Geographic differences in receipt of addictions treatment in a national sample of patients with alcohol use disorders from the U.S. Veterans Health Administration

References

• Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2223–2233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):757–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):519–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox HC, Conner KR, Caine ED. Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76:S11–S19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Room R, Giesbrecht N, Greenfield TK. Alcohol’s harm to others: opportunities and challenges in a public health framework. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2018;79(2):239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P, Chisholm D, Fuhr DC. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2234–2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulia N, Ye Y, Greenfield TK, Zemore SE. Disparities in alcohol-related problems Among White, Black, and Hispanic Americans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(4):654–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roerecke M, Rehm J. Alcohol use disorders and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013;108(9):1562–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. 2015. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of substance use disorders. Dept. of Veteran Affairs. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/sud/VADoDSUDCPGRevised22216.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, et al. Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen E, Feinn R, Arias A, Kranzler HR. Alcohol treatment utilization: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;86(2–3):214–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bensley KM, Harris AHS, Gupta S, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in initiation of and engagement with addictions treatment among patients with alcohol use disorders in the veterans health administration. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;73:27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, Gupta S, Rubinsky AD, et al. Variation in receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders across racial/ethnic groups: a national study in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AHS, Oliva E, Bowe T, Humphreys KN, Kivlahan DR, Trafton JA. Pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorders by the veterans health administration: patterns of receipt and persistence. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(7):679–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, et al. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2635–2645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Weg MW, Cai X. Variability in veterans’ alcohol use by place of residence. Am J Addict. 2012;21(1):31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, McFarland LV, Nelson KM. Alcohol consumption among urban, suburban, and rural veterans affairs outpatients. J Rural Health. 2012;28(2):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth BM, Kirchner J, Fortney J, Ross R, Rost K. Rural at-risk drinkers: correlates and one-year use of alcoholism treatment services. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(2):267–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortney J, Mukherjee S, Curran G, Fortney S, Han X, Booth BM. Factors associated with perceived stigma for alcohol use and treatment among at-risk drinkers. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2004;31(4):418–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young LB, Grant KM, Tyler KA. Community-level barriers to recovery for substance-dependent rural residents. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2015;15(3):307–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullen E, Oser C. Barriers to substance abuse treatment in rural and urban communities: counselor perspectives. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(7):891–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broffman L, Spurlock M, Dulacki K, et al. Understanding treatment gaps for mental health, alcohol, and drug use in South Dakota: a qualitative study of rural perspectives. J Rural Health. 2017;33(1):71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne T, Priester MA, Clone S, Iachini A, DeHart D, Hock R. Barriers and facilitators to substance use treatment in the rural south: a qualitative study. J Rural Health. 2016;32(1):92–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, Achtmeyer CE, Young JP, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapy in primary care: a qualitative study in five VA clinics. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(3):258–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JP, Achtmeyer CE, Bensley KM, Hawkins EJ, Williams EC. Differences in perceptions of and practices regarding treatment of alcohol use disorders among VA primary care providers in urban and rural clinics. J Rural Health. 2018;34(4):359–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauenstein EJ, Petterson S, Rovnyak V, Merwin E, Heise B, Wagner D. Rurality and mental health treatment. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2007;34(3):255–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson TJ, Fortney JC, Williams JS, Austen MA, Pope SK, Hayes CJ. Effect of rural residence on use of VHA mental health care among OEF/OIF veterans. Psychatr Serv. 2014;65(12):1420–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich J, Ali MM, Lynch S, Mutter R. Utilization of mental health services by veterans living in rural areas. J Rural Health. 2017;33(3):297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borders TF, Booth BM. Research on rural residence and access to drug abuse services: where are we and where do we go? J Rural Health. 2007;23(s1):79–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis MM, Spurlock M, Dulacki K, et al. Disparities in alcohol, drug use, and mental health condition prevalence and access to care in rural, isolated, and reservation areas: findings from the South Dakota Health Survey. J Rural Health. 2016;32(3):287–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortney J, Booth BM. Access to substance abuse services in rural areas. Recent Dev Alcohol. 2001;15:177–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nietert PJ, French MT, Kirchner J, Han X, Booth BM. Health services utilization and cost for at-risk drinkers: rural and urban comparisons. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(3):353–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay AK, Harris AHS, Rosenthal J, et al. Justice involvement and treatment use among rural veterans. Rural Ment Health. 2018;42(1):46–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finlay AK, Binswanger I, Timko C, et al. Receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder by male justice-involved U.S. veterans health administration patients. Crim Justice Policy Rev. 2018;29(9):875–890.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor E, Timko C, Harris AHS, Yu M, Finlay AK. Receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder by justice-involved women in the Veterans Health Administration. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019;14(1):1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bensley KM, Fortney J, Chan G, et al. Differences in receipt of alcohol-related care across rurality among VA patients living with HIV with unhealthy alcohol use. J Rural Heal. 2019;35(3):341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AHS, Humphreys K, Bowe T, Kivlahan DR, Finney JW. Measuring the quality of substance use disorder treatment: evaluating the validity of the Department of Veterans Affairs continuity of care performance measure. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009;36(3):294–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AHS, Humphreys K, Bowe T, Tiet Q, Finney JW. Does meeting the HEDIS substance abuse treatment engagement criterion predict patient outcomes? J Behav Health Serv Res. 2010;37(1):25–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, Gupta S, Rubinsky AD, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of clinically recognized alcohol use disorders among patients from the U.S. Veterans Health Administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40(2):359–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEDIS. Technical Specifications. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Committee for Quality Assurance; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Morrill R, Cromartie J, Hart G. Metropolitan, urban, and rural commuting areas: toward a better depiction of the United States settlement system. Urban Geogr. 1999;20(8):727–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economic Research Service. 2016. Documentation: 2010 Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codes. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes/documentation/. Accessed March 20, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• WWAMI Rural Health Research Center. 2018. Rural-urban commuting area codes (RUCAs). Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/uwruca/ruca-uses.php. Accessed March 20, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Harris AHS, Reeder RN, Ellerbe L, Bowe T. Are VHA administrative location codes valid indicators of specialty substance use disorder treatment? J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(8):699–708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris AHS, Reeder RN, Ellerbe LS, Bowe TR. Validation of the treatment identification strategy of the HEDIS addiction quality measures: concordance with medical record review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris AHS, Weisner CM, Chalk M, Capoccia V, Chen C, Thomas CP. Specifying and pilot testing quality measures for the American Society of Addiction Medicine’s Standards of Care. J Addict Med. 2016;10(3):148–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JA, Owens MD, Browne KC, Williams EC. Alcohol-related and mental health care for patients with unhealthy alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder in a National Veterans Affairs cohort. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;85:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams EC, Lapham GT, Shortreed SM, et al. Among patients with unhealthy alcohol use, those with HIV are less likely than those without to receive evidence-based alcohol-related care: a national VA study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;174:113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen R, Newman JF. Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1973;51(1):95–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams EC, Lapham GT, Hawkins EJ, et al. Variation in documented care for unhealthy alcohol consumption across race/ethnicity in the Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1614–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays VM, Ponce NA, Washington DL, Cochran SD. Classification of race and ethnicity: implications for public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2003;24(1):83–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. Fed Regist. 1997;62(210):58782–58790.
   Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(6):613–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharabiani MTA, Aylin P, Bottle A. Systematic review of comorbidity indices for administrative data. Med Care. 2012;50(12):1109–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R. Using the margins command to estimate and interpret adjusted predictions and marginal effects. The Stata Journal. 2012;12(2):308–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller CJ, MacLehose RF. Estimating predicted probabilities from logistic regression: different methods correspond to different target populations. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(3):962–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S. Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(1):125–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mattke S, Predmore Z, Sloss E, Wilks A, Watkins KE. Evidence for misspecification of a nationally used quality measure for substance use treatment. J Healthc Qual. 2018;40(4):228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer EP, McSweeney JC, Wright P, et al. Overcoming barriers to sustained engagement in mental health care: perspectives of rural veterans and providers. J Rural Health. 2016;32(4):429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortney JC, Booth BM, Blow FC, Bunn JY, Loveland Cook CA. The effects of travel barriers and age on the utilization of alcoholism treatment aftercare. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1995;21(3):391–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagedorn H, Sox-Harris A, Wisdom J, et al. Improving access to alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapy and treatment in primary care settings. Implement Sci. 2015;10(1):A75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris AHS, Bowe T, Hagedorn H, et al. Multifaceted academic detailing program to increase pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder: interrupted time series evaluation of effectiveness. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2016;11(1):15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen AK, Wagner TH, Pettey WBP, et al. Differences in risk scores of veterans receiving community care purchased by the veterans health administration. Health Serv Res. 2018;53:5438–5454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanneman ME, Harris AHS, Asch SM, Scott WJ, Murrell SS, Wagner TH. Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans’ use of Veterans Health Administration and purchased care before and after veterans choice program implementation. Med Care. 2017;55:S37–S44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar