‘It’s a disaster, nobody is coming’: International travel bans’ effect on Cape Town's informal traders

References

• Andrag, B, 2011. Transport and trade: A critical analysis of the informal sector at the Cape Town Station. Unpublished Master’s dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Ashely, C, De Brine, P, Lehr, A & Wilde, H, 2007. The role of the tourism sector in expanding economic opportunity. Economic Opportunity Series, Harvard University. Available at http://www.harvard.edu. Date of access: 23 November 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin-Edwards, M, 1998. Where free markets reign: Aliens in the Twilight Zone. South European Society and Politics 3(3), 1–15. doi:10.1080/13608740308539545
   Google Scholar
• Blaauw, PF, 2017. Informal employment in South Africa: Still missing pieces in the vulnerability puzzle. Southern African Business Review 21(1), 339–61.
   Google Scholar
• Blaauw, D, Yu, D & Schenck, R, 2021. COVID-19 and day labourers in the South African economy: The impact on their lives and livelihoods. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 61(4), 1219–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke, J & Chiesa, T, 2013.. Travel and tourism competitiveness report 2013, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Bryman, A & Bell, E, 2014. Research methodology: business and management contexts. Oxford University Press Southern Africa, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, D, Drinkwater, M, Rusinow, T, Neefjes, K, Wanmali, S & Singh, N, 2000. Livelihoods approached compared. In: Forum on operationalizing sustainable livelihoods approaches. Proceedings. Annex 4. Pontignano (Siena). 7–11 March, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, R & Conway, G, 1992. Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the twenty-first century. Brighton (UK): Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Charman, A, Bacq, S & Brown, K, 2019. Spatial determinants of formal retailers’ impact on informal microenterprises in the township context: A case study of Philippi East, Cape Town. Food Security SA Research Report Series. Research Report 002. Cape Town: DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, MA, 2007. Rethinking the informal economy: Linkages with the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment. Working Paper No. 46, United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp46_2007.pdf Date of access: 23 October 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, F, Xu, H & Lew, AA, 2020. Livelihood resilience in tourism communities: The role of human agency. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28(4), 606–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie, I, Fernandes, E, Messerli, H & Twining-Ward, L, 2013. Tourism in Africa: Harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf Date of access: 25 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• City of Cape Town, 2020. Economic performance indicators for Cape Town – 2020 Quarter 1 (January-March). https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/CCT_Quarter_1_2020_EPIC_Report.pdf Date of access: 11 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, JW, 2014. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Cumming, GS, Barnes, G, Perz, S, Schmink, M, Sieving, KE, Southworth, J, Binford, M, Holt, RD, Stickler, C & Van Holt, T, 2005. An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems 8(8), 975–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stagé, R, Holloway, A, Mullins, D, Nchabaleng, L & Ward, P, 2002. Learning about livelihoods. Insights from Southern Africa. Oxfam Publishing, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• De Villiers, V, 2021. Investigating the socio-economic profile of informal street traders in Cape Town’s central business district: A post-COVID-19 perspective. North-West University (Master’s dissertation), Potchefstroom.
   Google Scholar
• DoEAT (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism), 1996. White Paper: The development and promotion of tourism in South Africa. https://www.tourism.gov.za/AboutNDT/Publications/Tourism%20White%20Paper.pdf. Date of access: 24 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• DfID (Department for International Development), 1999. Sustainably livelihood guidance sheet. https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/872/section2.pdf. Date of access: 14 July 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Du Plessis, E, Saayman, M & Van der Merwe, A, 2017. Explore changes in the aspects fundamental to the competitiveness of South Africa as a preferred tourist destination. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 20(1), 1–11. doi:10.4102/sajems.v20i1.1519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Plooy-Cilliers, F, Bezuidenhout, R & Davis, C, 2014. Research matters. Juta, Claremont.
   Google Scholar
• Dul, J & Hak, T, 2008. Case study methodology in business research. Elsevier, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, BH & Twining-Ward, L, 2004. Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 31(2), 274–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourie, FCVN, 2018a. Enabling the forgotten sector: Informal-sector realities, policy approaches and formalisation in South Africa. In FCVN Fourie (Ed.), The South African informal sector: Creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press, Cape Town, pp. 439–76.
   Google Scholar
• Fourie, FCVN, 2018b. The South African informal sector: Creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Gallopín, GC, 2006. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change 16(3), 293–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLOPP (Globalisation and Livelihood Options of People living in Poverty), 2008. DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and its Framework. http://www.glopp.ch/B7/en/multimedia/B7_1_pdf2.pdf Date of access: 26 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Gössling, S, Scott, D & Hall, CM, 2020. Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G, MacQueen, KM & Namey, EE, 2012. Applied thematic analysis. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, JC & Smith, RA, 2009. The informal tourism economy at beach resorts: A comparison of Cha-Am and Laguna Phuket in Thailand. Tourism Recreation Research 34(1), 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, A, 2020. Covid-19: Lockdown hits informal traders. https://www.groundup.org.za/article/covid-19-informal-traders-close-shop/ Date of access: 19 April 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Holling, CS, 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• ILO (International Labour Organization), 2013a. In Measuring informality: A statistical manual on the informal sector and informal employment. ILO, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• ILO (International Labour Organization), 2013b. Poverty reduction through tourism in Africa https://www.ilo.org/africa/whats-new/WCMS_222138/lang–en/index.htm Date of access: 25 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon, GG & Knight, J, 2004. Unemployment in South Africa: The nature of the beast. World Development 32(3), 391–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledingoane, CM & Viljoen, JMM, 2020. Employment growth constraints of informal enterprises in Diepsloot, Johannesburg. Acta Commercii 20(1), art.#827. doi:10.4102/ac.v20i1.827
   Google Scholar
• Ligthelm, AA, 2006. Size estimate of the informal sector in South Africa. Southern African Business Review 10(2), 32–52.
   Google Scholar
• Ligthelm, AA, 2013. Confusion about entrepreneurship? Formal versus informal small businesses. Southern African Business Review 17(3), 57–75.
   Google Scholar
• Makaluza, N & Burger, R, 2018. Job-seeker entry into the two-tiered informal sector in South Africa. In FCVN Fourie (Ed.), The South African informal sector: Creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press, Cape Town, pp.178–200.
   Google Scholar
• Mariolis, T, Soklis, G & Rodousakis, N, 2021. The COVID-19 multiplier effects of tourism on the Greek economy. Tourism Economics 27(8), 1848–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, NA, 2010. Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change 20(1), 36–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megersa, K, 2020. The informal sector and COVID-19. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15725. Date of access: 14 July 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Meikle, S, Ramasut, T & Walker, J, 2001. Sustainable urban livelihoods: Concepts and implications for policy. Working Paper No. 112, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Mkhize, S, Dube, G & Skinner, C, 2013. Informal economy monitoring study: Street vendors in durban, South Africa. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO), Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, R, 2020. The resilience of informal workers to COVID-19 and to the difficulties of trade. Sociology International Journal 4(4), 92–5.
   Google Scholar
• Nackerdien, F & Yu, D, 2019. A panel data analysis of the formal-informal sector labour market linkages in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 36(3), 329–50. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2018.1487830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkrumah-Abebrese, B & Schachtebeck, C, 2017. Street trading in South Africa: A case of the Tshwane central business district. Acta Universitatis Danubius 13(3), 128–38.
   Google Scholar
• Okech, R, 2010. Tourism development in Africa: Focus on poverty alleviation. The Journal of Tourism and Peace Research 1(1), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, LM, James, AK, Charman, AJE, Mackay, B, Court, P & Muteti, A, 2016. A supply chain and ethnographic assessment of informal micro-manufacturing: A case study of Cape Town informal metalwork enterprises. https://www.redi3(3.org/sites/default/files/Petersen%20et%20al%202016%20REDI3(3%20Working%20Paper%2019%20Adding%20value%20to%20informal%20metalwork%20FINAL.docx_.pdf Date of access: 11 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Plzáková, L & Smeral, E, 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on European tourism. Tourism Economics 28(1), 91–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robeyns, I, 2017. Wellbeing, freedom and social justice. The capability approach Re-examined. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647obp.0130.
   Google Scholar
• Rogan, M & Skinner, C, 2017. The nature of the South African informal sector as reflected in the Quarterly Labour-Force Survey, 2008–2014. https://www.redi3(3.org/sites/default/files/Rogan%20%26%20Skinner%202017%20REDI3(3%20Working%20Paper%2028%20Informal%20sector%20in%20SA%20-%20QLFS%20analysis.pdf Date of access: 23 October 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Rogan, M & Skinner, C, 2018. The size and structure of the South African informal sector 2008–2014: A labour-force analysis. In FCVN Fourie (Ed.), The South African informal sector: Creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press, Cape Town, pp. 77–102.
   Google Scholar
• Rogan, M & Skinner, C, 2020. The COVID-19 crisis and the South African informal economy: ‘Locked out’ of livelihoods and employment. NIDS-CRAM Wave 1. Cape Town: SALDRU, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Rogerson, CM & Rogerson, JM, 2022. The impacts of COVID-19 on urban tourism destinations: The South African experience. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 11(1), 1–13. doi:10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.207
   Google Scholar
• Saayman, A, Li, S, Scholtz, M & Fourie, A, 2020. Altruism, price judgement by tourists and livelihoods of informal crafts traders. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28(12), 1988–2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, A, 2005. Human rights and capabilities. Journal of Human Development 6(2), 151–66.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A, 2009. The idea of Justice. University of Harvard Press, Harvard, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, C & Watson, V, 2020. Planning and informal food traders under COVID-19: The South African case. Town Planning Review, doi:10.3828/tpr.2020.38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South African Tourism, 2022. South African tourism Annual Report 2021/2022. https://static.pmg.org.za/SAT_AR_2022_DRAFT_22_2.pdf Date of access: 24 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Statista, 2023. Number of people employed in the informal sector in South Africa from 2010 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1296024/number-of-informal-sector-employees-in-south-africa/ Date of access: 25 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Stats SA (statistics South Africa), 2014. Gross domestic product, Third quarter 2014. (Statistical release P0441). Government Printers, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Stats SA (statistics South Africa), 2019. Survey of employers and the self-employed 2017. (Statistical release P0276). Government Printers, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Stats SA (statistics South Africa), 2020. Quarterly labour force survey quarter 3:2020. (Statistical release P0211). Government Printers, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation, 2018. Value chains and the informal economy. http://livelihoods.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Value-Chain-infographic.pdf Date of access: 5 April 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Tawodzera, G, 2019. The nature and operations of informal food vendors in Cape Town. Urban Forum 30(3), 443–59. doi:10.1007/s12132-019-09370-8
   Google Scholar
• Tawodzera, G & Crush, J, 2019. Inclusive growth and the informal food sector in Cape Town, South Africa. Hungry Cities Report No. 16. Cape Town: Hungry Cities Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Teltscher, S, 1994. Small trade and the world economy: Informal vendors in Quito, Ecuador. Economic Geography 70(2), 167–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulare, MH & Moyo, I, 2021. COVID-19 and street traders in the City of uMhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: On responses and adaptation mechanisms. Cogent Social Sciences 7(1), 2006392. doi:10.1080/23311886.2021.2006392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tifflin, W, 2004. The effects of malaria on tourism. Occasional Paper no. 21. Available at http://www.kzn.org.za. Date of access: 2 January 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, TJ & Johnston, RJ, 2008. Tourism sustainability, resiliency and dynamics: Towards a more comprehensive perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research 8(1), 14–24.
   Google Scholar
• UNTWO, 2021. African news, volume 20. Doi:https://www.unwto.org/africa/africa-news-volume-20-nov-2021 Date of access: 5 April 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Washinyira, T, 2019. Hard work and little pay: Pushing heavily-laden trolleys while dodging traffic. GroundUp, 21 Jun. https://www.groundup.org.za/article/trolley-pushers-cape-towns-cbd/ Date of access: 25 October 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, CC, 2015. The informal economy as a path to expanding opportunities. Report prepared for the Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE), South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, CC, 2020. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe’s tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy. International Journal of Tourism Research 23, 79–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, RK, 2009. Case study research: Design and methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D, 2012. Defining and measuring informal employment in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 29(1), 157–75. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2012.645649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar