Protecting children from COVID-19: examining U.S. parents motivation and behaviour using an integrated model of self-determination theory and the theory of planned behaviour

References

• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action control (pp. 11–39). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (n.d). Constructing a TPB Questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. University of Massachusetts. http://people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.html
   Google Scholar
• Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(Pt 4), 471–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnautovska, U., Fleig, L., O’Callaghan, F., & Hamilton, K. (2017). A longitudinal investigation of older adults’ physical activity: Testing an integrated dual-process model. Psychology & Health, 32(2), 166–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Schilo, L., & Grimm, K. J. (2018). Using residualized change versus difference scores for longitudinal research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(1), 32–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517718387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudwell, K. M., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Predicting alcohol pre-drinking in Australian undergraduate students using an integrated theoretical model. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 7(2), 188–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). CDC calls on Americans to wear masks to prevent COVID-19 spread. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0714-americans-to-wear-masks.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). Keeping children healthy ways to promote children’s wellbeing. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/children.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a). COVID-19 incidence, by age group — United States, March 1–November 14, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm695152a8-H.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). How to protect yourself & others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c). Trends in number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC, by state/territory. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_dailytrendscases
   Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K., Keegan, R. J., Lee, A. S., Yang, S. X., Zhang, L., Rhodes, R. E., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Toward a better assessment of perceived social influence: The relative role of significant others on young athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(2), 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Dimmock, J. A., Donovan, R. J., Hardcastle, S., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Self-determined motivation in sport predicts anti-doping motivation and intention: A perspective from the trans-contextual model. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Donovan, R. J., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Hardcastle, S. J., Dimmock, J. A., Keatley, D. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Young athletes’ awareness and monitoring of anti-doping in daily life: Does motivation matter? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(6), e655–e663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Fung, Y. K., Xing, S., & Hagger, M. S. (2014). Myopia prevention, near work, and visual acuity of college students: integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9494-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., & Hagger, M. S. (2012a). Autonomous forms of motivation underpinning injury prevention and rehabilitation among police officers: An application of the trans-contextual model. Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9247-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., & Hagger, M. S. (2012b). Self-determined forms of motivation predict sport injury prevention and rehabilitation intentions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(5), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., & Hagger, M. S. (2012c). Theoretical integration and the psychology of sport injury prevention. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 42(9), 725–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., & Hagger, M. S. (2012d). Transcontextual development of motivation in sport injury prevention among elite athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 661–682. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Ivarsson, A., Stenling, A., Yang, S. X., Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Response-order effects in survey methods: A randomized controlled crossover study in the context of sport injury prevention. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37(6), 666–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Lee, A. S. Y., Hagger, M. S., Mok, K. M., & Yung, P. S. H. (2017). Social psychological aspects of ACL injury prevention and rehabilitation: An integrated model for behavioral adherence. Asia-Pacific Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation and Technology, 10, 17–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Lonsdale, C., Ho, P. Y., Yung, P. S., & Chan, K. M. (2009). Patient motivation and adherence to postsurgery rehabilitation exercise recommendations: the influence of physiotherapists’ autonomy-supportive behaviors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(12), 1977–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Stenling, A., Yusainy, C., Hikmiah, Z., Ivarsson, A., Hagger, M. S., Rhodes, R. E., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2020). Editor’s choice: Consistency tendency and the theory of planned behavior: a randomized controlled crossover trial in a physical activity context. Psychology & Health, 35(6), 665–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1677904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Yang, S. X., Du, X., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2014). The effects of teachers’ autonomy support on students’ prevention of H1N1 influenza in China. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(Suppl. 1), S67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9418-2
   Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Yang, S. X., Hamamura, T., Sultan, S., Xing, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). In-lecture learning motivation predicts students’ motivation, intention, and behaviour for after-lecture learning: Examining the trans-contextual model across universities from UK, China, and Pakistan. Motivation and Emotion, 39(6), 908–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9506-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Yang, S. X., Mullan, B., Du, X., Zhang, X., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Preventing the spread of H1N1 influenza infection during a pandemic: Autonomy-supportive advice versus controlling instruction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(3), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9616-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Zhang, C. Q., & Weman-Josefsson, K. (2021). Why people failed to adhere to COVID-19 preventive behaviors? Perspectives from an integrated behavior change model. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 42(3), 375–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Zhang, L., Lee, A. S. Y., & Hagger, M. S. (2020). Reciprocal relations between autonomous motivation from self-determination theory and social cognition constructs from the theory of planned behavior: A cross-lagged panel design in sport injury prevention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 101660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Biddle, S. J. H., & Meek, G. A. (1997). A self-determination theory approach to the study of intentions and the intention–behaviour relationship in children’s physical activity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2(4), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00548.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., Biddle, S. J. H., & Karageorghis, C. (2002). The cognitive processes by which perceived locus of causality predicts participation in physical activity. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(6), 685–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, P. K., Zhang, C. Q., Liu, J. D., Chan, D. K. C., Si, G., & Hagger, M. S. (2018). The process by which perceived autonomy support predicts motivation, intention, and behavior for seasonal influenza prevention in Hong Kong older adults. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4608-x
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000b). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of Self-Determination ResearchOverview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gillison, F. B., Rouse, P., Standage, M., Sebire, S. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). A meta-analysis of techniques to promote motivation for health behaviour change from a self-determination theory perspective. Health Psychology Review, 13(1), 110–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, M. K., & Lipner, S. R. (2020). Hand hygiene in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 82, 1215–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behaviour and self-determination theory in health behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(Pt 2), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708x373959
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2016). The trans-contextual model of autonomous motivation in education: Conceptual and empirical issues and meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 360–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Barkoukis, V., Wang, C., & Baranowski, J. (2005). Perceived autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: A cross-cultural evaluation of the trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7(Part 3), 283–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Hardcastle, S., Chater, A., Mallett, C., Pal, S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). Autonomous and controlled motivational regulations for multiple health-related behaviors: between-and within-participants analyses. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal, 2(1), 565–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.912945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Lonsdale, A. J., Hein, V., Koka, A., Lintunen, T., Pasi, H., Lindwall, M., Rudolfsson, L., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2012). Predicting alcohol consumption and binge drinking in company employees: An application of planned behaviour and self-determination theories. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02043.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Predicting social distancing intention and behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrated social cognition model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 54(10), 713–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2021). Predicting physical distancing over time during COVID-19: testing an integrated model. Psychology & Health, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.1968397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, K., Kirkpatrick, A., Rebar, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2017). Child sun safety: Application of an Integrated Behavior Change model. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 36(9), 916–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L-st., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, N., Hagger, M. S., Streukens, S., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Claes, N. (2011). Testing an integrated model of the theory of planned behaviour and self-determination theory for different energy balance-related behaviours and intervention intensities. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(Pt 1), 113–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kan, M. P. H., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2017). Theory of Planned Behavior. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 1–8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1191-1
   Google Scholar
• Keatley, D. A., Chan, D. K. C., Caudwell, K., Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). A consideration of what is meant by automaticity and better ways to measure it. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwasnicka, D., Dombrowski, S. U., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. (2016). Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 277–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. S. Y., Yung, P. S. H., Mok, K. M., Hagger, M. S., & Chan, D. K. C. (2020). Psychological processes of ACL-patients’ post-surgery rehabilitation: A prospective test of an integrated theoretical model. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 244, 112646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, C. S., Williams, G. C., Elliot, D., Pickering, M. A., Bodenhamer, B., & Finley, P. J. (2007). Validating the theoretical structure of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) across three different health behaviors. Health Education Research, 22(5), 691–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Majd, N. R., Ghasemi, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Hamilton, K., Hagger, M. S., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). Using an integrated social cognition model to predict COVID-19 preventive behaviours. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 981–1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., West, R., & Amlôt, R. (2020, March 3). Behavioural strategies for reducing covid-19 transmission in the general population. BMJ Opinion. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/03/03/behavioural-strategies-for-reducing-covid-19-transmission-in-the-general-population/
   Google Scholar
• Ng, J. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 7(4), 325–340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2010). Longitudinal research: The theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal of Management, 36(1), 94–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, D., Biswasroy, P., Naik, P. K., Ghosh, G., & Rath, G. (2020). A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Archives of Medical Research, 51(5), 363–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. (2014). Self-determination theory. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. (pp. 5755–5760). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2630
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Schuchat, A, CDC COVID-19 Response Team. (2020). Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24-April 21, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(18), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, T., Davison, M. L., & Long, J. D. (2017). Maximum likelihood versus multiple imputation for missing data in small longitudinal samples with nonnormality. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 426–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Sisk, B., Cull, W., Harris, J. M., Rothenburger, A., & Olson, L. (2020). National trends of cases of COVID-19 in children based on US state health department data. Pediatrics, 146(6), e2020027425. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-027425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, C. j., & Zhai, Z. q (2020). The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, G. C., Lynch, M. F., McGregor, H. A., Ryan, R. M., Sharp, D., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Validation of the "important other" climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change. Families, Systems, & Health, 24(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.24.2.179
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2009). Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Adviceusemaskscommunityrevised.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2014). Influenza virus infections in humans. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/virology_laboratories_and_vaccines/influenza_virus_infections_humans_feb14.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
   Google Scholar