135
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Southern Africa’s post-COVID-19 tourism industry recovery plans: Reality or rhetoric?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 347-370 | Received 21 Nov 2023, Accepted 08 Jan 2024, Published online: 30 Jan 2024

References

  • Adegboye, OA, Adekunle, AI, Pak, A, Gayawan, E, Leung, DH, Rojas, DP, Elfaki, F, McBryde, ES & Eisen, DP, 2021. Change in outbreak epicentre and its impact on the importation risks of COVID-19 progression: A modelling study. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 40, 101988–94.
  • Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023. COVID-19 Vaccination. https://africacdc.org/covid-19-vaccination/ Accessed 4 September 2023.
  • Akinboade, OA, & Braimoh, LA, 2010. International tourism and economic development in South Africa: A granger causality test. International Journal of Tourism Research 12(2), 149–63. doi:10.1002/jtr.743
  • Alam, A, Malik, OM, Ahmed, M & Gaadar, K, 2015. Empirical analysis of tourism as a tool to increase foreign direct investment in developing country: Evidence from Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p201
  • Allaberganov, A, Preko, A & Mohammed, I, 2021. Government commitment to tourism and hospitality sector during COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory 2(2), 153–69.
  • Arndt, C, Davies, R, Gabriel, S, Harris, L, Makrelov, K, Modise, B, Robinson, S, Simbanegavi, W, Seventer, VD & Anderson, L, 2020. Impact of COVID-19 on the South African economy: An initial analysis. Government of South Africa, Pretoria.
  • Atsa’Am, DD, & Wario, R, 2022. Association rules on the COVID-19 variants of concern to guide choices of tourism destinations. Current Issues in Tourism 1536–40. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.1951182
  • Avraham, E, 2015. Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab spring uprisings. Tourism Management 47, 224–32. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.003
  • Banda, S, Phiri, F, Pansho, M, Mtonga, M & Kaale, J, 2022. Measures used to sustain hospitality and tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic in selected establishments in the Copperbelt Province in Zambia. Jurnal Pariwisata Nusantara (JUWITA) 1(3), 191–203.
  • Bangwayo-Skeete, PF, & Skeete, RW, 2017. Who travels visa-free? Insights into tourist hassle-free travel. Journal of Travel Research 56(3), 407–18. doi:10.1177/0047287516643410
  • Basurto-Cedeño, EM, Gretzel, LZ, Chulmo Koo, U, & Pennington-Gray, L, 2016. Tourism disaster resilience scorecard for destinations (TDRSD): The case of manta, Ecuador. International Journal of Tourism Cities 2(2), 149–63. doi:10.1108/IJTC-01-2016-0002
  • Blake, A, Sinclair, MT, & Soria, JAC, 2006. Tourism productivity. Annals of Tourism Research 33(4), 1099–120. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.001
  • Bock, IA, Costa, R, Rodrigues, C & Macke, J, 2021. Examining the concept of governance in tourism research. Tourism and Hospitality Management 27(3), 629–68.
  • Bowen, GA, 2009. Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal 9(2), 27–40. 10.3316/qrj0902027
  • Brau, R, Lanza, A, & Pigliaru, F, 2007. How fast are small tourism countries growing? Evidence from the data for 1980–2003. Tourism Economics 13(4), 603–13. doi:10.5367/000000007782696104
  • Casal-Ribeiro, M, Boavida-Portugal, I, Peres, R & Seabra, C, 2023. Review of crisis management frameworks in tourism and hospitality: A meta-analysis approach. Sustainability 15(15). doi:10.3390/su151512047
  • Cheteni, P, & Mazenda, A, 2023. Economic impact of government intervention in response to COVID-19 in selected sub-Saharan African countries. Development Southern Africa 406–20. doi:10.1080/0376835x.2022.2046550
  • Chikodzi, D & Dube, K, 2023. COVID-19 tourism impact, recovery and resilience: South African and Zimbabwean experience. In Dube, K, Kupika, OL & Chikodzi, D, (Eds.), COVID-19, tourist destinations and prospects for recovery: A South African and Zimbabwean perspective. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
  • Chuchu, T, 2021. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on destination marketing and image of South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism 12(6 (54)), 1465–71.
  • Chummun, BZ & Mathithibane, M, 2020. Challenges and coping strategies of COVID-2019 in the tourism industry in Mauritius. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 9(5), 810–22. doi:10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-53
  • Club of Mozambique, 2022. Mozambique: Evisa to be available by the end of october. https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-evisa-to-be-available-by-the-end-of-october-225802/#:~:text=Foreign%20nationals%20who%20wish%20to,the%20end%20of%20this%20month Accessed 5 November 2022.
  • Collins-Kreiner, N, & Ram, Y, 2021. National tourism strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research 89. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076
  • Coombs, WT, & Laufer, D, 2018. Global crisis management – current research and future directions. Journal of International Management 24(3), 199–203. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2017.12.003
  • Dedeoğlu, BB, Shi, F, & Okumus, B, 2023. Communication sources, local food consumption, and destination visit intention of travellers. Current Issues in Tourism 1763–78. doi:10.1080/13683500.2022.2069552
  • Department of Tourism, 2020. Department of Tourism - Tourism annual report 2019-20. Republic of South Africa. Department of Tourism. https://www.tourism.gov.za/AboutNDT/Publications/Tourism%20Annual%20Report%202019-20.pdf Accessed 6 May 2022.
  • Donthu, N, & Gustafsson, A, 2020. Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research 117, 284–9. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008
  • Dube, K, 2022. COVID-19 vaccine-induced recovery and the implications of vaccine apartheid on the global tourism industry. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 126, 103140–52.
  • Dube, K & Nhamo, G, 2020. Vulnerability of nature-based tourism to climate variability and change: Case of Kariba resort town, Zimbabwe. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 29, 100281. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2020.100281
  • Dube, K, Nhamo, G & Chikodzi, D, 2021. COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management 92, 102022–102034. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102022
  • Embassy of Zimbabwe, 2022. E-passport announcement. https://www.zimembassyottawa.com/e-passport-announcement#:~:text=The%20e%2Dpassport%20will%20become%20operational%20as%20from%207%20February%202022 Accessed 5 November 2020.
  • Espiner, S, & Becken, S, 2014. Tourist towns on the edge: Conceptualising vulnerability and resilience in a protected area tourism system. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(4), 646–65. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.855222
  • Fairer-Wessels, FA, 2016. Cultural tourism in Southern Africa. Annals of Tourism Research 60, 180–1. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2016.05.004
  • Fan, C, Wu, X & Yuan, Y, 2020. Assessing tourism crisis management strategy based on an agent-based model: Case study of market recovery after overcharging tourists. Tourism Tribune 35(8), 48–60.
  • Farzanegan, MR, Gholipour, HF, Feizi, M, Nunkoo, R, & Andargoli, AE, 2021. International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research 60(3), 687–92. doi:10.1177/0047287520931593
  • Fernández, JAS, Martínez, JMG, & Martín, JMM, 2022. An analysis of the competitiveness of the tourism industry in a context of economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174, 121301. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121301
  • Fornari, FGP & Allis, T, 2022. The role of regionalism for tourism: An analysis of responses to COVID-19 in the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Turismo: Visão e Ação 24(1), 2–24.
  • Fotiadis, A, Polyzos, S & Huan, TTC, 2021. The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research 87, 103117–31. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103117
  • Gounder, A & Cox, C, 2022. Exploring the role of tourism dependency on COVID-19 induced economic shock in the Small Island Developing States. Current Issues in Tourism 25(7), 1151–68. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.1989386
  • Government of Mauritius, 2020. Premium visa. https://passport.govmu.org/passport/?page_id=595 Accessed 9 October 2022.
  • Government of South Africa, 2022. South African e-visa launched in February 2022 for 14 countries. https://evisa-southafrica.com/south-african-e-visa-launch/ Accessed 5 November 2022.
  • Gursoy, D, Can, AS, Williams, N & Ekinci, Y, 2021. Evolving impacts of COVID-19 vaccination intentions on travel intentions. The Service Industries Journal 41(11-12): 719–33. doi:10.1080/02642069.2021.1938555
  • Hale, T, Angrist, N, Goldszmidt, R, Kira, B, Petherick, A, Phillips, T, Webster, S, Cameron-Blake, E, Hallas, L, Majumdar, S, & Tatlow, H, 2021. A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker). Nature Human Behaviour 5(4), 529–38. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
  • Hambira, WL, Stone, LS & Pagiwa, V, 2022. Botswana nature-based tourism and COVID-19: Transformational implications for the future. Development Southern Africa 39(1), 51–67.
  • Haque, TH, & Haque, MO, 2018. Evaluating the impacts of the global financial crisis on tourism in brunei. Tourism Analysis 23(3), 409–14.
  • Hattingh, J, 2018. Local economic tourism development: Lessons from Southern Africa. Proceedings of the 43rd international academic conference, Lisbon.
  • Ilo, SO, Das, S & Bello, FG, 2023. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on South African tourism industry-A systematic review. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 12(2), 766–82. doi:10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.398
  • Indriyani, I & Maryani, A, 2023. Digital citizens: Efforts to accelerate digital transformation. Jurnal Studi Kebijakan Publik 2(1), 1–11.
  • Jia, JS, Lu, X, Yuan, Y, Xu, G, Jia, J & Christakis, NA, 2020. Population flow drives spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 in China. Nature 582(7812), 389–94. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2284-y
  • Jiang, Y, Ritchie, BW & Benckendorff, P, 2019. Bibliometric visualisation: An application in tourism crisis and disaster management research. Current Issues in Tourism 22(16), 1925–57. doi:10.1080/13683500.2017.1408574
  • Jiménez-Guerrero, JF, Piedra-Muñoz, L, Galdeano-Gómez, E & Pérez-Mesa, JC, 2021. The global economic crisis and international tourism: A sub-continental analysis. Tourism Planning & Development 18(1), 1–24. doi:10.1080/21568316.2019.1683887
  • Jones, P, 2022. A review of the UK’s tourism recovery plans post COVID-19. Athens Journal of Tourism 9(1), 9–18. doi:10.30958/ajt.9-1-1
  • Joo, H, Maskery, BA, Berro, AD, Rotz, LD, Lee, Y-K & Brown, CM, 2019. Economic impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on the Republic of Korea’s tourism-related industries. Health Security 17(2), 100–8. doi:10.1089/hs.2018.0115
  • José-Antonio, SF, José-Manuel, GM & José-María, MM, 2022. An analysis of the competitiveness of the tourism industry in a context of economic recovery following the COVID19 pandemic. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174, 121301.
  • Kalogiannidis, S, 2020. COVID impact on small business. International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention 6(12), 387–91. doi:10.23958/ijssei/vol06-i12/257
  • Khalid, U, Okafor, LE & Burzynska, K, 2021. Does the size of the tourism sector influence the economic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic? Current Issues in Tourism 24(19), 2801–20.
  • Khan-Jaffur, Z, Tandrayen-Ragoobur, V, Seetanah, B & Gopy-Ramdhany, N, 2022. Impact of COVID-19 on a tourist dependent economy and policy responses: The case of Mauritius. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 1–14. doi:10.1080/19407963.2022.2113090
  • Khazai, B, Mahdavian, F, & Platt, S, 2018. Tourism recovery scorecard (TOURS) – benchmarking and monitoring progress on disaster recovery in tourism destinations. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 27, 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.039
  • Krstic, B, Jovanovic, S, Jankovic-Milic, V, & Stanisic, T, 2016. Examination of travel and tourism competitiveness contribution to national economy competitiveness of Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Development Southern Africa 33(4), 470–85. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2016.1179103
  • Kullada, P, & Kurniadjie, MCR, 2021. Examining the influence of digital information quality on tourists’ experience. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 22(2), 191–217. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2020.1769522
  • Lawson, RA & Roychoudhury, S, 2016. Do travel visa requirements impede tourist travel? Journal of Economics and Finance 40(4), 817–28. doi:10.1007/s12197-015-9343-5
  • Lema, G, 2021. COVID-19 impact and tourism recovery geopolitics: A paradox in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal for Population Studies and Development 28(1), 41–63.
  • Lupton, RC, & Allwood, JM, 2017. Hybrid sankey diagrams: Visual analysis of multidimensional data for understanding resource use. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 124, 141–51. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.05.002
  • Makochekanwa, A, 2013. An analysis of tourism contribution to economic growth in SADC countries. Botswana Journal of Economics 11(15), 42–56.
  • Manrai, LA, Manrai, AK & Friedeborn, S, 2020. Environmental determinants of destination competitiveness and its tourism attractions-basics-context, a-b-c, indicators. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 25(50), 425–49. doi:10.1108/JEFAS-01-2018-0010
  • Manzoor, F, Wei, L, Asif, M, Haq, MZU & Rehman, HU, 2019. The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(19), 3785. doi:10.3390/ijerph16193785
  • Masiya, T, Mandiyanike, D, Molosiwa, D & Mazenda, A, 2021. Southern African responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: A study of Botswana and South Africa. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 9(1), 11. doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.497
  • Matiza, T & Slabbert, E, 2022. The destination marketing and media profile – travel motives nexus amid tourism crisis: The mediating effect of the nation brand. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 5(5), 1–27.
  • Mbise, B, 2021. COVID-19 pandemic effects on Tanzania tourism industry and the country's response to the crisis. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  • Mccartney, G, Ung, COL, & Pinto, JF, 2022. Living with COVID-19 and sustaining a tourism recovery—adopting a front-line collaborative response between the tourism industry and community pharmacists. Tourism and Hospitality 3(1), 47–68. doi:10.3390/tourhosp3010004
  • McLaren, L, & Heath, E, 2018. Towards a framework for identifying and engaging rural tourism route stakeholders in Southern Africa. Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 43(1), 18–32.
  • Mearns, K, 2012. Community-based tourism and peace parks benefit local communities through conservation in Southern Africa. Acta Academica 44(2), 70–87.
  • Melber, H, 2020. COVID-19 and Southern Africa. The Round Table 109(4), 476–7.
  • Mensah, EA, & Boakye, KA, 2023. Conceptualizing post-COVID 19 tourism recovery: A three-step framework. Tourism Planning & Development 20(1), 37–61. doi:10.1080/21568316.2021.1945674
  • Mérida, VE, Castañeda, MT & González-Guerrero, G, 2021. Tourism routes for the diversification of rural livelihoods: A methodological approach. IntechOpen, Tourism. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74136 Accessed 6 September 2023.
  • Meyer, F, Kirsten, J, Davids, T, Delport, M, Vermeulen, H, Sihlobo, W & Anelich, L, 2022. A sector-wide review of the COVID-19 impact on the South African agricultural sector during 2020–21. Agrekon 61(1), 3-20.
  • Mishi, S, Anakpo, G, Matekenya, W & Tshabalala, N, 2023. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and implications for economic recovery: Evidence from Nelson Mandela Bay municipality in South Africa. Vaccines 11(8), 1339.
  • Mladenović, D, Rrustemi, V & Mogaji, E, 2022. Using COVID-19 vaccination as a resilience strategy for the tourism sector – evidence from Serbia. Current Issues in Tourism 25(7), 1021–5. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.2018407
  • Mokabe, M, 2023. Evaluation of the efficacy of the COVID-19 recovery plans for tourism: Limpopo Province in South Africa. In Dube, K, Chapungu, L & Mensah, I, (Eds.), COVID-19, tourist destinations and prospects for recovery: An African perspective. Springer Cham, Switzerland.
  • Mtapuri, O, Camilleri, MA & Dłużewska, A, 2022. Advancing community-based tourism approaches for the sustainable development of destinations. Sustainable Development 30(3), 423–32. doi:10.1002/sd.2257
  • Muchapondwa, E & Stage, J, 2013. The economic impacts of tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa: Is poverty subsiding? Natural Resources Forum 37(2), 80–9.
  • Musavengane, R & Leonard, L, 2022. COVID-19 impacts on tourism: Southern Africa’s experiences. Development Southern Africa 39(1), 1–2.
  • Musavengane, R, Leonard, L & Mureyani, S, 2022. Doing tourism in Southern Africa amid the coronavirus pandemic: Navigating political, socio-economic and environmental inequalities. Development Southern Africa 39(1), 1–2.
  • Musavengane R, Siakwah, P & Leonard, L, 2020. The nexus between tourism and urban risk: Towards inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable outdoor tourism in African cities. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 29, 100254–67.
  • Mustari, N, Sari, I & Rosmita, R, 2022. Economic recovery strategy through tourism amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Local Government Issues 5(1), 80–93.
  • Muzekenyi, M, Nheta, D & Tshipala, N, 2018. The effect of international tourism receipts on economic growth in South Africa. Journal of Contemporary Management 15(1), 695–714.
  • Nardi, VAM, Teixeira, R, Ladeira, WJ & Santini, FDO, 2020. A meta-analytic review of food safety risk perception. Food Control 112, 107089. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107089
  • Ndaguba, EA, 2021. Economic impediment of COVID-19 lockdown on airbnb performance in Cape Town neighbourhood. Academy of Strategic Management Journal 20(1), 1–16.
  • Nhamo, G, Dube, K & Chikodzi, D, 2020a. COVID-19 and the stock market: Impacts on tourism-related companies. In Nhamo, G, Dube, K & Chikodzi, D (Eds.), Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry. Springer International Publishing Cham, Switzerland.
  • Nhamo, G, Dube, K & Chikodzi, D, 2020b. Tourism economic stimulus packages as a response to COVID-19. In Nhamo, G, Dube, K & Chikodzi, D (Eds.), Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry. Springer International Publishing Cham, Switzerland.
  • Novelli, M, Burgess, LG, Jones, A & Ritchie, BW, 2018. ‘No ebola … still doomed’ – ‘No Ebola … still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research 70, 76–87. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006
  • Nyaruwata, S, Marunda, E, Mbasera, M & Munyanyiwa, T, 2022. Government response to the challenges of COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry: Towards an effective policy framework for inclusive growth in the future. Research Journal of Economic and Management Studies 2(1), 1–14.
  • Nyawo, JC, 2020. Evaluation of government responses and measures on COVID-19 in the tourism sector: A case of tour guides in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 9(5), 1144–60.
  • Orden-Mejia, M, Carvache-Franco, M, Huertas, A, Carvache-Franco, W, Landeta-Bejarano, N & Carvache-Franco, O, 2022. Post-COVID-19 tourists’ preferences, attitudes and travel expectations: A study in Guayaquil, Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(8). doi:10.3390/ijerph19084822
  • Panneer, S, Kantamaneni, K, Pushparaj, RRB, Shekhar, S, Bhat, L & Rice, L, 2021. Multistakeholder participation in disaster management—The case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare 9(2), 203.
  • Peeri, NC, Shrestha, N, Rahman, MS, Zaki, R, Tan, Z, Bibi, S, Baghbanzadeh, M, Aghamohammadi, N, Zhang, W & Haque, U, 2020. The SARS, MERS and Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: What lessons have we learned? International Journal of Epidemiology 49(3), 717–26. doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa033
  • Phetha, H & Ojo, TA, 2022. South Africa’s response to COVID-19: Realities and challenges of the vaccination roll-out process. The African Review 49(2), 127–43.
  • Plank, PA, Gomes, LF, Caldas, P, Varela, M & Ferreira, DC, 2023. Assessing the traveling risks perceived by South African travelers during pandemic outbreaks: The case of COVID-19. Sustainability 15(12), 9267.
  • Ploch, J & Palatková, M, 2021. Methods of COVID-19 crisis management in the international tourism and civil aviation transport. ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion 7(1), 121–33. doi:10.54820/PKYG2115
  • Podhorodecka, K, 2018. The economic significance of the tourism sector in Seychelles in the wake of global economic crisis. Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki 43, 29–40.
  • Prakoso, AA, Pradipto, E, Roychansyah, MS & Nugraha, BS, 2020. Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship 2(2), 95–107.
  • Qwader, A & Alawneh, A, 2022. The impact of tourism income on foreign reserves in Jordan during the period 2005-2020. International Journal of Business and Management 18(1), 16. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v18n1p16
  • Ritchie, H, Mathieu, E, Rodés-Guirao, L, Appel, C, Giattino, C, Esteban, O-O, Hasell, J, Macdonald, B, Beltekian, D & Roser, M, 2023. Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) vaccinations https://ourworldindata.org/COVID-vaccinations Accessed 9 October 2022.
  • Robina-Ramírez, R, Sánchez, MS, Jiménez-Naranjo, HV & Castro-Serrano, J, 2022. Tourism governance during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: A proposal for a sustainable model to restore the tourism industry. Environment, Development and Sustainability 24(5), 6391–412.
  • Robinson, L & Jarvie, JK, 2008. Post-disaster community tourism recovery: The tsunami and Arugam Bay, Sri Lanka. Disasters 32(4), 631–45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01058.x
  • Rogerson, CM & Baum, T, 2020. COVID-19 and African tourism research agendas. Development Southern Africa 37(5), 727–41. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2020.1818551
  • Rogerson, CM & Rogerson, JM, 2020a. COVID-19 and tourism spaces of vulnerability in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 9(4), 382–401.
  • Rogerson, CM & Rogerson, JM, 2020b. COVID-19 tourism impacts in South Africa: Government and industry responses. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 31(3), 1083–91.
  • Rogerson, CM & Rogerson, JM, 2021. African tourism in uncertain times: COVID-19 research progress. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 38(4), 1026–32.
  • Rogerson, C & Rogerson, J, 2022. The impacts of COVID-19 on urban tourism destinations: The South African experience. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(1), 1–13. doi:10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.207
  • Romero-Michel, JC, Mokay-Ramírez, KA, Delgado-Machuca, M, Delgado-Enciso, J, Aurelien-Cabezas, NS, Tiburcio-Jimenez, D, Meza-Robles, C, Delgado-Enciso, OG, Guzman-Esquivel, J, Zaizar-Fregoso, SA, Martinez Fierro, ML, Rodriguez Sanchez, IP, Melnikov, V, Barajas-Saucedo, CE, Lara-Esqueda, A, Delgado-Enciso, I, 2021. Health and economic measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic- Effect on street vendors. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15(2), 198–203.
  • Rosselló, J, Becken, S, & Santana-Gallego, M, 2020. The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management 79, 104080–90. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080
  • SADC (Southern African Development Community), 2017. Tourism. Southern African Development Community (SADC). https://www.sadc.int/pillars/tourism Access 8 November 2023.
  • SADC (Southern African Development Community), 2018. Development of a SADC Tourism Programme: Request for Expression of Interest for Consultancy Service https://www.sadc.int/procurement-opportunities/development-sadc-tourism-programme Access 8 November 2023.
  • SADC (Southern African Development Community), 2019. Tourism Programme 2020–2030. https://tfcaportal.org/sites/default/files/public-docs/SADC%20Tousim%20Programme%20%28English%29.pdf Accessed 26 August 2022.
  • SADC (Southern African Development Community), 2020. SADC Regional response to covid-19 pandemic. 8. https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-11/BULLETIN_11-SADC_Response_to_COVID19_-ENGLISH.pdf Access 8 November 2023.
  • SADC (Southern African Development Community), 2022. Short Term Consultancy For Development Of A Tourism Crisis Communication And Disaster Management Strategy. https://www.sadc.int/procurement-opportunities/short-term-consultancy-development-tourism-crisis-communication-and-0 Access 9 November 2023.
  • Sallam, M, 2021. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines 9(160), doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160
  • Sarpong, SY, Bein, MA, Gyamfi, BA & Sarkodie, SA, 2020. The impact of tourism arrivals, tourism receipts and renewable energy consumption on quality of life: A panel study of Southern African region. Heliyon 6(11), e05351. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05351
  • Satrovic, E & Muslija, A, 2019. Causality relationship between foreign direct investment and tourism. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 22, 65–76. doi:10.18092/ulikidince.418132
  • Scarlett, HG, 2021. Tourism recovery and the economic impact: A panel assessment. Research in Globalization 3, 100044–55. doi:10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100044
  • Seidman, MN, 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic and the economy in Southern Africa. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/248327 Accessed 6 September 2023.
  • Seyfi, S, Hall, CM & Shabani, B, 2023. COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: The geopolitics of health and tourism. Tourism Geographies 25(1), 357–73. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1833972
  • Shepherd, N & Miriam, M, 2021. A critique of contribution of tourism to jobs in Southern African Development Community (SADC): Implications for post COVID-19 pandemic. International Tourism and Hospitality Journal 4(5), 1-18. doi:10.37227/ithj-2021-03-116
  • Sheppard, VA & Williams, PW, 2016. Factors that strengthen tourism resort resilience. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 28, 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.006
  • Sifolo, PPS, 2020. Cultural heritage and tourism stimulus: Regional regeneration in Southern Africa. In Wise, N & Jimura, T, (Eds.), Tourism, cultural heritage and urban regeneration. Springer International Publishing Cham, Switzerland.
  • Smith-Sreen, J, Miller, B, Kabaghe, AN, Kim, E, Wadonda-Kabondo, N, Frawley, A, Labuda, S, Manuel, E, Frietas, H, Mwale, AC, Segolodi, T, Harvey, P, Seitio-Kgokgwe, O, Vergara, AE, Gudo, ES, Dziuban, EJ, Shoopala, N, Hines, JZ, Agolory, S, Kapina, M, Sinyange, N, Melchior, M, Mirkovic, K, Mahomva, A, Modhi, S, Salyer, S, Azman, AS, McLean, C, Riek, LP, Asiimwe, F, Adler, M, Mazibuko, S, Okello, V & Auld, AF, 2022. Comparison of COVID-19 pandemic waves in 10 countries in Southern Africa, 2020 - 2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases 28(13 Suppl 1), S93–S104.
  • Stanišić, T, Radivojević, V & Dimovski, J, 2022. Interdependence of tourism competitiveness and development of Southern European countries. Ekonomika 68(3), 1–11. doi:10.5937/ekonomika2203001S
  • Strickland-Munro, JK, Allison, HE & Moore, SA, 2010. Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research 37(2), 499–519. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.11.001
  • Suchkova, AA, 2021. International tourism and sustainable development challenges in Southern and Eastern Africa. International Conference “Ecological paradigms of sustainable development: Political, economic and technological dimension of biosphere problems” (EPSD 2021) 311, 1-8.
  • Teeroovengadum, V, Seetanah, B, Bindah, E, Pooloo, A & Veerasawmy, I, 2021. Minimising perceived travel risk in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to boost travel and tourism. Tourism Review 76(4), 910–28.
  • Tegally, H, Moir, M, Everatt, J, Giovanetti, M, Scheepers, C, Wilkinson, E, Subramoney, K, Makatini, Z, Moyo, S, Amoako, DG, Baxter, C, Althaus, CL, Anyaneji, UJ, Kekana, D, Viana, R, Giandhari, J, Lessells, RJ, Maponga, T, Maruapula, D, Choga, W, Matshaba, M, Mbulawa, MB, Msomi, N, Bester, AP, Claassen, M, Doolabh, D, Mudau, I, Mbhele, N, Engelbrecht, S, Goedhals, D, Hardie, D, Hsiao, NY, Iranzadeh, A, Ismail, A, Joseph, R, Maharaj, A, Mahlangu, B, Mahlakwane, K, Davis, A, Marais, G, Mlisana, K, Mnguni, A, Mohale, T, Motsatsi, G, Mwangi, P, Ntuli, N, Nyaga, M, Olubayo, L, Radibe, B, Ramphal, Y, Ramphal, U, Strasheim, W, Tebeila, N, Van Wyk, S, Wilson, S, Lucaci, AG, Weaver, S, Maharaj, A, Pillay, Y, Davids, M, Mendes, A, Mayaphi, S, Naidoo, Y, Pillay, S, Sanko, TJ, San, JE, Scott, L, Singh, L, Magini, NA, Smith–Lawrence, P, Stevens, W, Dor, G, Tshiabuila, D, Wolter, N, Preiser, W, Treurnicht, FK, Venter, M, Chiloane, G, Mcintyre, C, O'Toole, A, Ruis, C, Peacock, TP, Roemer, C, Kosakovsky Pond, SL, Williamson, C, Pybus, OG, Bhiman, JN, Glass, A, Martin, DP, Jackson, B, Rambaut, A, Laguda–Akingba, O, Gaseitsiwe, S, Von Gottberg, A & De Oliveira, T, 2022. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa. Nature Medicine 28(9), 1785–90.
  • Tichaawa, TM, 2021. Informal business tourism in Cameroon. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 38(4), 1289–98. doi:10.30892/gtg.38437-771
  • Tito, ADA & de Araújo, MVP, 2019. Studies on crisis management in tourism: Approaches and contexts. Revista Rosa dos Ventos - Turismo e Hospitalidade 11(2), 476–91.
  • Tlale, LB, Gabaitiri, L, Totolo, LK, Smith, G, Puswane-Katse, O, Ramonna, E, Mothowaeng, B, Tlhakanelo, J, Masupe, T, Rankgoane-Pono, G, Irige, J, Mafa, F & Kolane, S, 2022. Acceptance rate and risk perception towards the COVID-19 vaccine in Botswana. PLoS One 17(2), e0263375.
  • Tokakis, V, Polychroniou, P & Boustras, G, 2019. Crisis management in public administration: The three phases model for safety incidents. Safety Science 113, 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.013
  • Tucker, H, Shelton, EJ & Bae, H, 2017. Post-disaster tourism: Towards a tourism of transition. Tourist Studies 17(3), 306–27. doi:10.1177/1468797616671617
  • UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organisation), 2020. How are countries supporting recovery? https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.181119789284421893 Accessed 16 July 2022.
  • Van Heerden, J & Roos, EL, 2021. The possible effects of the extended lockdown period on the South African economy: A CGE analysis. South African Journal of Economics 89(1), 95–111. doi:10.1111/saje.12273
  • Vargas, A, 2020. COVID-19 crisis: A new model of tourism governance for a new time. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 12(6), 691–9.
  • Vaughan, A, 2021. Omicron emerges. New Scientist 252(3363), 7.
  • Viljoen, J & Maphosho, N, 2023. Mitigating COVID-19 in tourism: Evaluating the South African Government’s response. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 12(1), 382–95.
  • Villacé-Molinero, T, Fernández-Muñoz, JJ, Orea-Giner, A & Fuentes-Moraleda, L, 2021. Understanding the new post-COVID-19 risk scenario: Outlooks and challenges for a new era of tourism. Tourism Management 86, 104324. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104324
  • VisaIndex, 2022. Global visa index. https://visaindex.com/ Accessed September 21 2022.
  • Visa Openness Index, 2023. Africa visa openness report 2022. https://www.visaopenness.org/ Accessed 7 September 2023.
  • Volgger, M, Taplin, R & Aebli, A, 2021. Recovery of domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental comparison of interventions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 48, 428–40. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.015
  • Wan, YKP, Li, X, Lau, VMC & Dioko, L, 2022. Destination governance in times of crisis and the role of public-private partnerships in tourism recovery from COVID-19: The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 51, 218–28.
  • Wheeler, K, 2022. Differences between thematic analysis and content analysis: Exploring environmental and sustainability education resources. Sage Publication LTD, London. doi:10.4135/9781529798227
  • Williams, NL, Nguyen, THH, Del Chiappa, G, Fedeli, G & Wassler, P, 2022. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and tourism at the early stage of a voluntary mass vaccination campaign: A pmt segmentation analysis. Current Issues in Tourism 25(3), 475–89. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.1963216
  • Wiwin, W, Ardika, W & Putra, N, 2020. Collaborative governance: As a conceptual model of destination management in the besakih temple area, karangasem regency, bali province. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management 8(1), 76–81.
  • Wood, LM, Sebar, B & Vecchio, N, 2020. Application of rigour and credibility in qualitative document analysis: Lessons learnt from a case study. The Qualitative Report 25(2), 456–70.
  • World Economic Forum, 2019. The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2019. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf Accessed 22 June 2022.
  • Woyo, E, 2017. Visa policies and visa openness scores in SADC – an exclusion element of tourism development in Southern Africa: A critical interjection. Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 12(2), 67–83. doi:10.12727/ajts.18.4
  • WTTC (World Travels & Tourism Council), 2020. Economic impact reports: SADC 2021 annual research. https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact Accessed 2 July 2022.
  • WTTC (World Travels & Tourism Council), 2021. Government policies enabling travel and tourism recovery during COVID-19. World Travels & Tourism Council. https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2021/Government-Travel-Policies-COVID-19.pdf?ver=2021-08-23-092839-753 Accessed 2 July 2022.
  • Xiong, C, Hu, S, Yang, M, Luo, W & Zhang, L, 2020. Mobile device data reveal the dynamics in a positive relationship between human mobility and COVID-19 infections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(44), 27087–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010836117
  • Yang, K, 2023. The effect of destination trust on tourists’ travel intention after the COVID-19. Paper Presented at Proceeding of the International Conference on Hospitality and Tourism Management, 65–78.
  • Yeh, SS, 2021. Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research 46(2), 188–94. doi:10.1080/02508281.2020.1805933
  • Yingi, E, 2022. Beyond the pandemic: Implications of COVID-19 on regional economic integration in Southern Africa. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 11(2), 270–9.
  • Zaman, U, Aktan, M, Anjam, M, Agrusa, J, Khwaja, MG & Farías, P, 2021. Can post-vaccine ‘vaxication’ rejuvenate global tourism? Nexus between COVID-19 branded destination safety, travel shaming, incentives and the rise of vaxication travel. Sustainability 13(24), 14043.
  • Zhu, OY, Grun, B & Dolnicar, S, 2022. Tourism and vaccine hesitancy. Annals of Tourism Research 92, 103320. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2021.103320

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.