Italian far-right foreign fighters in the Ukrainian war. The long chain of Transnational Recruitment Network (TRN)

References

• Alimi, E., Demetrio, C., & Bosi, L. (2015). The dynamics of radicalization. A relational and comparative perspective. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A. (2016). The ties that bind and blind: Embeddedness and radicalisation of youth in one Islamist organisation in Pakistan. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(1), 5–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANSA. (2021). Guerriglia a Roma dopo il corteo No pass, FN alza il livello scontro: ‘La rivolta non si ferma’. Retrieved from: https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2021/10/10/scontri-al-corteo-no-pass-a-roma.html (accessed on 15.08.2022).
   Google Scholar
• Antonelli, F. (2021). Radicalizzazione. Mondadori Education.
   Google Scholar
• Arielli, N. (2011). In search of meaning: Foreign volunteers in the Croatian armed forces, 1991–95. Contemporary European History, 21(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777311000518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arielli, N. (2020). Foreign fighters and war volunteers: Between myth and reality. European Review of History, 27(1-2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2020.1713728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakke, M. K. (2013). Copying and learning from outsiders? Assessing diffusion from transnational insurgents in the chechen wars. In J. T. Checkel (Ed.), Transnational dynamics of civil wars (pp. 31–62). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Betz, H. G. (1994). Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Blee, K. B. (2007). Inside organised racism: Women in the hate movement. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brisard, J.-C., & Jackson, K. (2016). The islamic state’s external operations and the French-Belgian nexus. CTC Sentinel, 9(11), 8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, I. (2010). Sovereignty and the foreign fighter problem. Orbis, 54(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2009.10.008
   Google Scholar
• Campos, P. G., & Veyrat, P. (2015). ‘I Will Go Back as Soon as I Have the Chance': The Spaniards Arrested for Joining Ukraine’s Rebels Vow to Keep Fighting. Retrieved from: https://www.vice.com/en/article/gynzx7/i-will-go-back-as-soon-as-i-have-the-chance-the-spaniards-arrested-for-joining-ukraines-rebels-vow-to-keep-fighting (accessed on 15.08.2022).
   Google Scholar
• Caramani, D. (2015). The Europeanization of politics: The formation of a European electorate and party system in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, M. (2018). Russia Is Co-Opting Angry Young Men, The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/08/ (accessed on 10.08.2022).
   Google Scholar
• Cinalli, M. (2006). Relational Structures and the Study of Collective Action. Paper presented at the Political Sociology Seminar of CEVIPOF-Sciences PO, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From daesh to ‘diaspora’: Tracing the women and minors of islamic state. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation.
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, J. E. (2007). Friend or foe? Self-expansion, stigmatized groups, and the researcher participant relationship. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 36(6), 603–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241606293603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diani, M. (1995). Green networks. Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Di Nunzio, D., Toscano, E., Pirro, F., & Pedaci, M. (2021). Il lavoro "da remoto" degli insegnanti: riflessioni da un'indagine sulla didattica a distanza durante la pandemia. Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Ennaji, M. (2016). Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy. International Review of Sociology, 26(3), 546–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2016.1244954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esseveld, J., & Eyerman, R. (1992). Which side are you on? Reflections on methodological issues in the study of ‘distasteful’ social movements. In M. Diani, & R. Eyerman (Eds.), Studying collective action (pp. 217–237).
   Google Scholar
• Europol. (2020). European union terrorism situation and trend report (TE-SAT) 2021. Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Europol. (2021). European union terrorism situation and trend report (TE-SAT) 2020. Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., & Doosje, B. (2015). Triggerfactoren in het radicaliselingsproces. Universiteit van Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2018). Far-right extremism as a threat to Ukrainian democracy.
   Google Scholar
• GIP. (2019). Sent. N. 816/19 of 02.07.2019, Tribunale di Genova Ufficio del giudice per le indagini preliminari.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, M. J. (2006). The rise and faults of the internalist perspective in extreme right studies. Representations, 42(4), 347–364.
   Google Scholar
• Grippo, A. (2021). Investigación etnográfica sobre la extrema derecha. Notas metodológicas de las experiencias de campo. Encrucijadas, 21(2), 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Grippo, A. (2022). La ricerca sul campo e l’estrema destra. Riflessioni sull’accesso al campo e sul lavoro emozionale del ricercatore etnografico. Archivio di Etnografia, XVI(2), 103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Grippo, A. (2023). Questioni ontologiche ed epistemologiche nello studio dell'estrema destraLimiti definitori, ambiguità tassonomica e prospettive di ricerca. Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Gurashi, R., & Grippo, A. (2020). How important is culture? Analysis of the most recent data on Italian educational offer and its impact on employment and employability. Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 25, 113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Habtom, K.-T. (2022). The composition and challenges of foreign fighters in Ukraine. Scandinavian Journal of Milirary Studies, 5(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.151
   Google Scholar
• Hegghammer, T. (2010). The rise of muslim foreign fighters: Islam and the globalization of jihad. International Security, 35(3), 53–94. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegghammer, T. (2013). Should I stay or should I go? Explaining variation in Western jihadists' choice between domestic and foreign fighting. American Political Science Review, 107(1), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, T. (2015). Belgian and French foreign fighters in Iraq 2003–2005: A comparative case study. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(8), 603–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1038105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishchenko, V. (2016). Far right participation in the Ukrainian maidan protests: An attempt of systematic estimation. European Politics and Society, 17(4), 453–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1154646
   Google Scholar
• Ishchenko, V. (2020). Insufficiently diverse: The problem of nonviolent leverage and radicalisation of Ukraine’s maidan uprising, 2013–2014. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 11(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1879366520928363
   Google Scholar
• Jackman, R. W., & Miller, R. A. (1998). Social capital and politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 1(1), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katchanovski, I. (2020). The Maidan Massacre in Ukraine: Revelations from Trials and Investigations. Retrieved from SSRN: (accessed on 01.10.2021). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3735661
   Google Scholar
• Khosrokhavar, F. (2017). Radicalization. Why some people choose the path of violence. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knill, C., & Lehmkuhl, D. (2002). The national impact of European union regulatory policy: Three Europeanization mechanisms. European Journal of Political Research, 41(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler, D. (2019). Violence and terrorism from the far-right: Policy options to counter an elusive threat. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921–956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudelia, S. (2018). When numbers are not enough. Comparative Politics, 50(4), 501–521. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518823565623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladrech, R. (2002). Europeanization and political parties: Towards a framework for analysis. Party Politics, 8(4), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, P., & Merton, R. K. (1954). Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. In M. Berger, T. Abel, & H. Charles (Eds.), Freedom and control in modern society (pp. 18–66).
   Google Scholar
• Likhachev, V. (2015). The “Right Sector” and others: The behavior and role of radical nationalists in the Ukrainian political crisis of late 2013 – Early 2014. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 48(2/3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, A., & Kaunert, C. (2021). Radicalisation, foreign fighters and the Ukraine conflict: A playground for the far-right? Social Science, 10(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040116
   Google Scholar
• Malet, D. (2010). Why foreign fighters? Historical perspectives and solutions. Orbis, 54(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2009.10.007
   Google Scholar
• Malet, D. (2013). Foreign fighters: Transnational identity in civic conflicts. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marin, A., & Wellman, B. (2011). Social network analysis: An introduction. In H. Scott & P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The sage handbook of social network analysis (pp. 11–25). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Marone, F., & Vidino, L. (2019). Destination jihad: Italy's foreign fighters. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
   Google Scholar
• Marwell, G. (1988). Social networks and collective action: A theory of the CriticalMass III. American Journal of Sociology, 9, 502–534.
   Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Moscalenko, S. (2011). Friction. How radicalization happens to them and US. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, K. (2018). Radicalization. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• McGeady, T. D. (2017). Outsourced combatants: The Russian state and the vostok battalion. Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, C. (2015). Foreign bodies: Transnational activism, the insurgency in the North caucasus and “beyond”. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(3), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1032035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustapha, J. (2013). The Mujahideen in Bosnia: the foreign fighter as cosmopolitan citizen and/or terrorist. Citizenship Studies, 17(6/7), 742–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2012.751718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, E. (2006). Exploring the «root causes» of terrorism. Studies in Conflicts & Terrorism, 29(8), 749–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600704069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M. (2015). Foreign fighters and the radicalization of local jihad: Interview evidence from Swedish jihadists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(5), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1005459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini, A. (2009). Anatomia delle brigate rosse. Rubettino.
   Google Scholar
• Orsini, A. (2020). What everybody should know about radicalization and the DRIA model. Studies in Conflicts & Terrorism, 1, 1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ospinova, I. (2014). Intervista esclusiva con il volontario italiano nel Donbass - Andrea Palmeri, RIM-Giovani Italo-Russi. Retrieved from: http://rodnoirim.org/andreapalmeridonbassITA/ (accessed on 15.08.2022).
   Google Scholar
• Perliger, A., & Milton, D. (2016). From cradle to grave: The lifecycle of foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria. Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point.
   Google Scholar
• Petrosillo, G. (2014). Intervista ad un soldato italiano nel Donbass. Conflitti e Strategie. Retrieved from: http://www.conflittiestrategie.it/intervista-ad-un-soldato-italiano-del-donbass (accessed on 01.10.2021).
   Google Scholar
• Radaelli, C. M. (2000). Whither Europeanization? Concept stretching and substantive change. European Integration Online Papers, 4(8), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Rękawek, K. (2017). Not only Syria? The phenomenon of foreign fighter in comparative perspective. Nato Science for Peace and Security Series.
   Google Scholar
• Rękawek, K. (2019). It Ain’t Over ‘til It’s Over’: Extreme Right-Wing Foreign Fighters in Ukraine. Counter Extremism Project.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (2002). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I. (2009). Rebels without borders: Transnational insurgencies in world politics. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scarpa, G. (2022). Riccardo Cocco, da Forza Nuova al Donbass. Il Messaggero. Retrieved from, https://www.ilmessaggero.it/mondo/ucraina_riccardo_cocco_andrea_palmeri_forza_nuova_putin_donbass_guerra_ultime_notizie-6548624.html (accessed on 01.03.2022).
   Google Scholar
• Sceresini, A., & Giroffi, L. (2016). In trincea con gli “italiani di Putin”, YouTube Il Giornale. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/Ga4G74Elc2s (accessed on 01.10.2021).
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, A. S., & Tinnes, J. (2015). Foreign (terrorist) fighters with IS: A European perspective. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
   Google Scholar
• Shekhovtsov, A. (2017). Aleksandr Dugin’s neo-Eurasianism and the Russian-Ukrainian war. In M. Bassin, & G. Pozo-Martin (Eds.), The politics of eurasianism: Identity, popular culture and Russia’s foreign policy (pp. 185–204). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Shekhovtsov, A., & Umland, A. (2014). The maidan and beyond: Ukraine’s radical right. Journal of Democracy, 25(3), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shveda, Y., & Ho Park, J. (2016). Ukraine’s revolution of dignity: The dynamics of Euromaidan. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.007
   Google Scholar
• Soufan Centre. (2019). White supremacy extremism: The transnational rise of the violent white supremacist movement. Soufan Center.
   Google Scholar
• Toscano, E. (2018). Il movimento alterglobal in Europa: soggettività e costruzione di alternative. Una comparazione tra Italia, Francia e Inghilterra. Aracne Editrice.
   Google Scholar
• Toscano, E. (2019). Researching far right movements. Ethics, methodologies and qualitative inquiries. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Toscano, E. (2022). Libertà contagiosa. Come l’estrema destra ha cavalcato i movimenti free-vax tra sfiducia e panico morale. In M. A. Polesana & E. Risi (Eds.), (S)comunicazione e pandemia (pp. 23–34). Mimesis.
   Google Scholar
• Tuck, H., Silverman, T., & Smalley, C. (2016). Shooting in the right direction: Anti-ISIS foreign fighters in Syria & Iraq. Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
   Google Scholar
• Umland, A. (2020). The far right in pre- and post-Euromaidan Ukraine: From ultra-nationalist party politics to ethno-centric uncivil society. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 28(2), 247–268.
   Google Scholar
• Veldhuis, T., & Staun, J. (2009). Islamist radicalisation, a root causes model. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael.
   Google Scholar
• Victoroff, J., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). Psychology of terrorism. Classic and contemporary insights. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Vidino, L. (2014). European foreign fighters in Syria: Dynamics and responses. European View, 13(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-014-0316-4
   Google Scholar
• Wesserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Method and applications. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wieviorka, M. (2013). An interview with Michel Wieviorka: Violence, evil, and good. European Journal of Social Theory, 16(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431013476580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar