References
- Vahabzadeh A, Wittenauer J, Carr E. Stigma, schizophrenia and the media. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17(6):439–446.
- O’Hara SK, Smith KC. Presentation of eating disorders in the news media: what are the implications for patient diagnosis and treatment? Patient Educ Couns. 2007;68(1):43–51.
- Associated Press. The Associated Press Stylebook. New York, NY: Basic Books; 2018.
- Kelly JF, Dow SJ, Westerhoff C. Does our choice of substance-related terms influence perceptions of treatment need? An empirical investigation with two commonly used terms. J Drug Issues. 2010;40(4):805–818.
- Boekel LCV, Brouwers EP, Weeghel JV, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1–2):23–35.
- McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O’Brien CP, Kleber HD. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness. JAMA. 2000;284(13):1689–1695.
- Pivovarova E, Stein MD. In their own words: language preferences of individuals who use heroin. Addiction. 2019;114(10):1785–1790.
- American Society of Addiction Medicine. 2019. ASAM Definition of Addiction. https://www.asam.org/Quality-Science/definition-of-addiction.
- American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). New York, NY: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
- Scholten W, Simon O, Maremmani I, et al. Access to treatment with controlled medicines rationale and recommendations for neutral, precise, and respectful language. Public Health. 2017;153:147–153.
- Botticelli MP, Koh HK. Changing the language of addiction. JAMA. 2016;316(13):1361–1362.
- Broyles LM, Binswanger IA, Jenkins JA, et al. Confronting inadvertent stigma and pejorative language in addiction scholarship: a recognition and response. Subst Abuse. 2014;35(3):217–221.
- Saitz R. Things that Work, Things that Don’t Work, and Things that Matter—Including Words. J Addict Med. 2015;9(6):429–430.
- Saitz R. International statement recommending against the use of terminology that can stigmatize people. J Addict Med. 2016;10(1):1–2.
- McGinty EE, Stone EM, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL. Stigmatizing language in news media coverage of the opioid epidemic: implications for public health. Prev Med. 2019;124:110–114.
- Misachi J. 2017. The 10 Most Popular Daily Newspapers in the United States. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-popular-daily-newspapers-in-the-united-states.html
- Ashford RD, Brown AM, Curtis B. Substance use, recovery, and linguistics: The impact of word choice on explicit and implicit bias. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;189:131–138.
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2018. 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.
- Kelly JF, Westerhoff CM. Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(3):202–207.
- Stringer KL, Baker EH. Stigma as a barrier to substance abuse treatment among those with unmet need: an analysis of parenthood and marital status. J Fam Issues. 2018;39(1):3–27.
- Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45(1):11–27.
- Stone R. Pregnant women and substance use: fear, stigma, and barriers to care. Health Justice. 2015;3(1):2.
- Clement S, Lassman F, Barley E, et al. Mass media interventions for reducing mental health-related stigma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;23(7):CD009453.
- Livingston JD, Milne T, Fang ML, Amari E. The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review. Addiction. 2012;107(1):39–50.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2016. Surgeon General Issues Landmark Report on Alcohol, Drugs and Health. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-noteworthy/surgeon-general-issues-landmark-report-alcohol-drugs-and-health.