Re-imagining EU Foreign and Security Policy in a Complex and Contested World

References

• Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, and Pouliot, Vincent. 2014. Power in Practice: Negotiating the International Intervention in Libya. European Journal of International Relations 20 (4): 889-911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akgül-Açıkmeşe, Sinem, and Özel, Soli. 2024. EU Policy towards the Israel-Palestine Conflict: The Limitations of Mitigation Strategies. The International Spectator 59 (1): 59-78.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaro, Riccardo. 2018a. Europe and Iran’s Nuclear Crisis. Lead Groups and EU Foreign Policy-Making. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaro, Riccardo, ed. 2018b. The Liberal Order and Its Contestations. Great Powers and Regions Transiting in a Multipolar Era. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaro, Riccardo. 2024. Weathering the Geopolitical Storms: The Ever-elusive Success of EU Policy towards Iran. The International Spectator 59 (1): 98-119.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaro, Riccardo, Bargués, Pol, and Dijkstra, Hylke. 2022. A Joined-Up Union, a Stronger Europe. A Conceptual Framework to Investigate EU Foreign and Security Policy in a Complex and Contested World. JOINT Research Paper No. 8. https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/joint_rp_8.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Alcaro, Riccardo, and Siddi, Marco. 2021 Lead Groups in EU Foreign Policy: The Cases of Iran and Ukraine. European Review of International Studies 8 (2): 143-65.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, David, and Smith, Michael. 1990. Western Europe's Presence in the Contemporary International Arena. Review of International Studies 16 (1): 19-37.
   Google Scholar
• Amadio Viceré, Maria G., and Sus, Monika. 2023. Differentiated Cooperation as the Mode of Governance in EU Foreign Policy. Contemporary Security Policy 44 (1): 4-34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, Senema, and Noutcheva, Gergana. 2022. External Contestations of Europe: Russia and Turkey as Normative Challengers? Journal of Common Market Studies 60 (6): 1815-31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuso, Anna, Breda, Tiziano, Gunnarsdottir, Elsa Lilja, and Riddervold, Marianne. 2024. Constraints, Dilemmas and Challenges for EU Foreign Policy in Venezuela. The International Spectator 59 (1): 140-160.
   Google Scholar
• Bakke, Kristin M., Cunningham, Kathleen G., and Seymour, Lee J. 2012. A Plague of Initials: Fragmentation, Cohesion, and Infighting in Civil Wars. Perspectives on Politics 10 (2): 265-83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfour, Rosa, et al. 2016. Europe’s Troublemakers: The Populist Challenge to Foreign Policy. Brussels: European Policy Centre. https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/EUROPES-TROUBLEMAKERS–The-p~257da8.
   Google Scholar
• Bargués, Pol, Dandashly, Assem, Dijkstra, Hylke, and Noutcheva, Gergana. 2024. Engagement against All Odds? Navigating Member States’ Contestation of EU Policy on Kosovo. The International Spectator 59 (1): 19-38.
   Google Scholar
• Bargués, Pol, et al. 2020. Resilience and the EU’s External Action Instruments: Towards Multiple, Sustained, and Indirect Actions. EU-LISTCO Working Paper 7. https://www.eu-listco.net/publications/resilience-and-the-eus-external-action-instruments.
   Google Scholar
• Bassiri Tabrizi, Aniseh, and Kienzle, Benjamin. 2020. Legitimation Strategies of Informal Groups of States: The Case of the E3 Directoire in the Nuclear Negotiations with Iran. Cooperation and Conflict 55 (3): 388-405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedin, Caterina, Guendouz, Tiffany, and Levallois, Agnès. 2024. From Conflict Management to Shielding EU Stability: How Syria’s Fragmentation Diverted the EU(FSP) from Action to Reaction. The International Spectator 59 (1): 79-97.
   Google Scholar
• Biedenkopf, Katja, Costa, Oriol, and Góra, Magdalena. 2021. Introduction: Shades of Contestation and Politicisation of CFSP. European Security 30 (3): 325-43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börzel, Tanja. A., and Risse, Thomas. 2021. Effective Governance under Anarchy: Institutions, Legitimacy, and Social Trust in Areas of Limited Statehood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brandenburger, Adam M., and Nalebuff, Barry J. 1996. Co-opetition. New York: Currency Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, David B., and Stone, Randell W. 2015. Democracy and Multilateralism: the Case of Vote Buying in the UN General Assembly. International Organization 69 (1): 1-33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso, Francesca, and Akamo, Jesutimilehin. 2024. EU Policy towards Ethiopia amidst the Tigray War: The Limits of Mitigating Fragmentation. The International Spectator 59 (1): 120-139.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, Oriol. 2019. The Politicization of EU External Relations. Journal of European Public Policy 26 (5): 790-802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandashly, Assem, Dijkstra, Hylke, Marafona, Marta, Noutcheva, Gergana, and Paikin, Zachary. 2021. Multipolarity and EU Foreign and Security Policy: Divergent Approaches to Conflict and Crisis Response. JOINT Research Paper No. 6. https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/joint_rp_6.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• de Coning, Cedric, and Peter, Mateja. 2019. United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order. London/New York: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• de Wilde, Pieter, and Trenz, Hans J. 2012. Denouncing European Integration: Euroscepticism as Polity Contestation. European Journal of Social Theory 15 (4): 537-54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destradi, Sandra, Cadier, David, and Plagemann, Johannes. 2021. Populism and Foreign Policy: A Research Agenda (Introduction). Comparative European Politics 19 (6): 663-82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, Hylke. 2013. Policy-making in EU Security and Defense: An Institutional Perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, Hylke. 2017. Non-exclusive Delegation to the European External Action Service. In Tom Delreux and Johan Adriaensen, eds. The Principal-Agent Model and the European Union: 55-81. New York: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dreher, Axel, Sturm, Jan E., and Vreeland, James R. 2009. Global Horse Trading: IMF Loans for Votes in the United Nations Security Council. European Economic Review 53 (7): 742-57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EU (European Union). 2016. Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. Brussels. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Government. 2022. Policy Statement by Olaf Scholz, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and Member of the German Bundestag. Berlin, 27 February. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/-2008378.
   Google Scholar
• Gebhard, Carmen. 2017. The Problem of Coherence in the European Union’s International Relations. In Christopher Hill, Michael Smith and Sophie Vanhooonacker, eds. International Relations and the European Union. 3rd Edition: 12342. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg, Roy. 1989. Foreign Policy Actions of the EC: The Politics of Scale. Boulder (CO): Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, Ernest B. 1980. Why Collaborate? Issue-linkage and International Regimes. World Politics 32 (3): 357-405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, Carsten, and Sprinz, Detlef 2000. Measuring the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (5): 630-52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, Christopher. 1998. Convergence, Divergence and Dialectics: National Foreign Policies and the CFSP. In Jan Zielonka, ed. Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy: 35-52. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. 2009. A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus. British Journal of Political Science 39 (1): 1-23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keukeleire, Stephan, and Delreux, Tom. 2014. The Foreign Policy of the European Union. 2nd Edition. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Laatikainen, Kate V., and Smith, Karen E. 2006. The European Union at the United Nations: Intersecting Multilateralisms. Basingstoke/London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Levallois, Agnes. 2021. Fragmentation and EU Foreign and Security Policy. JOINT Research Papers No. 3. https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/joint_rp_3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lovato, Mariana. 2021. The Internal Contestation of EU Foreign and Security Policy. JOINT Research Papers No. 1. https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/joint_rp_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McGinnis, Michael D. 1986. Issue Linkage and the Evolution of International Cooperation. Journal of Conflict Resolution 30 (1): 141-70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Patrick, Pomorska, Karolina, and Tonra, Ben. 2021. The Domestic Challenge to EU Foreign Policy-making: From Europeanisation to de-Europeanisation? Journal of European Integration 43 (5): 519-34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttall, Simon J. 2000. European Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orenstein, Mitchell A., and Kelemen, R. Daniel. 2017. Trojan Horses in EU Foreign Policy. Journal of Common Market Studies 55 (1): 87-102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paikin, Zachary. 2024. Multipolar Competition and the Rules-based Order: Probing the Limits of EU Foreign and Security Policy in the South China Sea. The International Spectator 59 (1): 161-178.
   Google Scholar
• Petri, Franziska, Thevenin, Elodie, and Liedlbauer, Lins. 2020. Contestation of European Union Foreign Policy: Causes, Modes and Effects. Global Affairs 6 (4-5): 323-28.
   Google Scholar
• Poast, Paul. 2012. Does Issue Linkage Work? Evidence from European Alliance Negotiations, 1860 to 1945. International Organization 66 (2): 277-310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poast, Paul. 2013. Issue Linkage and International Cooperation: An Empirical Investigation. Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 (3): 286-303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polese, Abel, and Hanau Santini, Ruth. 2018. Limited Statehood and Its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa. Small Wars & Insurgencies 29 (3): 379-90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raik, Kristi, Blockmans, Steven, Osypchuk, Anna, and Suslov, Anton. 2024. EU Policy towards Ukraine: Entering Geopolitical Competition over European Order. The International Spectator 59 (1): 39-58.
   Google Scholar
• Renard, Thomas. 2015. Partnerships for Effective Multilateralism? Assessing the Compatibility between EU Bilateralism, (Inter-)regionalism and Multilateralism. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29 (1): 1-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieker, Pernille, and Eriksdatter Giske, Mathilde T. 2021. Conceptualising the Multi-Actor Character of EU(rope)’s Foreign Policy. JOINT Research Paper No. 2. https://www.jointproject.eu/2021/10/06/conceptualising-the-multi-actor-character-of-europes-foreign-policy/.
   Google Scholar
• Rieker, Pernille., and Eriksdatter Giske, Mathilde T. 2024. Europe’s Role in a Shifting Geopolitical Context. Achieving Strategic Autonomy through Differentiated Integration. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Schattschneider, Elmer E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Schuette, Leonard, and Dijkstra, Hylke. 2023. The Show Must Go On: The EU’s Quest to Sustain Multilateral Institutions since 2016. Journal of Common Market Studies 61 (5): 1318-36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunz, Simon, Gstöhl, Sieglinde, and Van Langenhove, Luk. 2018. Between Cooperation and Competition: Major Powers in Shared Neighbourhoods. Contemporary Politics 24 (1): 1-13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddi, Marco, Karjalainen, Tyyne, and Jukela, Juha. 2022. Differentiated Cooperation in the EU’s Foreign and Security Policy: Effectiveness, Accountability, Legitimacy. The International Spectator 57 (1): 107-23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stollenwerk, Eric, Börzel, Tanja A., and Risse, Thomas. 2021. Theorizing Resilience-building in the EU’s Neighbourhood: Introduction to the Special Issue. Democratization 28 (7): 1219-38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollison, Robert D., and Willett, Thomas D. 1979. An Economic Theory of Mutually Advantageous Issue Linkages in International Negotiations. International Organization 33 (4): 425-49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underdal, Arild. 1992. The Concept of Regime Effectiveness. Cooperation and Conflict 27 (3): 227-40.
   Google Scholar
• Valbjørn, Morton. 2016. North Africa and the Middle East. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, Brian. 2004. Foreign Policy Analysis and European Foreign Policy. In Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen. Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy: 45-61. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Oran R. 2001. Inferences and Indices: Evaluating the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes. Global Environmental Politics 1 (1): 99-121.
   Google Scholar