‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices

References

• Andritsky, W. 1989. “Sociopsychotherapeutic Functions of Ayahuasca Healing in Amazonia.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 77–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J.M. 1992. Shamanisms Today. Annual Review of Anthropology 21, 307–330.
   Google Scholar
• Apud, I., and O. Romaní. 2017. “Medicine, Religion and Ayahuasca in Catalonia: Considering Ayahuasca Networks from a Medical Anthropology Perspective.” International Journal of Drug Policy 39: 28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer, S. 2009. Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer, S. 2013. “Ayahuasca, the Scientific Paradigm, and Shamanic Healing.” Conference talk delivered at Psychedelic Sciences in Oakland, California. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NYYx3JE9TE.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla, O. 2016. “Parasitism and Subjection: Modes of Paumari Predation.” In Ownership and Nuture: Studies in Native Amazonian Property Relations, edited by Marc Brightman, Carlos Fausto, and Vanessa Grotti, 110–132. Berghan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brabec de Mori, B. 2021. “The Power of Social Attribution: Perspectives on the Healing Efficacy of Ayahuasca.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 748131. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, G., and C. Grob. 1989. “Shamans, Sacraments, and Psychiatrists.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacruna. 2018. “Ayahuasca Community Guide for the Awareness of Sexual Abuse.” https://chacruna.net/community/ayahuasca-community-guide-for-the-awareness-of-sexual-abuse/.
   Google Scholar
• Chauca, E. 2016. “Mental Illness in Peruvian Narratives of Violence After the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Latin American Research Review 51 (2): 67–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, I. 2017. “Re-Turning to Wholeness: The Psycho-Spiritual Integration Process of Ayahuasca Ceremonies in Western Participants from a Jungian Perspective.” Doctoral diss., California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Degan, R., director. 2016. The Last Shaman [Motion Picture]. Abramorama.
   Google Scholar
• deRios, Marlene Dobkin 1994. “Drug Tourism in the Amazon.” Anthropology of Consciousness 5 (1): 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Diament, M., B. R. Gomes, and L. F. Tófoli. 2021. “Ayahuasca and Psychotherapy: Beyond Integration.” In Ayahuasca, Science, and Healing, edited by B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 63–79. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dobkin de Rios, M. 1972. Visionary Vine: Psychedelic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon. San Francisco, CA: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dobkin de Rios, M. 2002. What can we learn from shamanic healing: brief psychotherapy with Latino immigrant clients. Views on Complementary and Alternative Medicine 92 (10), 1576–1578.
   Google Scholar
• dos Santos, Rafael G., Flávia L. Osório, José Alexandre S. Crippa, Jordi Riba, Antônio W. Zuardi, and Jaime E. C Hallak. 2016. “Antidepressive, Anxiolytic, and Antiaddictive Effects of Ayahuasca, Psilocybin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Published in the Last 25 Years.” Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 6 (3): 193–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, W. 2018. Transforming Therapy: Mental Health and Cultural Change in Mexico. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuis, D. 2018. “Prácticas en búsqueda de legitimidad: el uso contemporáneo de la ayahuasca, entre reivindicaciones terapéuticas y religiosas.” Salud Colectiva 14 (2): 341–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• González, D., J. Cantillo, I. Pérez, M. Farré, A. Fielding, J. E. Obiols, and J. C. Bouso. 2020. “Therapeutic Potential of Ayahuasca in Grief: A Prospective, Observational Study.” Psychopharmacology 237: 1171–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, D., M. Carvalho, J. Cantillo, M. Aixalá, and M. Farré. 2017. “Potential Use of Ayahuasca in Grief Therapy.” OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying. doi:10.1177/0030222817710879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graeber, D. 2001. Towards and anthropological theory of value. New York: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, S. 1998. The Shaman's Needle: Development, Shamanic Agency, and Intermedicality in Aguaruna Lands, Peru. American Ethnologist 25 (4): 634–658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R., and L. Gurel. 2012. “A Study of Ayahuasca Use in North America.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 44: 209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harner, M.J. 1978. “The Sound of Rushing Water.” In Health and the Human Condition, edited by Michael H. Logan and Edward E. Hunt, 188–194.
   Google Scholar
• Helene, Z. 2016. “Sex+setting: Friends Don’t Let Friends Sleep with Shamans.” https://layoga.com/life-style/sex-love/sex-setting-friends-dont-let-friends-sleep-with-shamans/.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. 2016. “Peru’s Ayahuasca Industry Booms as Westerners Search for Alternative Healing.” https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/07/peru-ayahuasca-drink-boom-amazon-spirituality-healing.
   Google Scholar
• Joralemon D. 2017. Exploring Medical Anthropology. 4th ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kamppinen, M. 1989. Cognitive Systems and Cultural Models of Illness: A Study of two Mestizo Peasant Communities of the Peruvian Amazon. FF Communications Vol. 105. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica,
   Google Scholar
• Labate, B. C. 2014. “The Internationalization of Peruvian Vegetalismo.” In Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond, edited by B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 182–205. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lafrance, A., A. Loizaga-Velder, J. Fletcher, M. Renelli, N. Files, and K. W. Tupper. 2017. “Nourishing the Spirit: Exploratory Research on Ayahuasca Experiences Along the Continuum of Recovery from Eating Disorders.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 49 (5): 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambek, M. 2010. Ordinary Ethics: anthropology, language, and action. New York: Fordham University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Langlitz, N. 2012. Neuropsychedelia: The Revival of Hallucinogen Research Since the Decade of the Brain. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. 2008. “Ayahuasca and Spiritual Crisis: Liminality as Space for Personal Growth.” Anthropology of Consciousness 19 (2): 109–133.
   Google Scholar
• Loizaga-Velder, A., and R. Verres. 2014. “Therapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use in the Treatment of Substance Dependence—Qualitative Results.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46 (1): 63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Pavillard, L. 2018. “Saberes y contextos de uso de la ayahuasca: ¿Se pueden integrar las perspectivas chamánica y psicoterapéutica?” Pesented in ICEERS y la Sub-direcció General de Drogodependències de la Agència de Salut Pública, Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya. https://www.academia.edu/37740247/Saberes_y_contextos_de_uso_de_la_ayahuasca_Se_pueden_integrar_las_perspectivas_cham%C3%A1nica_y_psicoterap%C3%A9utica.
   Google Scholar
• Losonczy, A., and S. Mesturini Cappo. 2014. “Ritualized Misunderstanding Between Uncertainty, Agreement, and Rupture: Communication Patterns in Euro-American Ayahuasca Ritual Interactions.” In Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond, edited by B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 105–129. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luna, L. E. 1986. Vegetalismo: Shamanism Among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
   Google Scholar
• Mabit, J. 2007. “Ayahuasca in the Treatment of Addictions.” In Psychedelic Medicine, edited by T. B. Roberts and M. J. Winkelman, Vol. 2, 87–105. Praeger Perspectives.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, O., and E. Fotiou. 2019. “Convergent Therapies in Peru’s Amazon: Enriching Mental Wellness Through Ayahuasca and Psychotherapy.” In Gender, Health, and Society in Contemporary Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by L. Lerman and R. Shepard, 117–133. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez González, R. 2009. “El chamanismo y la corporalización del chamán: argumentos para la deconstrucción de una falsa categoría antropológica.” Cuicuilco 16: 197–220.
   Google Scholar
• Marzal, M. M. 1993. “Andean Religion at the Time of the Conquest.” In South and Meso-American Native Spirituality, edited by G. H. Gossen and M. L. Portilla, 86–115. New York: Crossroads Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mauss, M. 1954. The Gift: forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, S. 2017. “The Secrets of the Ancient Amazonian Brew That Can ‘Cure Depression and Alcoholism’: Scientists Reveal How Shamanic, Psychedelic Potion Works.” https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5065233/Psychedelic-brew-ayahuasca-improves-wellbeing.html.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, K. 2021. “What Ayahuasca Integration Is – And Isn’t.” https://psychedelic.support/resources/what-ayahuasca-integration-is-and-isnt/.
   Google Scholar
• Nielson, J.L & Megler, J. 2012. Consideration of Ayahuasca for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. MAPS Bulletin Annual Report, 29–31. Available at: http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v22n3/v22n3_29-31.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Peluso, D. 2014. “Ayahuasca’s Attractions and Distractions: Examining Sexual Seduction in Shaman-Participant Interactions.” In Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond, edited by B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 231–255. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pollan, M. 2018. How to Change Your Mind. New York: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quevedo, D. J. 2009. “Psychospiritual Integration of an Ayahuasca Retreat Experience.” Doctoral diss., Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, Palo Alto, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Rodd, R. 2018. Piaroa shamanic ethics and ethos: living by the law and the good life of tranquility. International Journal of Latin American Religions. 2(2), 315–333.
   Google Scholar
• Ruffell, S., Netzband, N., Tsang, W., Davies, M., Butler, M., Rucker, J., Tófoli, L. F., Dempster, E. L., Young, A. H., & Morgan, C. 2021. Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian Retreats-Mental Health and Epigenetic Outcomes From a Six-Month Naturalistic Study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 687615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanches, R. F., F. L. Osório, R. G. Santos, Flávia de Lima Osório, Rafael G. dos Santos, Ligia R.H. Macedo, João Paulo Maia-de-Oliveira, et al. 2016. “Antidepressant Effects of a Single Dose of Ayahuasca in Patients with Recurrent Depression: A SPECT Study.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36 (1): 77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Biset, J., and S. Cañigueral. 2011. “Plant use in the Medicinal Practices Known as ‘Strict Diets’ in Chazuta Valley (Peruvian Amazon).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 271–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenberg, E. E. 2018. “Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.” Frontiers in Pharmacology 9: 733. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. M. 1997. Jung and Shamanism in Dialogue: retreiving the soul/retreiving the sacred. New York: Trafford Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Suárez Álvarez, Carlos. 2017. “El paciente siempre tiene la razón.” Paper presented at the V Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Antropología – XVI Congreso de Antropología en Bogotá, Colombia, 6–9 de junio de 2017. https://neip.info/novo/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sua%CC%81rez_Curanderismo_Amazonico_Occidente_ALA_2017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, A. 2018. “Trauma-Informed Ayahuasca Integration: Why We Need to Create a Culture of Impeccability.” https://www.ayahealingretreats.com/integrating-ayahuasca/.
   Google Scholar
• Theidon, K. 2012. Intimate Enemies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, G., P. Lucas, N. Capler, K. Tupper, and G. Martin. 2013. “Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada.” Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1): 30–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tupper, K. W. 2008. “The Globalization of Ayahuasca: Harm Reduction or Benefit Maximization?” International Journal of Drug Policy 19: 297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tupper, K. W. 2009. “Ayahuasca Healing Beyond the Amazon: The Globalization of a Traditional Indigenous Entheogenic Practice.” Global Networks 9 (1): 117–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tupper, K. W., and B. C. Labate. 2014. “Ayahuasca, Psychedelic Studies and Health Sciences: The Politics of Knowledge and Inquiry into an Amazonian Plant Brew.” Current Drug Abuse Reviews 7 (2): 71–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viveiros de Castro, E. 2007. The crystal forest: notes on the ontology of Amazonian spirits. Inner Asia 9, 153–172.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, Z., and M. S. Thiessen. 2018. “Psychedelics and the New Behaviourism: Considering the Integration of Third-Wave Behaviour Therapies with Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.” International Review of Psychiatry 30 (4): 343–349. DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1474088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. 2005. “Drug Tourism or Spiritual Healing? Ayahuasca Seekers in Amazonia.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37 (2): 209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar