Marx, J. Wouters, G. Rayp, and L. Beke, 13–41. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mellahi, K., J. G. Frynas, and D. G. Collings. 2016. “Performance Management Practices within Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises: The Case of Brazilian Multinationals.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27 (8): 876–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1042900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mello e Silva, L., R. Framil Filho, and R. Freston. 2015. “Redes Sindicais em Empresas Transnacionais.” (English: Union Networks in Multinational Enterprises) Análise N° 5/2015. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Brasil. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/brasilien/12011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, K., and M. Peng. 2016. “Theoretical Foundations of Emerging Economy Business Research.” Journal of International Business Studies 47 (1): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosley, L. 2011. Labor Rights and Multinational Production. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mosley, L. 2022. “Prospects for Labor-Related Upgrading in Global Supply Chains.” In Handbook on Globalization and Labour Standards, edited by K. A. Elliott, 142–164. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Oka, C. 2012. “Does Better Labour Standard Compliance Pay? Linking Labour Standard Compliance and Supplier Competitiveness.” Better Work Discussion Paper No. 5. Geneva: ILO. https://betterwork.org/wp-content/uploads/Discussion-Paper-Series-No-5-Does-Better-Labour-Standard-Compliance-Pay.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. B. 2018. “Multinationals and Sustainable Development: Does Internationalization Develop Corporate Sustainability of Emerging Market Multinationals?” Business Strategy and the Environment 27 (8): 1514–1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, R., and E. Neumayer. 2012. “Does the ‘California Effect’ Operate across Borders? Trading- and Investing-Up in Automobile Emission Standards.” Journal of European Public Policy 19 (2): 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.609725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postnikov, E., and I. Bastiaens. 2014. “Does Dialogue Work? The Effectiveness of Labor Standards in EU Preferential Trade Agreements.” Journal of European Public Policy 21 (6): 923–940. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.910869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen, L. S., and G. C. Hufbauer. 2013. “Foreign Direct Investment in Times of Crisis.” Transnational Corporations 20 (1): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.18356/138883a0-en
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., and M. Potoski. 2006. “Racing to the Bottom? Trade, Environmental Governance, and ISO 14001.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00188.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., and M. Potoski. 2007. “Investing Up: FDI and the Cross-Country Diffusion of ISO 14001 Management Systems.” International Studies Quarterly 51 (3): 723–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00471.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulignano, V. 2006. “The Diffusion of Employment Practices of US-Based Multinationals in Europe: A Case Study Comparison of British- and Italian-Based Subsidiaries.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 44 (3): 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00510.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raess, D. 2022. “Evidence on the Impact of Labor Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements.” In Handbook on Globalization and Labour Standards, edited by K. A. Elliott, 227–243. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Raess, D. 2023. “Disentangling Public Opposition to Chinese FDI: Trade Unions, Patient Capital and Members’ Preferences over FDI Inflows.” European Journal of International Relations. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540661231186382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raess, D., and B. Burgoon. 2006. “The Dogs That Sometimes Bark: Globalization and Works Council Bargaining in Germany.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 12 (3): 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680106068914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raess, D., and D. Sari. 2018. “Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements (LABPTA): Introducing a New Dataset.” Global Policy 9 (4): 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramamurti, R., and J. V. Singh. 2009. Emerging Multinationals in Emerging Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rao-Nicholson, R., and L. Svystunova. 2020. “Assessing the Role of Host Country Human Rights Protection on Multinational Enterprises’ Choice of Investment Strategy.” Management International Review 60 (2): 177–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-020-00413-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocabert, J. 2021. “Membership to International Organizations 1945-2013” (dataset). Harvard Dataverse, V1 (2021-10-23). Accessed October 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MUUZKF
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, J., and W. Streeck. 1995. Works Councils: Consultation, Representation, and Cooperation in Industrial Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rugman, A. M. 2009. “Theoretical Aspects of MNEs from Emerging Economies.” In Emerging Multinationals in Emerging Markets, edited by R. Ramamurti and J. Singh, 42–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M. 2003. “Deregulation of the German Industrial Relations System via Foreign Direct Investment: Are the Subsidiaries of Anglo-Saxon MNCs a Threat for the Institutions of Industrial Democracy in Germany?” Economic and Industrial Democracy 24 (3): 349–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X030243003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofer, E., J. C. Lerch, and J. W. Meyer. 2022. “Illiberal Reactions to Higher Education.” Minerva 60 (4): 509–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-022-09472-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selwyn, B. 2013. “Social Upgrading and Labour in Global Production Networks: A Critique and an Alternative Conception.” Competition & Change 17 (1): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1179/1024529412Z.00000000026
   Google Scholar
• Sheng, T., B. Fang, X. Lu, X. Shi, C. Shen, and X. Zhou. 2022. “The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Global Investment, and Equity Incentives.” Sustainability 14 (23): 16208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomp, H. 1995. “National Variations in Worker Participation.” In International Human Resource Management, edited by A.-W. Harzing and J. van Ruysseveldt, 291–317. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Thelen, K. 1991. Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, M., F. Weyzig, and R. Murphy. 2006. The Netherlands: A Tax Haven? Amsterdam: SOMO.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D. 1995. Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, P., and D. Raess. 2023. “South to North Investment Linkages and Decent Work in Brazil.” LABOUR 37 (1): 122–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. 2023. “Race to the Bottom? Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Collective Labor Rights.” International Interactions 49 (6): 962–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2023.2260934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, K., and J. Eastin. 2012. “Do Developing Countries Invest Up? The Environmental Effects of Foreign Direct Investment from Less-Developed Countries.” World Development 40 (11): 2221–2233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar