Stream thermalscape scenarios for British Columbia, Canada

References

• Al-Chokhachy, Robert, Jay Alder, Steven Hostetler, Robert Gresswell, and Bradley Shepard. 2013. “Thermal Controls of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Invasive Fishes under Climate Change.” Global Change Biology 19 (10): 3069–3081. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Chokhachy, R., D. Schmetterling, C. Clancy, P. Saffel, R. Kovach, L. Nyce, B. Liermann, W. Fredenberg, and R. Pierce. 2016. “Are Brown Trout Replacing or Displacing Bull Trout Populations in a Changing Climate?” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73 (9): 1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angilletta, M. J. 2009. Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arismendi, Ivan, Mohammad Safeeq, Jason B. Dunham, and Sherri L. Johnson. 2014. “Can Air Temperature Be Used to Project Influences of Climate Change on Stream Temperature?” Environmental Research Letters 9 (8): 084015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbet-Massin, Morgane, Wilfried Thuiller, and Frédéric Jiguet. 2010. “How Much Do we Overestimate Future Local Extinction Rates When Restricting the Range of Occurrence Data in Climate Suitability Models?” Ecography 33 (5): 878–886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06181.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoń, K. (2022). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.47.1, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn.
   Google Scholar
• BC Freshwater Atlas (FWA). 2020. BC Freshwater Atlas (FWA) [computer file]. Victoria, BC: Government of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, Donovan A., Ryan P. Kovach, Clint C. Muhlfeld, Robert Al-Chokhachy, Timothy J. Cline, Diane C. Whited, David A. Schmetterling, Paul M. Lukacs, and Andrew R. Whiteley. 2021. “Climate Change and Expanding Invasive Species Drive Widespread Declines of Native Trout in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA.” Science Advances 7 (52): eabj5471. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj5471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benyahya, Loubna, Daniel Caissie, André St-Hilaire, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, and Bernard Bobée. 2007. “A Review of Statistical Water Temperature Models.” Canadian Water Resources Journal 32 (3): 179–192. https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj3203179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevington, A. R., and B. Menounos. 2022. “Accelerated Change in the Glaciated Environments of Western Canada Revealed through Trend Analysis of Optical Satellite Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 270: 112862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosmans, Joyce, Niko Wanders, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Aafke M. Schipper, and Valerio Barbarossa. 2022. “FutureStreams, a Global Dataset of Future Streamflow and Water Temperature.” Scientific Data 9 (1): 307. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01410-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchet, Phil J., David L. Miller, Jason J. Roberts, Laura Mannocci, Catriona M. Harris, and Len Thomas. 2020. “Dsmextra: Extrapolation Assessment Tools for Density Surface Models.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 11 (11): 1464–1469. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Digital Elevation Model (CDEM). 2015. Canadian Digital Elevation Model (CDEM) [computer file]. Ottawa, ON; Sherbrooke, QC: Natural Resources Canada. Accessed May 2021. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/science-and-research/earth-sciences/geography/topographic-information/download-directory-documentation/17215.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, G. L., S. P. Wollrab, D. L. Horan, D. E. Nagel, S. L. Parkes, D. J. Isaak, S. J. Wenger, et al. 2016. Norwest Stream Temperature Data Summaries for the Western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0032
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, G. K. C., A. H. Jarosch, F. S. Anslow, V. Radic, and B. Menounos. 2015. “Projected Deglaciation of Western Canada in the Twenty-First Century.” Nature Geoscience 8 (5): 372–377. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domisch, Sami, Giuseppe Amatulli, and Walter Jetz. 2015b. “Near-Global Freshwater-Specific Environmental Variables for Biodiversity Analyses in 1 km Resolution.” Scientific Data 2 (1): 150073. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domisch, S., S. C. Jahnig, J. P. Simaika, M. Kuemmerlen, and S. Stoll. 2015a. “Application of Species Distribution Models in Stream Ecosystems: The Challenges of Spatial and Temporal Scale, Environmental Predictors and Species Occurrence Data.” Fundamental and Applied Limnology 186 (1–2): 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/2015/0627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugdale, Stephen J., David M. Hannah, and Iain A. Malcolm. 2017. “River Temperature Modelling: A Review of Process-Based Approaches and Future Directions.” Earth-Science Reviews 175: 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham, Jason, Gwynne Chandler, Bruce Rieman, and Don Martin. 2005. “Measuring Stream Temperature with Digital Data Loggers: A User’s Guide.” In Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-150WWW, 15. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, Brett, Michael Church, and Darren Ham. 2002. “Scaling and Regionalization of Flood Flows in British Columbia, Canada.” Hydrological Processes 16 (16): 3245–3263. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, B., and R. D. Moore. 2010. “Regional Hydrology.” In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia Land Management Handbook 66, edited by R. G. Pike, T. E. Redding, R. D. Moore, R. D. Winkler, and K. D. Bladon, 85–110. Victoria and Kamloops, BC: BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Branch, and FORREX Forest Research Extension Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, Michael R., James R. Miller, and Gary L. Russell. 2007. “Modeling Changes in Summer Temperature of the Fraser River during the Next Century.” Journal of Hydrology 342 (3–4): 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficklin, D. L., B. L. Barnhart, J. H. Knouft, I. T. Stewart, E. P. Maurer, S. L. Letsinger, and G. W. Whittaker. 2014. “Climate Change and Stream Temperature Projections in the Columbia River Basin: Habitat Implications of Spatial Variation in Hydrologic Drivers.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18 (12): 4897–4912. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4897-2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallice, A., M. Bavay, T. Brauchli, F. Comola, M. Lehning, and H. Huwald. 2016. “StreamFlow 1.0: An Extension to the Spatially Distributed Snow Model Alpine3D for Hydrological Modelling and Deterministic Stream Temperature Prediction.” Geoscientific Model Development 9 (12): 4491–4519. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4491-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallice, A., B. Schaefli, M. Lehning, M. B. Parlange, and H. Huwald. 2015. “Stream Temperature Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Review of Recent Approaches and Description of a New Physics-Derived Statistical Model.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19 (9): 3727–3753. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3727-2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomi, Takashi, Roy C. Sidle, and John S. Richardson. 2002. “Understanding Processes and Downstream Linkages of Headwater Systems: Headwaters Differ from Downstream Reaches by Their Close Coupling to Hillslope Processes, More Temporal and Spatial Variation, and Their Need for Different Means of Protection from Land Use.” BioScience 52 (10): 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0905:Upadlo]2.0.Co;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin, P. F., and S. O. McAdam. 2003. “Impoundment Effects on the Thermal Regimes of Kootenay Lake, the Arrow Lakes Reservoir and Upper Columbia River.” Hydrobiologia 504 (1–3): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008503.75784.ee
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, Chun Kit, David B. Stephenson, Matthew Collins, Christopher A. T. Ferro, and Simon J. Brown. 2012. “Calibration Strategies: A Source of Additional Uncertainty in Climate Change Projections.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93 (1): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3110.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ver Hoef, Jay M., Erin Peterson, and David Theobald. 2006. “Spatial Statistical Models That Use Flow and Stream Distance.” Environmental and Ecological Statistics 13 (4): 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-006-0022-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugonnet, Romain, Robert McNabb, Etienne Berthier, Brian Menounos, Christopher Nuth, Luc Girod, Daniel Farinotti, et al. 2021. “Accelerated Global Glacier Mass Loss in the Early Twenty-First Century.” Nature 592 (7856): 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaak, Daniel J., and Wayne A. Hubert. 2001. “A Hypothesis about Factors That Affect Maximum Summer Stream Temperatures across Montane Landscapes.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (2): 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00974.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaak, Daniel J., and Charles H. Luce. 2023. Elevation-dependent warming of streams in mountainous regions: implications for temperature modeling and headwater climate refugia, Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 48:2, 167–188, DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2023.2176788.
   Google Scholar
• Isaak, D. J., E. E. Peterson, D. E. Nagel, J. M. Ver Hoef, and J. Kershner. 2013. A National Stream Internet to Facilitate Accurate, High-Resolution Status and Trend Assessments for Water Quality Parameters and Aquatic Biotas. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Landscape Conservation Cooperative Grant. www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/NationalStreamInternet.html.
   Google Scholar
• Isaak, Daniel J., Seth J. Wenger, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Steven W. Hostetler, Charlie H. Luce, Jason B. Dunham, et al. 2016a. Sherry P. NorWeST Modeled Summer Stream Temperature Scenarios for the Western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0033
   Google Scholar
• Isaak, D. J., S. J. Wenger, E. E. Peterson, J. M. Ver Hoef, D. E. Nagel, C. H. Luce, S. W. Hostetler, et al. 2017. “The NorWeST Summer Stream Temperature Model and Scenarios for the Western US: A Crowd-Sourced Database and New Geospatial Tools Foster a User Community and Predict Broad Climate Warming of Rivers and Streams.” Water Resources Research 53 (11): 9181–9205. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaak, Daniel J., Michael K. Young, Charles H. Luce, Steven W. Hostetler, Seth J. Wenger, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Matthew C. Groce, Dona L. Horan, and David E. Nagel. 2016. “Slow Climate Velocities of Mountain Streams Portend Their Role as Refugia for Cold-Water Biodiversity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (16): 4374–4379. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522429113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, Siraj Ul, Stephen J. Déry, and Arelia T. Werner. 2017. “Future Climate Change Impacts on Snow and Water Resources of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia.” Journal of Hydrometeorology 18 (2): 473–496. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0012.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, Siraj Ul, Rachel W. Hay, Stephen J. Déry, and Barry P. Booth. 2019. “Modelling the Impacts of Climate Change on Riverine Thermal Regimes in Western Canada’s Largest Pacific Watershed.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 11398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47804-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, Faye L., Robert J. Fryer, David M. Hannah, Colin P. Millar, and Iain A. Malcolm. 2018. “A Spatio-Temporal Statistical Model of Maximum Daily River Temperatures to Inform the Management of Scotland’s Atlantic Salmon Rivers under Climate Change.” The Science of the Total Environment 612: 1543–1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Nicholas E., and Bastian J. Schmidt. 2017. “Tributary Effects in Rivers: Interactions of Spatial Scale, Network Structure, and Landscape Characteristics.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74 (4): 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher, C., T. Wagener, M. Gooseff, B. McGlynn, K. McGuire, and L. Marshall. 2012. “Investigating Controls on the Thermal Sensitivity of Pennsylvania Streams.” Hydrological Processes 26 (5): 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorsandi, Mostafa, Andre St-Hilaire, and Richard Arsenault. 2022. “Multisite Calibration of a Semi-Distributed Hydrologic and Thermal Model in a Large Canadian Watershed.” Hydrological Sciences Journal 67 (14): 2147–2174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2132161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Gary, and Langche Zeng. 2007. “When Can History Be Our Guide? The Pitfalls of Counterfactual Inference.” International Studies Quarterly 51 (1): 183–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00445.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsolver, Joel G. 2009. “The Well‐Temperatured Biologist.” The American Naturalist 174 (6): 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1086/648310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, Mark A., and Frank J. Rahel. 2022. “Air Temperatures over-Predict Changes to Stream Fish Assemblages with Climate Warming Compared with Water Temperatures.” Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America 32 (1): e02465. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larabi, Samah, Markus A. Schnorbus, and Francis Zwiers. 2022. “A Coupled Streamflow and Water Temperature (VIC-RBM-CE-QUAL-W2) Model for the Nechako Reservoir.” Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 44: 101237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101237
   Google Scholar
• Leach, Jason A., Christa Kelleher, Barret L. Kurylyk, R. Dan Moore, and Bethany T. Neilson. 2023. A primer on stream temperature processes. WIREs Water, 10(4), e1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1643
   Google Scholar
• Leach, J. A., and R. D. Moore. 2015. “Observations and Modeling of Hillslope Throughflow Temperatures in a Coastal Forested Catchment.” Water Resources Research 51 (5): 3770–3795. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, Jason A., and R. Dan Moore. 2017. “Insights on Stream Temperature Processes through Development of a Coupled Hydrologic and Stream Temperature Model for Forested Coastal Headwater Catchments.” Hydrological Processes 31 (18): 3160–3177. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, Jason A., and R. Dan Moore. 2019. “Empirical Stream Thermal Sensitivities May Underestimate Stream Temperature Response to Climate Warming.” Water Resources Research 55 (7): 5453–5467. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, T. E., D. W. Lamphera, D. R. McCanne, A. S. Webb, J. P. Krieter, and W. D. Conroy. 2000. Regional Assessment of Stream Temperatures across Northern California and Their Relationship to Various Landscape-Level and Site- Specific Attributes. Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University Foundation Forest Science Project.
   Google Scholar
• Luce, Charles, Brian Staab, Marc Kramer, Seth Wenger, Dan Isaak, and Callie McConnell. 2014. “Sensitivity of Summer Stream Temperatures to Climate Variability in the Pacific Northwest.” Water Resources Research 50 (4): 3428–3443. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantua, Nathan, Ingrid Tohver, and Alan Hamlet. 2010. “Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow Extremes and Summertime Stream Temperature and Their Possible Consequences for Freshwater Salmon Habitat in Washington State.” Climatic Change 102 (1–2): 187–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9845-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, IPCC., et al. 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2391. [K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, T. D. 2012. “Controls of Summer Stream Temperature in the Pacific Northwest.” Journal of Hydrology 475: 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menounos, B., R. Hugonnet, D. Shean, A. Gardner, I. Howat, E. Berthier, B. Pelto, et al. 2019. “Heterogeneous Changes in Western North American Glaciers Linked to Decadal Variability in Zonal Wind Strength.” Geophysical Research Letters 46 (1): 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesgaran, Mohsen B., Roger D. Cousens, and Bruce L. Webber. 2014. “Here Be Dragons: A Tool for Quantifying Novelty Due to Covariate Range and Correlation Change When Projecting Species Distribution Models.” Diversity and Distributions 20 (10): 1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohseni, Omid, Heinz G. Stefan, and Troy R. Erickson. 1998. “A Nonlinear Regression Model for Weekly Stream Temperatures.” Water Resources Research 34 (10): 2685–2692. https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D. 2006. “Stream Temperature Patterns in British Columbia, Canada, Based on Routine Spot Measurements.” Canadian Water Resources Journal 31 (1): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj3101041
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., S. W. Fleming, B. Menounos, R. Wheate, A. Fountain, K. Stahl, K. Holm, and M. Jakob. 2009. “Glacier Change in Western North America: Influences on Hydrology, Geomorphic Hazards and Water Quality.” Hydrological Processes 23 (1): 42–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., M. Nelitz, and E. Parkinson. 2013. “Empirical Modelling of Maximum Weekly Average Stream Temperature in British Columbia, Canada, to Support Assessment of Fish Habitat Suitability.” Canadian Water Resources Journal 38 (2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2013.794992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., Ben Pelto, Brian Menounos, and David Hutchinson. 2020. “Detecting the Effects of Sustained Glacier Wastage on Streamflow in Variably Glacierized Catchments.” Frontiers in Earth Science 8:136. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00136
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., D. L. Spittlehouse, and A. Story. 2005. “Riparian microclimate and stream temperature response to forest harvesting: A review.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41 (4):813–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03772.x.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. D., D. L. Spittlehouse, P. Whitfield, and K. Stahl. 2010. “Weather and Climate.” In Compendium of Forest Hydrology and Geomorphology in British Columbia. Land Management Handbook 66, edited by R. G. Pike, T. E. Redding, R. D. Moore, R. D. Winkler, and K. D. Bladon, 47–84. Victoria and Kamloops, BC: BC Ministry of Forests and Range Research Branch, and FORREX Forest Research Extension Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, John, Michael C. Quick, and Michael G. G. Foreman. 2002. “Climate Change in the Fraser River Watershed: Flow and Temperature Projections.” Journal of Hydrology 263 (1–4): 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00065-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Elevation Dataset (NED). 2019. U.S. Geological Survey, 2019, USGS 3D Elevation Program Digital Elevation Model [computer file], Accessed June 7, 2019. https://elevation.nationalmap.gov/arcgis/rest/services/3DEPElevation/ImageServer.
   Google Scholar
• National Hydro Network (NHN). 2016. National Hydro Network (NHN) [computer file]. Ottawa, ON: Natural Resources Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Nelitz, M. A., E. A. MacIsaac, and R. M. Peterman. 2007. “A Science-Based Approach for Identifying Temperature-Sensitive Streams for Rainbow Trout.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27 (2): 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1577/M05-146.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olden, Julian D., and Robert J. Naiman. 2010. “Incorporating Thermal Regimes into Environmental Flows Assessments: Modifying Dam Operations to Restore Freshwater Ecosystem Integrity.” Freshwater Biology 55 (1): 86–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02179.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, Geoffrey C. 2002. “Fluvial Landscape Ecology: Addressing Uniqueness within the River Discontinuum.” Freshwater Biology 47 (4): 641–660. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00922.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Province of BC. 2010. Freshwater Atlas - User Guide. Victoria, BC: Integrated Land Management Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• RGI Consortium. 2017a. Randolph Glacier Inventory - A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines, Version 6. Regions 02 and 03. Boulder, CO. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/4m1f-gd79
   Google Scholar
• RGI Consortium. 2017b. Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) – a Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0. Technical Report, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space. Boulder, CO: Digital Media. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5-RGI-60
   Google Scholar
• Rieman, Bruce E., Daniel Isaak, Susan Adams, Dona Horan, David Nagel, Charles Luce, and Deborah Myers. 2007. “Anticipated Climate Warming Effects on Bull Trout Habitats and Populations across the Interior Columbia River Basin.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136 (6): 1552–1565. https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-028.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, Rajesh R., and Jennifer C. Pesklevits. 2023. “Modelling Spatial and Temporal Variability of Water Temperature across Six Rivers in Western Canada.” River Research and Applications 39 (2): 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl, K., and R. D. Moore. 2006. “Influence of Watershed Glacier Coverage on Summer Streamflow in British Columbia, Canada.” Water Resources Research 42:W06201. doi:10.1029/2006WR005022.
   Google Scholar
• Stefan, Heinz G., and Eric B. Preud’homme. 1993. “Stream Temperature Estimation from Air Temperature.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 29 (1): 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01502.x
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K., D. J. Martin, R. D. Cardwell, J. E. Toll, and S. Duke. 2000. An Analysis of the Effects of Temperature on Salmonids of the Pacific Northwest with Implications for Selecting Temperature Criteria. Portland, OR: Sustainable Ecosystems Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Ning, John Yearsley, Nathalie Voisin, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. 2015. “A Spatially Distributed Model for the Assessment of Land Use Impacts on Stream Temperature in Small Urban Watersheds.” Hydrological Processes 29 (10): 2331–2345. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgersen, Christian E., Céline Le Pichon, Aimee H. Fullerton, Stephen J. Dugdale, Jeffrey J. Duda, Floriane Giovannini, Évelyne Tales, et al. 2022. “Riverscape Approaches in Practice: Perspectives and Applications.” Biological Reviews 97 (2): 481–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2017. National Hydrography Dataset [Map]. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, Annika W., Caitlin P. Mandeville, and Frank J. Rahel. 2018. “The Interaction of Exposure and Warming Tolerance Determines Fish Species Vulnerability to Warming Stream Temperatures.” Biology Letters 14 (9): 20180342. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Tongli, Andreas Hamann, Dave Spittlehouse, and Carlos Carroll. 2016. “Locally Downscaled and Spatially Customizable Climate Data for Historical and Future Periods for North America.” Plos One 11 (6): e0156720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. 1989. “The Four-Dimensional Nature of Lotic Ecosystems.” Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8 (1): 2–8. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. 1998. “Riverine Landscapes: Biodiversity Patterns, Disturbance Regimes, and Aquatic Conservation.” Biological Conservation 83 (3): 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00083-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, Bruce W., David M. Hannah, R. Dan Moore, Lee E. Brown, and Franz Nobilis. 2008. “Recent Advances in Stream and River Temperature Research.” Hydrological Processes 22 (7): 902–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrly, Kevin E., Travis O. Brenden, and Lizhu Wang. 2009. “A Comparison of Statistical Approaches for Predicting Stream Temperatures across Heterogeneous Landscapes1.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 45 (4): 986–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00341.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger, Seth J., Daniel J. Isaak, Charles H. Luce, Helen M. Neville, Kurt D. Fausch, Jason B. Dunham, Daniel C. Dauwalter, et al. 2011. “Flow Regime, Temperature, and Biotic Interactions Drive Differential Declines of Trout Species under Climate Change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (34): 14175–14180. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103097108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger, S. J., N. A. Som, D. C. Dauwalter, D. J. Isaak, H. M. Neville, C. H. Luce, J. B. Dunham, M. K. Young, K. D. Fausch, and B. E. Rieman. 2013. “Probabilistic Accounting of Uncertainty in Forecasts of Species Distributions under Climate Change.” Global Change Biology 19 (11): 3343–3354. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, David Timothy, and Robert Daniel Moore. 2020. “Influences of Upstream Reservoir Stratification and Downstream Tidal Fluctuations on the Summer Thermal Regime of a Regulated Coastal River.” Hydrological Processes 34 (24): 4660–4674. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar